Henning Sten Hansen, Line Hvingel, Lise Schrøder and Bent Hulegaard Jensen

FLORENCE - 23 – 27 JUNE 2013

Presentation overview

• Background and theory

• Methods • Comparative analysis

• Concluding remarks

The EU Digital Agenda

• The EU Digital Agenda is the first of 7 flagship initiatives of the Europe 2020 Strategy aiming of getting most out of digital technologies

• The Digital Agenda contains 7 pillars regarding the development of the digital society

• Pillar 1 addresses a European ‘Digital Single Market’

• One of the actions (no. 3) hereunder is concerned with ‘opening up public data resources for re-use’

Implications of the PSI and INSPIRE directives

• The PSI Directive was implemented in July 2005 aiming at regulating and stimulating PSI

• Originally the idea was to make all PSI available for re-use

• Pressures from some member states lowered down the ambitions to just encouraging freeing public sector information

• A key objective of the INSPIRE Directive is to make more and better spatial information available for Community policy-making

• A fundamental principle is that ‘spatial data needed for good governance should be available on conditions that are not restricting its extensive’

What is government data ?

• Government data comprises data needed for daily servicing the citizens and management of social welfare, health, education etc.

• The core entities are people, enterprises, buildings, parcels, roads, addresses and admin. boundaries

• Regulatory agencies taking care of nature and environment are large collectors for a wide range of data on protected sites, spatial planning, land-use, hydrography and terrain

Open Government Data

• Project under the Open Knowledge Foundation

• Open for everyone interested in Open Government Data

• Has produced a Handbook on OGD December 2012

• ’Open Data’ means ’data free for anyone to use, re-use, and redistribute

• ’Government data’ refers to ’data and information produced or commissioned by government or government controlled agencies’

Advantages of OGD

• Transparency and democratic control

• Public participation • Self-empowerment • Improved or new

private products and services

• Innovation

• Improved efficiency and effectiveness of public services

• Impact measurement of policies

• New knowledge from combined data sources and patterns in large data volumes

OGD Principles

• Data must be complete

• Data must be primary

• Data must be timely

• Data must be accessible

• Data must be machine processable

• Access must be non-discriminatory

• Data formats must be non-proprietary

• Data must be license free

The Danish e-Government Strategy

• No more printed forms or letters

• New digital welfare • Digital solutions for closer

public sector collaboration • Legislation in support of

digital services • Robust digital infrastructure • Shared core data for all

authorities

The Stepwise Danish Approach to OGD

• Access to environmental information late nineties • The Building and Dwelling Register (incl. addresses with

geographic locations) became ‘freely’ available in 2002 • Free flow of GI within the public sector from 2010 • Shared production of technical and topographic maps

2012 • Open and free government data from January 2013 – also

for commercial aims – however data source must be mentioned

• The Basic Data concept: Persons (pending), businesses, parcels, addresses, areas, roads, digital maps

• Policy adopted due to economic reasons – increased effectiveness (public sector) and innovation (private sector)

Digital strategy and SDI in Finland

• Finland adopted the INSPIRE directive in 2007

• The Act on Spatial Data Infrastructure implements INSPIRE in 2009

• Introduction of the National Geoportal (Paikkatietoikkuna) - also 2009

• The Finnish National Spatial Data Strategy: ‘Location – the Unifying Factor’ adopted in 2010

• The National Land Survey of Finland (NLS) makes all its topographic data free of charge in 2012

• The Finnish Action Plan on Open Government in 2013

www.Paikkatietoikkuna.fi

Open Government data in Finland

• Open Spatial data displayed at Paikkatietoikkuna – The criteria of openness have not yet been firmly defined

• Spatial data sets at the national level free of charge – The National Land Survey (Topographic Database, elevation models,

orthophotos, laser scanning data, admin. boundaries, and the place name register)

– The Cadastral and public registers are not open to the public – Data formats: GML, shape, MIF as well as other formats

• Sectorial spatial data from regulatory agencies: – Geological Survey of Finland (surveys), Statistics Finland (aggregated

statistics) ,The Environmental Administration (water, organisms, environmental stress and land-use)

– Data formats: Various formats

• Some data are freely available from regions and municipalities

Spatial Data Infrastructure - Iceland

• The Information Society Task Force was established in 1997

• Metadata are structured in a National Metadata Service back in 1999

• LMI mission and strategy policy, ‘Geographical information for the society 2001-2006’

• Law on spatial data infrastructure adopted by the Icelandic Parliament – largely based on the EU INSPIRE-Directive in 2011

• The Icelandic Geoportal was launched by NLSI in 2012

• NLSI map data offered free of charge in 2013

Open Government data in Iceland

• Open Spatial data from National Land Survey of Iceland - data offered free of charge

• IS 50V is NLSI’s topographic map – Contour lines and height points, structures, boundaries, transportation,

hydrology, coastline, surface and place names as well as elevation model derived from IS 50V contour lines

– Data formats: GDB, SHP, and CAD

• Other national spatial data from NLSI: – Simple maps in PDF format – WMS-service providing vector data in GDB, SHP and DWG formats – Historical data in jpg format – Arial photos in jpg format – Surveying data in various formats (RINEX, ASCII, …)

The Netherlands SDI development

• Initiation phase 1990 - 1998 • Awareness phase 1998 – 2003 • Space for Geoinformation phase

2003 – 2008 • GIDEON phase (2008 -) aims

giving geoinformation a prominent place in e-services, enhancing re-use, implement INSPIRE etc.

