2016 NURS1004: Laboratory report

Week 8: The superficial muscles Practical activities Time allocation

100 mins

Objectives of the workshopAfter completing this workshop you should be able to: identify the major superficial muscles of the head, trunk and limbs and,

with the aid of the text, find their origin and insertion and describe their action

understand some of the naming conventions used for muscles name and locate the intramuscular injection sites across the life span.

Complete these activities before the workshopReview (not read or learn every word) Martini et al. (2015): section 10.1 (for muscle terminology) sections 11.3 and 11.4 chapter 11 (figures for superficial muscles). Review the lecture content.

Complete the following activities during the workshopEquipmentModels of human torso and prepared specimensAnatomical charts of bodyAnatomical texts

IntroductionWhile the term ‘muscle tissue’ can be applied to skeletal, smooth or cardiac muscle, when we discuss ‘muscles’ and the ‘muscular system’ we are specifically referring to skeletal muscle only.There are over 700 muscles in the human body. You will only identify a relatively small number of these during this session. As you work through this exercise, attempt to palpate the various muscles on your own or your partner’s body, once you have located them on the models. You will need to refer extensively to Martini et al. (2015), chapter 11, throughout this part of the practical.

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Skeletal musclesHuman skeletal muscles are usually named according to one or more of the following criteria: direction of the muscle fibres location of the muscle with respect to other structures size of the muscle number of insertions and/or origins shape of the muscle action or movement that the muscle performs.Muscles act in groups rather than individually, so that movement is coordinated. Therefore, during various types of movement, a particular muscle may function as an agonist (prime mover), antagonist or synergist. During this session, you should try to think about the naming and actions of human skeletal muscles as you locate them anatomically. You should also be familiar with the terms ‘origin’ and ‘insertion’, but you will not be expected to remember these for all the muscles identified in this session.

Muscles of the thorax, abdomen and backLocate the following muscles using the human torso model and the key provided. Complete the table below (click in the box cell and type), which names and describes the action of the following muscles:1. Label the diagram below by dragging the text box to the correct line

(Martini et al. 2015, p. 380).

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Tendinousinscription

Externaloblique

Rectus abdominisCut edge of rectus sheath

Internal oblique

External oblique (cut)

External intercostal

Internal intercostal

Serratusanterior

2. Complete the table below with action of the following muscles

Muscle name Action of the muscleLatissimus dorsiTrapeziusPectoralis majorIntercostalsExternal abdominal obliquesRectus abdominis

Medical and Nursing management of the patient sometimes requires the patient to rest in bed. Nurses need to assist the patient to maintain as much independence as possible while they are in bed. Moving in bed requires flexion and extension of muscles of the abdomen.To prevent the patient developing respiratory complications of bed rest, nursing care involves teaching and monitoring the coughing and breathing exercises every 2-4 hours during the day. Nurses requires an understanding of the muscles that innervate the chest wall during breathing

3. In which anatomical directions do the muscle fibres in the external obliques and rectus abdominus muscles lie?

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4. Comment on the relative size of the pectoralis major and the pectoralis minor?

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5. Which two of the muscles above flex the spine?

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Muscles of the arm6. Now examine the models of the arm. Locate the muscles listed below and

label the diagrams below.

Note: Muscles into which intramuscular injections are administered are indicated by **.

(Martini et al. 2015, p. 385)

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Deltoid **

Appendicular MusclesPectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi

Serratus anterior

Anterior view

(Martini et al. 2015, p. 390)

7. What actions do the following muscles perform?

a. flexor carpi ulnaris.................................................................................................................

b. extensor carpi ulnaris.................................................................................................................

8. Where is the flexor carpi ulnaris located relative to the flexor carpi radialis?

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9. What part of the name biceps brachii indicates its location?

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10. While you are using this model, also to locate the:

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Humerus

Coracobrachialis

Biceps brachii,short head

Biceps brachii,long head

Triceps brachii,long head

Triceps brachii,medial head

Medial epicondyleof humerus

Pronator teres

Brachioradialis

Palmaris longus

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexor digitorum superficialisPronator quadratus

Flexor retinaculum

Coracoid processof scapula

Arm nerves Location of nerveBrachial plexusAxillary nerveRadial nerveUlnar nerve

Knowing the nerves of the arm and their location along with their sensory and motor functions is important when caring for the person who has sustained a fracture to the bones in the arm. The physical assessment of nerve function and blood supply distal to the fracture (#) location is known as a neurovascular assessment. Nurses working in orthopaedics will need to use this knowledge and these assessment skills regularly.Note the position of the Axillary nerve. When fitting the person with crutches it is essential that there are three fingers of width between the top of the crutch and the start of the person’s underarm to prevent nerve compression known as ‘Crutch palsy’.

