floating wetlands king county, washington
TRANSCRIPT
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Who we are Nancy Rottle - Director, University of Washington
Green Futures Research and Design Lab Mason Bowles - Senior Ecologist, Ecological Restoration
and Engineering Services Section, WLRD Matt MacDonald - Student, UW Masters of Landscape
Architecture Program; Staff Member, UW Green Futures Lab
Sally Abella – Senior Engineer, Freshwater Assessment
Group, Science and Technical Support Section, WLRD
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Floating Wetlands presentation outline
• What are floating wetlands?
• Why do they matter?
• How do they work?
• Where are they already?
• How is King County involved?
• Where else could they be used?
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What are floating wetlands? Constructed ecosystems that mimic naturally occurring wetlands
biomatrixwater.com naturalhighsafaris.com
In some cases, they are naturally occurring wetlands, e.g. bogs
Evans Creek, Redmond
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What are floating wetlands? Constructed ecosystems that mimic naturally occurring wetlands
Floating Island International
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British Library
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Hicklin Lake, West Sea0le
Photo: Matt MacDonald
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Floating frame or foam mat
Growing media
Native wetland plants
Andrea Haynes
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• Sequester carbon • Improve water
quality
• Create habitat
• Tolerate fluctuating water levels
• Can be configured to existing aquatic urban environments
Andrea Haynes
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Why are floating wetlands an important new technology?
• Improves water quality and provides habitat
• Scalable and cost effective with minimal maintenance
• Can be configured to existing urban and rural aquatic environments
• Increases wetland area without requiring additional land
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Why are floating wetlands an important new technology?
• Improves stormwater pond polishing efficiencies
• Not compromised by water level fluctuation
• Relies upon biotic processes to manage pollutants (biofilms)
• An innovative BMP gaining broader acceptance
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Spiral Island 1, Joyxee, Mexico
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What are the shortcomings of floating wetlands?
• Lower dissolved oxygen (DO) may occur underneath mats
• Sizing criteria still being refined
• Organic litter needs to be removed if managing for nutrients
• May attract waterfowl
• More frequent stormwater pond sediment removal
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What are the immediate benefits of floating wetlands?
• Increases aquatic shading • Traps sediments • Competes for nutrients • Mitigates metals and toxicants • May control temperatures • Contributes to food chain • Provides habitat complexity
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What are the long-term benefits of floating wetlands?
• Shoreline protection
• Habitat restoration
• Beautification
• Water quality improvement
• Climate adaptation and mitigation
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Water Quality Improvement
Floating Island International
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Biofiltration: Water Quality Improvement
Floating wetlands: • Reduce total suspended solids (turbidity) • Reduce total phosphorous • Reduce ammonia • Reduce total nitrogen • Reduce bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) • Remove heavy metals
References- tinyurl.com/FloatingWetlandsSeattle
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Plant and Insect Habitat
pichost.me/1620939/
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Fish Habitat
Floating Island International
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Wildlife Habitat
Floating Island International
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Shoreline Protection
Floating Island International
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Climate Adaptation and Mitigation
Floating Island International
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Beautification
Turenscape
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Shade & Cover
Turenscape
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BioMatrix
Shoreline Restoration
Installed
Mature
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How do floating wetlands work?
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tinyurl.com/FloatingWetlandsSeattle
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Some Literature Reports
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What do floating wetlands cost?*
• Port of Vancouver, WA $0.85 sq. ft. • KCDOT Lower Stensland Creek $1-14 sq. ft. • Phytolinks $20 sq. ft. • Biomatrix $32 sq. ft. • Biohaven $40+ sq. ft.
*not including costs of design, permitting,
maintenance, and monitoring
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Where are floating wetlands already in use?
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Worldwide Distribution
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Yingri Lake, Jinan, China
Floating Island International
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Queensland, Australia
SPEL Environmental
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Louisiana Gulf Coast
Floating Island International
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Baltimore Harbor
The Waterfront Partnership, photo by Adam Lindquist
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Baltimore Harbor Proposal
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San Francisco
Andrea Haynes
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Opportunities Study
Andrea Haynes
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Pacific Northwest
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Port of Vancouver, WA (2015)
Matt Graves
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Hicklin Lake, West Seattle (2013)
Photo: Matt MacDonald
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Floa>ng water quality islands in Hicklin Lake, White Center
Sally Bartley Abella Science and Technical Support Section King County Water and Land Resources Division
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Where is Hicklin Lake and its islands?
|
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A brief(!) history of Hicklin (Hicks, Garre0) Lake: • Open water wetland dredged for storage capacity for golf course in the 1930s.
