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Economic Contributions of Beef and Dairy Cattle and Allied Industries in Florida in 2017
Sponsored Project Report to the Florida Cattlemen’s Association
and Florida Dairy Farmers
Alan W. Hodges, Christa D. Court, Mohammad Rahmani, Caleb A. Stair
University of Florida-IFAS, Food and Resource Economics Department
March 6, 2019
Photo source: University of Florida-IFAS
2
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Table ES1. Summary of total economic contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida in 2017 .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Figure ES1. Employment contributions of beef and dairy cattle production and allied industries in Florida in 2017 ........................................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure ES2. Employment contributions of beef and dairy cattle production and processing industries in the top Florida counties in 2017 .................................................................................................................... 8
Figure ES3. Map of Florida county dependence on the cattle industry in terms of employment contributions as share of total county employment ....................................................................................... 9
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 1.1. Map of land cover types in Florida, 2017 ................................................................................. 13
Figure 1.2. Trends in Florida agricultural land cover, 1997 to 2012 ........................................................... 14
Figure 1.3. Beef and dairy cow inventory in the top Florida counties, January 2018 ................................. 15
Figure 1.4. Pastureland in the top Florida counties, 2012 ........................................................................... 15
Figure 1.5. Trend in output (sales revenues) for beef and dairy cattle farming, animal processing and dairy production manufacturing from Florida, 2007-16 ....................................................................................... 16
Figure 1.6. Trend in domestic and international exports of beef and dairy cattle farming, animal processing and dairy product manufacturing from Florida, 2007-15 .......................................................... 16
Figure 1.7. Value of international exports of meat and dairy products from Florida to world regions, 2017 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 17
2. Survey of the Florida Cattle Industry .......................................................................................................... 18
Table 2.1. Summary of all survey responses for the Florida cattle industry ............................................... 19
Table 2.2. Summary of survey responses for Florida beef and dairy farms ................................................ 20
Table 2.3. Statistical summary of continuous variables for Florida cattle industry survey ........................ 20
Figure 2.1. Distribution of annual sales reported by Florida cattle industry survey respondents ............... 21
Figure 2.2. Distribution of number of employees reported by Florida cattle industry survey respondents 21
Figure 2.3. Number of cattle reported by Florida cattle industry survey respondents ................................ 21
Figure 2.4. Annual business line sales reported by Florida cattle industry survey respondents ................. 22
Figure 2.5. Annual sales reported by farm enterprise for Florida farm and ranch survey respondents ...... 22
Figure 2.6. Annual sales reported by market channel for Florida farm and ranch survey respondents ...... 22
Figure 2.7. Capital improvement expenditures over last three years reported for Florida farm and ranch survey respondents ...................................................................................................................................... 23
Table 2.4. Extrapolated capital improvements for Florida cattle industry survey ...................................... 23
Figure 2.8. Management, marketing, and environmental practices reported by Florida farm and ranch survey respondents ...................................................................................................................................... 23
Table 2.5. Selected comments by Florida cattle industry survey respondents ............................................ 24
3. Cattle Industry Establishments, Employment, Wages and Market Share ................................................... 25
3
Table 3.1. Florida cattle and allied industry establishments, employment, and wages, 2017 ..................... 26
Table 3.2. Florida livestock production values, 2016-17 ............................................................................ 27
Table 3.3. Florida livestock feed consumption, 2017 ................................................................................. 27
Table 3.4. U.S. veterinary practice sales, 2018 ........................................................................................... 27
Table 3.5. Florida grocery store sales, 2017 ................................................................................................ 28
4. Methodology for Regional Economic Contribution Analysis ......................................................................... 29
Table 4.1. NAICS and corresponding IMPLAN© industry sectors evaluated for economic contributions of the cattle and allied industries ..................................................................................................................... 30
Table 4.2. Inputs to the IMPLAN© model for economic contribution analysis of the beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida .................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 4.1. Economic regions in the state of Florida .................................................................................. 32
5. Economic Contribution Results .................................................................................................................. 33
State-Level Economic Contributions .............................................................................................................. 33
Table 5.1. Economic contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in the state of Florida in 2017 ............................................................................................................................................................. 34
Figure 5.1. Summary of employment contributions of beef and dairy cattle industry groups in the state of Florida in 2017 ............................................................................................................................................ 35
Figure 5.2. Summary of output contributions of beef and dairy cattle industry groups in the state of Florida in 2017 ............................................................................................................................................ 35
Table 5.2. Economic contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida by NAICS industry group in 2017 ................................................................................................................................ 36
Table 5.3. State-local and federal government tax contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida in 2017 ........................................................................................................................ 37
Economic Contributions in Florida Regions and Counties ............................................................................. 38
Table 5.1. Summary of economic contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida regions and counties, 2017 .......................................................................................................................... 39