• An important element in the Dutch SDI are so-called Key registers dealing with interrelated register on persons, enterprises, buildings, addresses, parcels, topography

The Netherlands – Open data

• The Dutch National SDI (PDOK) is a central facility operated by Dutch Kadaster – All data within the so-called key registers are open – The Cadastral register is not open for the general public

• The National Geo-register as entrance point to

geoinformation in the Netherlands – Contains more than 5000 data sets for downloads (GML or GeoTIFF),

and about 900 data sets are also available as services (WMS and TMS) – Anyone can use the open data and services – but some are restricted

due to privacy laws – The services level is divided into 3 groups: Public sector, Educational,

and ‘Fair Use’

United Kingdom – OGD

• Freedom of Information Act in 2000 (into full force 2005)

• Implementation of PSI directive (2005)

• UK location strategy for the United Kingdom (2008)

• Location Information Infrastructure (UKLII) (2009)

• Implementation of INSPIRE directive (2009)

• Geo-Portal, by Ordnance Survey • Public data portal (2010), by the

government - http://data.gov.uk

Open government data in the UK

• The public strategy ‘Place matters: The Location Strategy for the United Kingdom’ speaks about core reference geographies

• The initial core reference geographies should be – Geodetic framework, Topographic mapping, Geographic names, Addresses,

Streets, Land and property ownership, Hydrology / hydrography, Statistical boundary, Administrative boundaries

• Ordnance Survey offers free access to – OS Street View; 1:50.000 Gazetteer; 1:250.000 Colour Raster, OS Locator,

Boundary-Line, Code-Point Open, Meridian 2, Strategy, Mini scale, Land-Form PANORAMA and OS Vector Map District

• Through the public portal data.gov.uk 9537 datasets are available, for instance the business register

• UK lacks of information regarding: social security number, parcels (cadastre) and an authoritative building register (containing all building in the country)

The Spanish National Geoportal

• The Spanish National SDI was established Nov. 2002

• National Geoportal (IDEE) opened in 2004

• The LISIGE Law of July 2010 transposed INSPIRE into national legislation

• March 2008 IGN established free access to spatial data for non-commercial use

Open Government data in Spain

• Most open data sets come from the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment

• IGN data (e.g. topographic maps, orthophotos) free available for non-commercial uses – otherwise an agreement is required

• Mentioning origin of data is always required • The Spanish Cadastre provides data on buildings,

addresses, soil, parcels and admin. units free of charge including commercial applications

• Also data from regions and municipalities are available form IDEE

• Data format: WMS or ESRI shapefile (GML later!)

OGD Principles – comparison

Data must be accessible

Data must be machine processable

Access must be non-discriminatory

Data must be complete

Data must be primary

Data must be timely

Data formats must be non-proprietary

Data must be license free

DK FIN IS NL UK ES

✔✔ ✔✓ ✔✓ ✔✓ ✔ ✔✔

✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔ ✔✔

✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔

✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔

✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔

✔✔ ✔✔ ✔ ✔✓ ✔✔ ✔

✓ ✔✔ ✗ ✔✔ ✔ ✗

✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✔ ✗

Conclusion

• There is a major movement towards open and free government data in Europe

• The approach and extent varies from country to country • A major challenge to compare the extent of the open data

policy – what are the goals and what are the facts? • Generally, the open data are in accordance with our

definition of government data – Exceptions are the cadastral data and public registers – The UK model is in several ways different from the other

countries • For all countries more and more data are becoming open • A paper on the research are currently being prepared for

the ‘Int. J. of SDI Research'

Henning Sten Hansen Professor, Aalborg University Copenhagen, Denmark E-mail: hsh@land.aau.dk

Slide Number 1Presentation overviewThe EU Digital AgendaImplications of the PSI and INSPIRE directivesWhat is government data ?Open Government DataAdvantages of OGDOGD PrinciplesThe Danish e-Government StrategyThe Stepwise Danish Approach to OGDDigital strategy and SDI in FinlandOpen Government data in FinlandSpatial Data Infrastructure - IcelandOpen Government data in IcelandThe Netherlands�SDI developmentThe Netherlands – Open dataUnited Kingdom – OGD Open government data in the UKThe Spanish National GeoportalOpen Government data in SpainOGD Principles – comparison ConclusionSlide Number 23