• King County purchased in the 1940s and created Lakewood Park, including swim beach and fishing dock.
• Combined sewer system split into two systems in late 1950s – old lines used for storm water and rerouted into Hicklin Lake.
• High bacterial counts found in the 1960s beach closed recurrently; becoming permanent in 1991.
• Flooding during winter storm events. Pump installed to control water levels; water goes to Puget Sound.
• WDFW fish stocking ended in 1992. Dock dismantled 2012.
• Nuisance and toxic algae concerns result in first alum treatment in 2005, followed by a second treatment in 2011. Floa>ng islands in 2013.
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Floa>ng islands project – the dry details: • Friends of Hicklin Lake asks for floa>ng islands as an alterna>ve to future alum treatments.
• Island suitability was inves>gated: water quality benefits, habitat enhancement, costs, maintenance.
• Funding leveraging a WDOE algae control grant with supplementary King County project funding, affording two islands of 600 a2 each and WQ monitoring for two years.
• Biomatrix Water / Herrera Environmental selected to provide pladorms and direct installa>on in July 2013.
• Plan>ng design by King County staff, combining sedges, rushes, and bulrush with willows and na>ve ornamentals such as Nootka Rose, Ninebark and red-‐twig dogwood. (FOHL request : make them pre0y!)
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Installa>on: a community event • King County staff and contractors, • Washington Conserva>on Corps team, • KC Youth Source interns, and • University of Washington students
The lake level was LOW! Note lack of emergent vegeta>on around shoreline.
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Installa>on: anchoring in place
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Maintenance and lessons learned: • Annual weeding in late spring sufficient; check-‐back in fall. • Mortality less than 10%, mostly small sedges planted high. • The shrubs will need to be pruned regularly. • Blown-‐in weeds can establish quickly. • As the plants grow, it’s harder to maintain the plants … need chest waders to get on the islands.
• Ducks deterred by fencing, but do rest on the edges. • Kids throw rocks! Center placement helps.
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Water quality monitoring: Important dates: April 2005 first alum; May 2011 second alum; July 2013 floa>ng islands
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Dynamic media columns: • Inert material to create underwater surface area like root
systems. • Can remove and squeeze material off to measure N and P content. • One column from each island, June and September in 2014. • Measurements from one column in Fall 2013 produced similar
values. • NOTE: Observa>on of large root systems at the edges suggest
that more biofilm may be on living roots than on the columns.
Total N Total PEast island 6/10/2014 11.85 1.67
9/16/2014 66.56 10.24Increase % 562 613
West island 6/10/2014 9.94 1.379/16/2014 54.75 8.71Increase % 551 635
Total mg / media column
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Metals and water quality standards:
exceeds or could exceed acute standardexceeds or could exceed chronic standard
0.50 red, bold font indicates <MDL
A745-‐1m Element 5/14/13 6/11/13 7/8/13 8/20/13 9/17/13 10/15/132013 hardness 20.3 21.4 22.1 20.8 21.2 18.5
pH 6.58 6.82 7.6 9.29 6.72 6.74 2013Deg-‐C 18.4 20.8 24.0 22.8 19.5 12.0 > chronic > acute median
Arsenic As 1.36 1.75 2.31 3.03 2.63 1.53 0% 0% 2.31Cadmium Cd 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0% 0% 0.05Chromium Cr 0.38 0.34 0.37 0.31 0.40 0.44 0% 0% 0.37
Copper Cu 4.17 3.03 3.97 3.05 3.92 4.29 60% 40% 3.92Lead Pb 2.63 2.83 2.82 3.04 2.8 2.17 100% 0% 2.82
Nickel Ni 0.92 0.88 1.25 0.82 0.99 0.98 0% 0% 0.98Selenium Se 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0% 0% 0.5
Silver Ag 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0% 0% 0.04Zinc Zn 24.1 21.1 27.6 6.74 21.6 25.7 20% 0% 21.6
Element 5/13/14 6/10/14 7/15/14 8/19/14 9/16/14 10/14/142014 hardness 21 21.5 22.6 22.3 21.4 20.7
pH 7.79 7.31 7.24 9.26 7.38 6.18
Deg-‐C 17.8 21.4 25.4 23.4 18.6 16.1 > chronic > acute median change
Arsenic As 0.847 1.16 1.72 2.14 2.18 1.83 0% 0% 1.83 <Cadmium Cd 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0% 0% 0.05
Chromium Cr 0.33 0.29 0.23 0.23 0.33 0.32 0% 0% 0.29 <Copper Cu 3.65 3.08 2.86 3.53 3.13 3.10 60% 0% 3.10 <Lead Pb 1.23 1.3 1.31 1.24 1.95 1.69 100% 0% 1.31 <Nickel Ni 0.804 0.78 0.66 0.67 0.62 0.765 0% 0% 0.67 <Selenium Se 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0% 0% 0.5Silver Ag 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0% 0% 0.04
Zinc Zn 25.9 7.6 10.8 8.43 9.83 9.27 0% 0% 9.27 <
% above standardJune-‐October
June-‐October% above standard
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Future of the project and the islands: • Recently catalogued as a KC stormwater facility. • Remove tenacious reed canary grass plant: drowning and black