Table 5.2. Employment contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industry groups in Florida regions and counties in 2017 .................................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 5.3. Employment contributions of all beef and dairy cattle and allied industry sectors in the top Florida counties in 2017 .............................................................................................................................. 43
Figure 5.4. Employment contributions of beef and dairy cattle industry production and processing/manufacturing sectors in the top Florida counties in 2017 ....................................................... 43
Figure 5.5. Output contributions of all beef and dairy cattle and allied industry sectors in the top Florida counties in 2017 .......................................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 5.6. Output contributions of beef and dairy cattle production and processing/manufacturing sectors in the top Florida counties in 2017 .............................................................................................................. 44
Figure 5.7. Value added contributions of all beef and dairy cattle and allied industry sectors in the top Florida counties in 2017 .............................................................................................................................. 45
Figure 5.8. Value added contributions of beef and dairy cattle production and processing/manufacturing sectors in the top Florida counties in 2017 .................................................................................................. 45
Figure 5.9. Employment contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida economic regions in 2017 ............................................................................................................................................ 46
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Figure 5.10. Output contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida economic regions in 2017 ............................................................................................................................................ 46
Figure 5.11. Value added contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida economic regions in 2017 ............................................................................................................................................ 47
Figure 5.12. Map of employment contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida counties in 2017 .......................................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 5.13. Map of value added contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida counties in 2017 .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Community Dependence on the Cattle Industry ............................................................................................. 50
Table 5.3. Economic contributions by beef and dairy cattle and allied industries as a share of total employment and value added in Florida counties in 2017 .......................................................................... 50
Figure 5.14. Map of Florida county dependence on beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in terms of employment contributions as share of total county employment ................................................................ 52
Figure 5.15. Map of Florida county dependence on beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in terms of value-added contributions as share of total county value-added ................................................................. 53
6. Ecosystem Services of Florida Ranchlands................................................................................................. 54
Figure 6.1. Key elements of rangeland ecosystem goods and services ....................................................... 54
Table 6.1. Global average grassland ecosystem service values and estimated value of Florida grasslands 56
7. Literature and Information Sources Cited ................................................................................................... 57
Appendix A: Glossary of Economic Terms ........................................................................................................ 60
Appendix B: Survey Questionnaire of the Florida Beef and Dairy Cattle Industry ............................................ 62
Appendix C: Detailed Results for Economic Contributions of the Beef and Dairy Cattle and Allied Industries in Florida Counties .............................................................................................................................................. 67
Acknowledgements
This study was sponsored by the Florida Cattlemen’s Association and the Florida Dairy Farmers, Research
Checkoff fund, under project agreement AWD04060 with the University of Florida. The project was initiated
by the Florida Cattlemen’s Association Executive Director, Jim Handley, and President Ken Griner (now past
president). Assistance to the email survey effort was provided by Joel Bockoras.
UF/IFAS Photo Disclaimer and Terms of Use
Photos in this report were provided by University of Florida-IFAS Communications. The photos contained in the UF-IFAS Communications database are University of
Florida property. University of Florida employees and students are allowed to use these photos in connection with their job duties and studies, respectively. The University of
Florida prohibits commercial use of the photos, including but not limited to promotion of goods and/or services and reproduction of the photos for sale.
Reporters may request and then publish photos for editorial purposes, which include publishing a photo in a newspaper or magazine to accompany a news item, or to serve as
a news item.
Contact: [email protected] Last Modified: Copyright 2015
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Executive Summary
The state of Florida has a long and colorful history of cattle ranching. Currently, there are 5.40 million acres of
improved pasture, rangeland and woodland used for beef and dairy cattle grazing, representing 15.6 percent of
the state’s land area. As of January 2019, Florida had an inventory of 1.68 million cattle and calves, including
914,000 beef cows and 116,000 dairy cows. The top five Florida counties for beef and dairy cow inventory
were Okeechobee (110,000), Highlands (75,500), Polk (60,600), Osceola (60,000) and Hardee (48,100).
Production of cattle and calves in 2017, including a calf crop of 790,000 head, was valued at $502 million, and
production of 2.5 billion pounds (300 million gallons) of milk was valued at $537 million. During the last
Census of Agriculture in 2012, there were 18,433 beef cattle operations with inventory and 425 milk
operations with inventory.
In addition to farm and ranch operations, the cattle industry has extensive allied sectors providing supporting
inputs and services, meat and dairy processing/manufacturing, and wholesale and retail distribution. In 2017,
there were 213 animal slaughtering/processing and dairy product manufacturing firms in Florida, with 5,338
employees, and paid annual wages of $224 million. Inputs and services for cattle production, including on-
farm services, animal feed manufacturers, and food animal veterinarians, provided an estimated 3,193 jobs in
the state, while livestock, beef, and dairy product wholesalers supported 4,491 jobs. Retail sales of beef and
dairy products represented 16.9 percent of food store sales in Florida, valued at $6.40 billion, and accounted
for 34,713 jobs. In 2017, Florida exported cattle, meat, and dairy products worth over one billion dollars to
international markets.