Muscles of the head and neck11. Examine the model of the human head and neck. Using the key provided,

identify the following muscles and then complete the diagram below:

(Martini et al. 2015, p. 371)

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Lateral view

Masseter

Buccinator Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

12. What is the origin and the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

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13. What broad general shapes do the a) trapezius muscle and b) deltoid muscle resemble?

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14. What action is performed by the masseter muscle?

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Muscles of the legExamine the model of the upper and lower leg to identify and outline the action of the following groups of or individual muscles. Note: Muscles into which intramuscular injections are administered are again indicated by**.15. Label the diagram below (Martini et al. 2015, p. 397):

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Gluteal Group

Gluteus medius**

Gluteus maximus**

Tensor fasciaelatae

Iliotibial tract

Vastus lateralis **

Biceps femoris,long head

Biceps femoris,short head

Semimembranosus

Plantaris

Head of fibula

Patella

Patellarligament

Sartorius Rectusfemoris

16.Describe the anatomical location of the following muscles.

Gluteal muscles:Gluteus maximus** is located posteriorly and superficially on the body

Gluteus medius **......................................................................................

Quadriceps femoris: Vastus lateralis**.......................................................................................Vastus intermedius....................................................................................Vastus medialis..........................................................................................Rectus femoris...........................................................................................

Sartorius....................................................................................................Adductors..................................................................................................Magnus......................................................................................................Longus.......................................................................................................Brevis.........................................................................................................

17. Are the Hamstring muscles located on the anterior or posterior surface of the femur?

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18. Label the diagram of the lower leg muscles below (Martini et al. 2015, p. 401):

19. While using this model, you should also try to identify the:

Sacral plexus.............................................................................................Sciatic nerve..............................................................................................Femoral nerve............................................................................................

20. A nursing student is to administer an intramuscular injection into the patient’s buttock. The supervising Registered nurse (RN) asks the following question of the nursing students: Where does the Sciatic nerve travel after it originates from the spinal cord? Why did the RN ask the question? And what is the answer?

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Ankle Extensors

Gastrocnemius,lateral head

Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis

Superior extensorretinaculum

Calcaneal tendon

Inferior extensorretinaculum

Iliotibial tract

Head of fibula

Soleus

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorumlongus

Tendon of extensorhallucis longus

Ankle Flexors

Digital Extensors

21. Under which gluteal muscle does the sciatic nerve lie?

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22. What is the difference between the biceps femoris and the biceps brachii?

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23. Give five reasons why the deltoid, vastus lateralis and gluteus medius muscles are chosen as the sites for intramuscular injection.

1).................................................................................................................2).................................................................................................................3).................................................................................................................4).................................................................................................................5).................................................................................................................

Below is an image from your Kozier text showing anatomical landmarks used by the RN before administering an intramuscular injection into the Deltoid muscle (Figure 36.37, Berman et al., 2012 p. 979):

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24. Label the following muscles by dragging the text boxes (Martin et al. 2015, p. 368):

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Sternocleidomastoid

Rectus abdominis

External oblique

Linea alba

Flexor retinaculum

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi

Serratus anterior

Biceps brachii

Triceps brachii

Brachialis

Pronator teres

Brachioradialis

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Palmaris longus

Flexor carpi radialis

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Gluteus medius

Tensor fasciae latae

Iliopsoas

Adductor longus

Gracilis

Sartorius

Rectus femoris

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

Gastrocnemius

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

25. Label the following muscles by dragging on the text boxes (Martini et al. 2015, p. 369):

You have now completed the week 8 A&P laboratory report. Save the file. Upload the file via the submission link on FLO in week 8.

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Trapezius Deltoid

Teres major

Latissimus dorsi

Infraspinatus

Triceps brachii (long head)

Brachioradialis

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Gluteus maximus

Tensor fasciae latae

Semitendinosus

Adductor magnus

Gracilis

Biceps femoris

Semimembranosus

External oblique

Gastrocnemius

Sternocleidomastoid

Soleus

Extensor digitorum

Gluteus medius

Triceps brachii (lateral head)

Teres minor