plas>c? • Monitor water quality into the near future to clarify direc>onal
changes from year-‐to-‐year variability. • Follow biofilm nutrient sequestra>on on dynamic media columns. • Sample root mass for biofilm nutrients? • Evaluate planted species for ul>mate size, growth rate, and ease
of maintenance. • Evaluate island structural components for longevity and durability. • Add to our Frisbee and rock collec>ons.
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KCDOT Novelty Hill Road Improvement Project
Lower Stensland Creek Wetland Mitigation
• Created 2,912 linear feet of stream channel and 3.45 acres of riverine wetlands
• Installed 3.3 acres of native riparian and wetland buffer vegetation
• Created 0.25 acres of permanent open water • Deployed 1800 sq. ft. of floating wetlands
(.04 acres)
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Lower Stensland Creek, Redmond, WA
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Stensland Pond Preliminary Temperature AnalysisJuly 11, 2007
00:00:00 06:00:00 12:00:00 18:00:00 00:00:00
TEM
PE
RA
TUR
E (o C
)
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32Stensland CreekWest Pond UpperWest Pond LowerModel - No shade Model - 25% Shade Model - 50% Shade
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QUAL2K Temperature Model
• Model predicted that project with no shade would increase downstream temperatures by 4.3 oC at the outlet of the pond network for daily average temperatures
• With 25% shade, model predicted increases of 0.8oC • With 50% shade, model predicted decreases of 3.1oC
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MacDonald Floating Wetlands Thesis, Redmond, WA
(in progress)
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Thesis Goals sampler
• Design floating wetlands to mimic a greater array of wetland conditions and habitats
• Test Pacific Northwest plants for suitability
• Design FWs for lasting nutrient and carbon storage
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First Prototype
Matt MacDonald
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Shoreline Edge
Matt MacDonald
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Emergent Vegetation
Matt MacDonald
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Fully Submerged
Matt MacDonald
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Fully Submerged
Matt MacDonald
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Fully Submerged
Matt MacDonald
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Overhanging Canopy
Matt MacDonald
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Overhanging Canopy
Matt MacDonald
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Overhanging Canopy
Matt MacDonald
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PNW Plant Species
Matt MacDonald
~30 species used to date
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Lasting Nutrient Storage
Matt MacDonald
harties.za.org
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Lasting Nutrient Storage
Matt MacDonald
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Open Water (Oxygen Exchange)
Matt MacDonald
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How is the University of Washington involved with
floating wetlands?
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Green Futures Lab
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Urban Shorelines
Past Present Future
Matt MacDonald
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Where might King County use floating wetlands?
• Detention ponds and water quality treatment • Urbanized wetlands • Hardened shorelines • Levies (trees no longer permitted)
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Matt MacDonald
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depts.washington.edu/wet/
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Why do floating wetlands matter?
• Provide wetland functions, structures and processes
• Can be configured to existing aquatic environments
• Scalable and cost effective
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“The best way to predict your future is to create it.”
-Abraham Lincoln
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Questions?
Mason Bowles Professional Wetland Scientist [email protected] Sally Abella Senior Engineer, Limnologist [email protected] Nancy Rottle Assoc. Professor, Director of Green Futures Lab [email protected] Matt MacDonald floating wetlands enthusiast and designer [email protected]
tinyurl.com/FloatingWetlandsSeattle (lots of links and other goodies!)
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Matt MacDonald
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Matt MacDonald
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Overhanging Canopy
Matt MacDonald
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