As part of this study, a survey of the Florida cattle industry was conducted using the email list of over 5,000
persons maintained by the Florida Cattlemen’s Association. The survey gathered information on farm/ranch
area, farm enterprises, cattle inventory, annual sales, market channels, employment, capital improvement
expenditures, farm practices, and open comments about economic contributions to the community. A total of
425 valid responses were received for all types of cattle-related businesses, who reported farm area of 508,903
acres, cattle herd inventory of 247,200 head, $354 million in annual sales, 2,153 fulltime and part-time
employees, and $42 million in capital improvements over the past three years. Beef or dairy farms represented
84 percent of sales reported in the survey. Market channels for sales of products included processors,
representing 41 percent of sales reported, auction markets (33%), contract buyers (18%), online (2%), other
local markets (6%), and nonlocal markets (2%). Commonly reported farm management, marketing, and
environmental practices included rotational grazing, practiced by 70 percent of farm respondents, invasive
species control (49%), use of controlled release fertilizers (37%), prescribed burning (27%), fencing to exclude
cattle from waterways (24%), manure land spreading for crop fertilization (11%), and water retention
impoundments (10%). Survey data extrapolated to the population of cattle farms in the state estimated total
capital improvements of $717 million over the past three years, or an average of $239 million annually. Open
comments received from survey respondents commonly expressed a long-term commitment to maintaining
6
cattle on family lands, helping other farmers to establish cattle operations, providing employment for local
people, and spending money for equipment and supplies in the community.
This study analyzed the economic contributions of the beef and dairy cattle production and allied industries in
the State of Florida and its counties in 2017 using secondary data on direct employment and survey data on
capital expenditures, together with a regional economic model created with the IMPLAN© system. Regional
Input-Output/Social Accounting Matrix economic models account for multiplier effects of industry supply
chain activity (indirect effects) and respending of income by employee households (induced effects).
In 2017, the cattle and allied industry sectors directly employed 58,221 direct fulltime and part-time jobs, paid
$2.00 billion in employee compensation and proprietor income, and received $8.26 billion in sales revenues.
Total economic contributions of the cattle and allied industries in Florida estimated in the regional model,
including indirect and induced multiplier effects in other sectors estimated in the economic model, are
summarized in Table ES1 and Figure ES2. For all industry groups and activities, statewide economic
contributions were 118,191 fulltime and part-time jobs, $16.80 billion in industry output or revenues, $7.65
billion in value added or Gross State Product, and $4.64 billion in labor income (employee wages, salaries,
benefits, and business owner income). In addition, the industries contributed $712 million in state and local
government tax revenues and $1.16 billion in federal tax revenues. Indirect and induced multiplier effects
accounted for employment contributions of 32,093 and 27,876 jobs, respectively.
The largest industry groups in terms of employment contributions were beef and dairy product retail stores,
with 51,577 jobs, representing 43.6 percent of total employment contributions, followed by beef cattle farms
(14,720 jobs, 12.5%), meat processing (14,668 jobs, 12.4%), dairy product manufacturing (12,860 jobs,
10.9%), and livestock, beef and dairy wholesalers (11,049 jobs, 9.3%). The leading sectors in terms of value
added contributions were dairy product manufacturers ($1.10 billion), wholesalers ($1.21 billion), and retailers
($2.89 billion), while beef cattle and dairy farms each had value added contributions of about $500 million.
Collectively, production and processing sectors, including cattle farming, support activities, and
manufacturing, represented 46 percent of total employment contributions and 45 percent of value added
contributions, while wholesale and retail distribution of beef and dairy products accounted for 53 percent and
54 percent, respectively.
State-level economic contribution results for the cattle industry were allocated to Florida counties based on
direct output, employment, and value added. The top ten Florida counties in terms of employment
contributions for all cattle-related industry sectors were Miami-Dade (16,825 jobs), Broward (8,700), Palm
Beach (8,000), Hillsborough (7,248), Polk (5,859), Orange, 5,746), Duval (5,060), Pinellas (4,011),
Okeechobee (2,769), and Lee (2,698). The top counties for production and processing/manufacturing sectors
only (excluding wholesale-retail distribution) were Miami-Dade (7,768 jobs), Polk (4,271 jobs), Palm Beach
(2,879 jobs), Hillsborough (2,765 jobs), Okeechobee (2,572 jobs), Duval (2,076 jobs), Broward (2,050 jobs),
Sumter (1,762 jobs), Orange (1,665 jobs), and Hardee (1,174 jobs), as shown in Figure ES2. County-level
7
economic contributions were also aggregated into nine functional economic regions. The mix of cattle-related
industry sectors is quite different across Florida counties, with farm production mainly in rural counties, while
processing/manufacturing, wholesale, and retail trade sectors are concentrated in large urban counties such as
Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, Orange, Hillsborough, and Duval.
As an indication of the relative importance of the cattle and allied industries to the state of Florida,
employment contributions represented 1.02 percent of the state workforce and total value added contributions
represented 0.82 percent of Gross State Product (GSP) in 2016. Dependence on cattle-related industries was
much higher in some rural counties, with employment and value added contributions representing over 10
percent of total economic activity in Lafayette, Okeechobee, Gilchrist, Madison, and Hardee Counties (Figure
ES3).
In addition to commodity production and commercial services in the cattle and allied industries, pastures and
rangelands in Florida support a variety of recreational activities for fishing, hunting, and wildlife viewing.
Some large cattle ranches in Central and South Florida have partnered with the Water Management Districts to
provide on-farm water storage and treatment as a low-cost option to enhance water quality and reduce flooding
and pollutant loading on downstream water bodies. Other non-marketed ecosystem services provided by cattle
farms and ranches include provision of wildlife habitat, maintenance of biodiversity, air and water purification,
carbon storage, moderation of extreme weather events, generation and preservation of soils, and control of
agricultural pests. Although these ecosystem services were not explicitly quantified in this study, secondary
sources were used to estimate a value of $4.605 billion annually.
Table ES1. Summary of total economic contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida in 2017
Industry-Activity Employment
(Jobs)
Labor Income (M$)
Value Added (M$)
Output (M$)
Beef cattle farms 14,720 326 509 1,362
Dairy farms 6,288 332 503 1,164
Support activities for animal production, vet services, animal feed manuf.
5,804 252 388 891
Dairy product manufacturing 12,860 670 1,102 3,387
Meat processing 14,668 627 950 3,115
Livestock and meat/dairy product wholesalers 11,049 648 1,213 1,970
Retail sales of beef and dairy products at grocery stores and meat markets
51,577 1,723 2,891 4,742
Farm capital improvements (avg. last 3 years) 1,225 60 97 168
Total All Industries-Activities 118,191 4,639 7,653 16,798
Subtotal production and processing (farming, support activities and manufacturing)
54,340 2,208 3,452 9,918
Subtotal wholesale and retail distribution 62,625 2,371 4,104 6,712
Values in 2017 dollars. Estimates include applicable direct, indirect, and induced multiplier effects.
8
Figure ES1. Employment contributions of beef and dairy cattle production and allied industries in Florida in 2017
Figure ES2. Employment contributions of beef and dairy cattle production and processing industries in the top Florida counties in 2017
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
Beef cattle farms
Dairy farms
Support activities for animal production, vetservices, animal feed manuf.
Dairy product manufacturing
Meat processing
Livestock and meat/dairy product wholesalers
Retail sales of beef and dairy products at grocerystores and meat markets
Farm capital improvements (avg. last 3 years)
Fulltime, Part-time Jobs
Direct
Indirect
Induced
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
Miami-DadePolk
Palm BeachHillsboroughOkeechobee
DuvalBroward
SumterOrangeHardee
HighlandsColumbiaHernando
MarionSuwannee
ManateeVolusia
GilchristHendryPutnam
Fulltime & Part-time Jobs
Beef cattle ranching
Dairy farms
Support activities
Dairy manufacturing
Meat processing
9
Figure ES3. Map of Florida county dependence on the cattle industry in terms of employment contributions as share of total county employment
< 1%
1.1% – 5%
5.1% – 10%
10.1% – 15%
> 15%
10
1. Introduction
Cattle were first brought to North American by the
Spanish explorer Juan Ponce DeLeon, who landed in
southwest Florida in 1521. Some of the original
Spanish cattle escaped and became naturalized
throughout the state, and small herds descended from
the original cattle survive today as the “Cracker” or
“Criollo” heritage breed in southeastern states (Rouse,
1977). The cattle industry in Florida has a long
tradition and embraces cultural values of
independence, toughness, and self-reliance, as
described in the classic Florida novel “A Land
Remembered” (Smith, 1984). During the 1700s and
1800s, grasslands in Florida were unfenced, and cattle
herds migrated seasonally to fresh pastures, and were driven to gathering points for shipment to other states
and to the Caribbean islands. Other cattle breeds from around the world have been introduced into Florida over
time, including Brahman cattle (Bos indicus) that are well adapted to the hot, humid environment and high pest
pressures. Brahman cattle have been interbred with Angus and Herford cattle to develop the distinctive
“Brangus” and “Braford” breeds that combine the hardiness of Brahman cattle with the superior carcass
characteristics of European breeds. Milking breeds of cattle, including Holstein-Friesian and Jersey cows, have
also been widely introduced to Florida for dairy production.
Beef cattle in Florida are most commonly managed as cow-calf operations, with calves shipped out of state for
feeding in other areas. Milk production in Florida is seasonal, with reduced milk yields during the hot summer
months due to heat stress on animals.
The tropical and subtropical environment of Florida supports a rich biodiversity of grasslands. According to
satellite imagery, pastures and rangelands in Florida covered over 3.4 million acres in 2017 (USDA-NASS
Cropland Data Layer). Data from the Census of
Agriculture indicate a total of 5.4 million acres
of improved pastures, rangelands and farm
woodlands were used for grazing in 2012,
representing 15.6 percent of the total area.
Grazing lands are concentrated in the inland
areas of the north-west, north-central, and
south-central regions of the state (Figure 1.1).
Grasslands and pastures in Florida are used
Typical Cracker cattle; Source: UF-IFAS
Holstein dairy cattle; Source: UF-IFAS
11
predominantly for beef and dairy cattle production. Warm-season, cool-season, and tropical grasses are used
for grazing. In central and north Florida, warm-season grasses such as Bahiagrass and Bermudagrass are
dormant, so feeding of hay, winter forages, and other supplemental feeds is required.
As of January 2019, Florida had an
inventory of 1.68 million cattle, including
914,000 beef cows and 116,000 dairy cows
(Table 1.1). Production of cattle and calves
in 2017, including a calf crop of 790,000
head, was valued at $502 million, and
production of 2.5 billion pounds (300
million gallons) of milk was valued at $537
million. In 2017, there were 110 licensed
dairy operations with milk cow inventory.
Pastured land in Florida (including grazed
woodland and cropland) declined from a
peak of 6.17 million acres in 1997 to 5.10 million acres in 2007, then increased to 5.40 million acres in 2012,
while overall cropland declined, and farm woodlands increased slightly (Figure 1.2).
The top five Florida counties for beef and dairy cow inventory were Okeechobee (110,000 cows), Highlands
(75,500), Polk (60,600), Osceola (60,000), and Hardee (48,100) (Figure 1.3). The top counties for pastured
land area were Osceola (504,468 acres), Highlands (377,568 acres), Okeechobee (372,906 acres), Polk
(345,690 acres), and Glades (262,355) (Figure 1.4).
Trends in output (sales revenues) of Florida beef and dairy farms, animal processing, and dairy product
manufacturing from 2007 through 2016 are charted in Figure 1.5. Output of beef cattle farming/ranching
increased from $513 million in 2007 to a peak of $1.065 billion in 2014, then declined to $549 million in 2016,
in constant dollar terms. Output of dairy cattle farming/milk production increased from $527 million in 2007 to
$720 million in 2014, then declined to $491 million in 2016. Output of animal slaughtering and processing
actually peaked in 2007 at $1.184 billion, declined to $520 million in 2011, and then rose again to around $1
billion in 2014-16. Dairy product manufacturing output rose from $1.663 billion in 2007 to $2.310 billion in
2011, then declined to around $1.6 billion in 2014-16.
Exports are an important measure of industries because they bring “new” money into regional economies that
stimulates additional economic activity. Trends in international and domestic exports of Florida cattle-related
sectors from 2007 to 2015 are shown in Figure 1.6. Domestic exports were estimated in the IMPLAN©
database from a gravity model of commodity tradeflows, which considers the balance of production and local
consumption as well as the volume of demand in other U.S. states. Total exports increased sharply for beef
cattle from around $246 million in 2007 to over $500 million in 2014-15. Dairy cattle and milk exports also
Florida beef cow-calf operation; Source: UF-IFAS
12
increased significantly, from around $100 million in 2007 to $377 million in 2015. Exports of animal
slaughtering/processing sector remained fairly steady over 2007-15 at around $100 million, except for a
temporary jump to over $200 million in 2008. Similarly, exports of dairy product manufacturing remained
between $20 and $50 million, except in 2008 when it approached $100 million. The relatively low value of
exports for slaughter/processing and dairy products in relation to industry output indicates that most of these
products remain in Florida for local consumption.
The value of international exports of meat and dairy products from Florida by world region in 2017 are shown
in Figure 1.7. These state-level exports include all products originating in Florida that departed for
international destinations, regardless of the port of exit. Total exports were valued at $1.03 billion, including
$711 million for meat and packaged meat products, and $317 million for dairy products. The largest export
destination region was South/Central America with $729 million, followed by North America ($174 million),
and Europe ($69 million), and smaller amounts for Asia, Africa, and Australia/Oceania.
In addition to farm and ranch operations, the beef and dairy cattle industry includes allied sectors that provide
supporting inputs and services, meat and dairy processing/manufacturing, and wholesale and retail distribution.
In 2017, there were 213 animal slaughtering, meat processing, and dairy product manufacturing plants and 183
related wholesaler firms in Florida (USDOC-BLS).
Florida ranchlands also provide many
non-marketed environmental services,
including surface and groundwater
storage, purification of air and water,
mitigation of droughts and floods,
stabilization of climate and
moderation of extreme weather
events, generation and preservation of
soils, detoxification and
decomposition of wastes, cycling and
movement of nutrients, control of
agricultural pests, provision of
wildlife habitat, and maintenance of
biodiversity. Although many of these
environmental and ecosystem services are not readily quantifiable, secondary sources were evaluated to
provide a range of values for some of these services. The cattle industry also provides numerous amenities or
quality of life benefits that are often capitalized on within real estate markets and community development
projects. Many of these benefits are personal, psychic, or aesthetic benefits such as scenic views, therapeutic
and physical health values, intrinsic existence values, and religious or spiritual values. In addition, benefits
Wildlife on a Florida cattle ranch; Source: UF-IFAS
13
may include community values such as support of rural life, provision of character-building opportunities,
support of national identity/ideals, heritage, research, and education.
This study provides economic contribution estimates for the Florida beef and dairy cattle and allied industries
in 2017. The results presented within this report will enable industry leaders to demonstrate the economic
importance of the industry, and support advocacy and outreach efforts to state and local elected leaders,
regulatory agencies, and the public at large, in the interest of informed public policy.
Figure 1.1. Map of land cover types in Florida, 2017
Source: USDA-NASS, Cropland Data Layer.
14
Table 1.1. Florida beef and dairy cattle inventory and production values, 2014-19
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
All Cattle and Calves Inventory 1,670,000 1,680,000 1,680,000 1,700,000 1,630,000 1,680,000
Cow Inventory 1,030,000 1,030,000 1,030,000 1,030,000 1,010,000 1,030,000
Beef Cow Inventory 907,000 906,000 905,000 908,000 886,000 914,000
Milk Cow Inventory 123,000 124,000 125,000 122,000 124,000 116,000
Calf Crop (Head) 820,000 800,000 810,000 790,000
Cattle and Calves Production Value ($) 798,434,000 786,325,000 510,629,000 501,798,000
Cattle and Calves Sales, Excl Inter-Farm ($) 868,368,000 869,622,000 546,571,000 580,080,000
Cattle Gross Income, ($) 872,378,000 873,667,000 549,109,000 583,497,000
Licensed Dairy Herds With Inventory 130 130 120 110
Milk Production Quantity (pounds) 2,508,000,000 2,582,000,000 2,495,000,000 2,496,000,000
Milk Price Received ($/100 lbs.) 28.20 21.30 19.60 21.50
Milk Production Value ($) 707,256,000 549,966,000 489,020,000 536,640,000
Source: USDA-NASS. Figure 1.2. Trends in Florida agricultural land cover, 1997 to 2012
Source: USDA-NASS, Census of Agriculture.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1997 2002 2007 2012
Mill
ion
Acre
s
All pastured land
Pasture (excl. grazedcropland, woodland)
Cropland
Farm woodland
15
Figure 1.3. Beef and dairy cow inventory in the top Florida counties, January 2018
Source: USDA-NASS, annual survey of cattle inventory. Figure 1.4. Pastureland in the top Florida counties, 2012
Source: USDA-NASS, Census of Agriculture.
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000
OKEECHOBEEHIGHLANDS
POLKOSCEOLA
HARDEEDE SOTO
SUWANNEEMARION
ALACHUAJACKSON
HILLSBOROUGHCOLUMBIA
PASCOMANATEEGILCHRIST
LAFAYETTECHARLOTTE
BREVARDLAKE
INDIAN RIVERORANGE
Number Cows, Jan. 2018
Beef Dairy
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
OsceolaHighlands
OkeechobeePolk
GladesDe SotoHendryHardeeMarion
CharlotteSumter
HillsboroughPasco
BrevardOrange
St. LucieAlachua
Indian RiverManatee
MartinLakeLevy
Thousand Acres
Pasture (excl. pastured woodlandand cropland)
Woodland pastured
Cropland pastured
16
Figure 1.5. Trend in output (sales revenues) for beef and dairy cattle farming, animal processing and dairy
production manufacturing from Florida, 2007-16
Source: IMPLAN© data for Florida (Implan Group, LLC).
Figure 1.6. Trend in domestic and international exports of beef and dairy cattle farming, animal processing and dairy product manufacturing from Florida, 2007-15
Source: IMPLAN© data for Florida (Implan Group, LLC).
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Mill
ion
Dol
lars
, 201
6
Beef cattle ranching and farming
Dairy cattle and milk production
Animal slaughtering, rendering, and processing
Dairy product manufacturing
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Mill
ion
Dolla
rs, 2
016
Beef cattle ranching and farming
Dairy cattle and milk production
Animal slaughtering, rendering, and processing
Dairy product manufacturing
17
Figure 1.7. Value of international exports of meat and dairy products from Florida to world regions, 2017
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, USA Tradeonline.
0 200 400 600 800
Africa
Asia
Australia and Oceania
Europe
North America
South/Central America
Million Dollars
Dairy Products
Meat & Meat PackagingProducts
18
2. Survey of the Florida Cattle Industry
As part of this study, a survey of the Florida cattle industry was conducted from June 17 to September 3, 2018.
Three survey invitations were sent at two-week intervals to an email list of over 5,000 persons maintained by
the Florida Cattlemen’s Association (FCA). The survey invitations included a brief description of the purpose
of the survey and informed consent statement by the investigators and an endorsement message from the FCA
President. A press release and social media posts about the survey by UF-IFAS were also used to promote
participation in the survey. The survey was designed to gather information on farm/ranch area, farm
enterprises, cattle inventory, annual sales, market channels, employment, capital improvement expenditures,
farm practices, along with open comments about economic contributions that individual businesses make to
their respective communities. A copy of the survey questionnaire and introductory statement is provided in
Appendix B. The survey protocol was approved by the University of Florida Institutional Review Board for
compliance with federal standards for human subjects research.
A total of 425 valid survey responses were received for all types of cattle-related businesses. Survey
respondents were categorized by the principal business activity that represented a majority of annual sales:
beef or dairy farm, processor/manufacturer, consultant, animal transportation service, marketing broker/dealer,
farm supply dealer, veterinary service, other miscellaneous type or mixed business. Survey respondents
reported a total of $354 million in annual sales, 1,450 fulltime employees, 703 part-time employees, and $42
million in capital improvements over the past three years (Table 2.1). For annual sales, 16 percent of
respondents reported sales of $1 million or more, while 22 percent reported sales of $100,000 to $1 million,
and 63 percent reported sales of less than $100,000 (Figure 2.1). For number of employees, 17 percent of firms
reported 10 or more employees, and 83 reported 9 or less employees, including 12 percent with zero
employees, sole proprietorships or non-employer establishments (Figure 2.2).
Farm-ranch survey respondents (n=323) were further categorized by the principal type of farm enterprise
representing a majority of sales: beef cow-calf, dairy, beef stocker, feedlot and veal production, cattle
seedstock and breeding services, other animal production, hay, silage and other crops, timber, natural products,
agritourism, other. Many respondents reported multiple enterprises, and 77 respondents did not provide a
breakdown of sales so it was not possible to classify a principal enterprise, and these are labeled as “mixed”
enterprises. Beef/dairy farms represented 84 percent of sales reported ($326 million) and a majority of
employees (1,938), as well as farm area of 508,903 acres, and cattle herd inventory of 247,200 head (Table
2.2). The largest farm enterprise sales reported were for dairy milk production ($210 million), representing 71
percent of farm sales reported, followed by beef cow-calf production ($48 million, 16%), beef stocker
production ($12 million, 4%), and cattle seedstock production or breeding services ($8 million, 3%) (Figure
2.5). Cattle herds reported by respondents included 80,359 beef or dairy cows, 41,679 feeder cattle, 40,371
replacement heifers and 4,829 bulls (Figure 2.3).
19
The statistical reliability of the survey data reported for continuous variables can be gauged by the relative
standard error (RSE, defined as the ratio of the standard error to the mean): 26 percent for annual sales, 19
percent for fulltime employees, 14 percent for cattle herd size, 12 percent for farm area, and 18 to 56 percent
for capital improvements, as shown in Table 2.3. Generally, RSE values of less than 20 percent are considered
good.
Capital improvements reported by respondents for the last three years included $14.2 million for vehicles,
machinery and equipment, $11.1 million for breeding stock, $8.3 million for buildings, $5.1 million for roads,
sitework and land clearing, $2.7 million for fencing and corrals, and $0.5 million for other types of
improvements (Figure 2.4). Survey data were extrapolated to the population of cattle farms in the state to
estimate total capital improvements of $717 million over the past three years, or an average of $239 million
annually (Table 2.4).
The most important market channels for sales of products were processors, mainly for dairy producers,
representing 41% of total sales reported, followed by auction markets (33%), contract buyers (18%), online
(2%), other local markets (6%), and nonlocal markets (2%) that are channels for beef producers (Figure 2.5).
Commonly reported farm management, marketing, and environmental practices included rotational grazing
(70% of farm respondents), invasive species control (49%), use of controlled release fertilizers (37%),
prescribed burning (27%), fencing to exclude cattle from waterways (24%), manure land spreading for crop
fertilization (20%), and water retention impoundments (10.4%) (Figure 2.8).
Open comments received from survey respondents commonly expressed a long-term commitment to
maintaining cattle on family lands, helping other farmers to establish cattle operations, providing employment
for local people, and spending money for equipment and supplies in the community. Representative comments
are shown in Table 2.5.
Table 2.1. Summary of all survey responses for the Florida cattle industry
Principal Business Type Number
Respondents Annual Sales
Employees-Fulltime
Employees-Part-Time, Seasonal
Capital Improvements
Beef cattle ranch or dairy farm 285 271,307,481 1,175 583 39,420,435
Beef or dairy processor/manufacturer 2 3,800,000 38 0
Agricultural consultant 5 3,914,866 14 8 27,000
Animal transportation services 3 264,000 1 5 135,000
Cattle or animal product marketing broker or dealer 3 1,134,000 6 8 286,500
Farm supply or equipment wholesaler or retailer 5 7,557,000 77 0 0
Veterinary services 2 1,030,000 17 6 75,000
Other type of business 20 18,275,500 67 36 1,139,149
Mixed 28 46,473,000 51 57 717,100
Don't know 3 5,000 2 0
Not available 69 30,000 2 0 0
Total 425 353,790,847 1,450 703 41,800,184
20
Table 2.2. Summary of survey responses for Florida beef and dairy farms
Principal Farm Enterprise Number
Respondents Annual
Sales ($)
Fulltime and Part-
Time Employees
Farm Area (Acres)
Cattle Herd
(Head)
Capital Improvements
($)
Beef cow-calf production 199 35,816,481 583 266,814 76,284 12,534,235
Dairy milk production 15 210,110,000 793 38,657 70,575 16,905,250
Beef or dairy seedstock production or breeding services
8 759,000 26 3,236 620 1,258,500
Beef stocker production 5 18,500 6 10,180 10,081 38,000
Beef feedlot or veal production 2 1,930,000 15 10,012 3,530 625,000
Other crop production 4 4,150,000 44 23,925 7,205 558,000
Hay or silage production 5 615,000 8 2,575 355 1,335,000
Other animal production 2 75,000 8 72 20 132,000
Agritourism/agritainment 1 1 750 375 168,000
Other activity 5 2,926,500 55 12,175 11,705 706,149
Mixed 77 69,285,500 399 140,507 66,450 7,540,050
Total 323 325,685,981 1,938 508,903 247,200 41,800,184
Table 2.3. Statistical summary of continuous variables for Florida cattle industry survey
Variable Responses Sum Average Standard
Error
Relative Standard
Error
Annual sales ($) 257 353,790,847 1,376,618 355,837 25.8%
Employees-fulltime 218 1,450 6.65 1 19.0%
Employees-part-time/seasonal 213 703 3.30 0 8.8%
Capital improvements-Breeding stock ($) 149 11,079,404 74,358 13,171 17.7%
Capital improvements-Vehicles, machinery ($) 144 14,209,359 98,676 29,566 30.0%
Capital improvements-Buildings ($) 92 8,254,947 89,728 36,459 40.6%
Capital improvements-Fencing/corrals ($) 155 2,655,091 17,130 3,702 21.6%
Capital improvements-Roads, site work, land clearing ($) 93 5,059,868 54,407 22,563 41.5%
Capital improvements-Other ($) 30 541,515 18,051 10,060 55.7%
Cattle herd (head) 311 247,200 795 113 14.3%
Farm area (acres) 295 508,903 1,725 199 11.5%
The standard error is calculated as the standard deviation divided by the square root of sample size (number of responses). The relative standard error is the ratio of the standard error to the mean (average).
21
Figure 2.1. Distribution of annual sales reported by Florida cattle industry survey respondents
Figure 2.2. Distribution of number of employees reported by Florida cattle industry survey respondents
Figure 2.3. Number of cattle reported by Florida cattle industry survey respondents
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
$1 to $9,999
$10,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $99,999
$100,000 to $249,999
$250,000 to $499,999
$500,000 to $999,999
$1,000,000 to $2,499,999
$2,500,000 to $4,999,999
$5,000,000 to $9,999,999
$10,000,000 to $24,999,999
$25,000,000 to $49,999,999
$50,000,000 or more
Percent of RespondentsAnnual Sales
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Zero
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 19
20 to 29
30 to 49
50 or more
Percent of Respondents
0 20 40 60 80 100
Beef brood cows or dairy cows
Feeder cattle
Replacement heifers
Bulls
Thousand Head
22
Figure 2.4. Annual business line sales reported by Florida cattle industry survey respondents
Figure 2.5. Annual sales reported by farm enterprise for Florida farm and ranch survey respondents
Figure 2.6. Annual sales reported by market channel for Florida farm and ranch survey respondents
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Beef cattle ranch or dairy farm
Cattle or animal product marketing broker or dealer
Beef or dairy processor/manufacturer
Farm supply or equipment wholesaler or retailer
Animal transportation services
Veterinary services
Agricultural consultant
Other type of business
Million Dollars
0 50 100 150 200 250
Dairy milk production
Beef cow-calf production
Beef stocker production
Beef or dairy seedstock production or breeding…
Other crop production
Hay or silage production
Timber harvesting
Beef feedlot or veal production
Natural product harvesting
Agritourism/agritainment
Other activity
Other animal production
Million Dollars
0 25 50 75 100 125
Processor
Auction market
Contract buyer
Other local market
Online
Other non-local market
Million Dollars
23
Figure 2.7. Capital improvement expenditures over last three years reported for Florida farm and ranch survey respondents
Table 2.4. Extrapolated capital improvements for Florida cattle industry survey
Asset Type Total Last
Three Years ($) Average Annual
Amount ($)
Breeding stock 178,652,000 59,550,667
Vehicles, machinery, equipment 306,920,000 102,306,667
Buildings 65,394,175 21,798,058
Fencing/corrals 67,269,500 22,423,167
Roads, site work, land clearing 73,705,000 24,568,333
Other 25,147,800 8,382,600
Total 717,088,475 239,029,492
Figure 2.8. Management, marketing, and environmental practices reported by Florida farm and ranch survey respondents
0 5 10 15
Breeding stock
Vehicles, machinery, equipment
Buildings
Fencing/corrals
Roads, site work, land clearing
Other
Million Dollars
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Rotational grazing
Invasive species control
Controlled release fertilizers for pastures
Winter grazing or wildlife forage plots
Prescribed burning
Fencing to exclude cattle from waterways
Manure landspreading for crop fertilization
Market branded product (e.g. Angus beef, Fresh from Florida,
Water retention impoundments
Natural production system (no synthetic pesticides or fertil
Heritage breed conservation (e.g. Cracker cattle)
Market to local restaurants or Community Supported Agricultu
Certified organic production
Maintain natural areas for wildlife habitat
Anaerobic digester treatment of manure
Percent of Farm-Ranch Respondents
24
Table 2.5. Selected comments by Florida cattle industry survey respondents
...am trying to use the advancements in technology as a tool to advance my herd of registered black Angus cattle. Parentage, defect, and genomic testing on animals that were produced by embryo transfer have given me a 10-year jumpstart on the genetics that I typically come across in the Florida market. In a nutshell, your cell phone looks a lot different than the one your great grandpa had.
Beef prices need to be raised. It is getting hard to run a small ranch not making any money.
Cattle market prices have not kept up with cost of living! A small rancher cannot stay in business at this rate. I am a third-generation rancher don't think I can stay in ranching with things don't change!
Dairy handles a lot of money. That money cycles thru local businesses from employee pay checks and other goods and services purchased. Unfortunately, dairy farmers don't get to keep much as margins are very tight. A small rise in milk price would allow for more economic growth as farmers reinvest in their business.
Every business in our county benefits from the money we make from our cows. The feed store makes a good amount of it!
... our operation provides a clean watershed, wildlife habitat, buffer from urbanization, pay taxes, do not require a lot of services from local government, and contribute positively through involvement in our local community.
I have encouraged and mentored many small/new cattlemen/women who want a few cows, some even selling their first property to purchase larger property and more cattle. I spend hours answering questions, making farm visits, even pulling first calves b/c of beginner errors.
Keeping cattle reduces taxes because of Greenbelt laws. But I still pay taxes on the land.
My ranch provides homes for many birds, small animals, trees, etc. I practice best management practices and an enrolled in BMP. I believe it is important to keep the ranches, the open land is good for the environment and aquifer... Farmers and ranchers are the best stewards of the land and of the animals both domestic and wild. I feel that is a great contribution to our community! Payroll was $8,240,000 to local tri-county residents; we deal with a local feed company, vet/med company, tractor dealership, etc. The majority of our revenues stay local.
Provide housing for most employees. Donate time and money to local youth activities such as 4-H and FFA. Rely heavily on local businesses for most purchases and service.
Provides wildlife protection, water absorption, and income for small businesses.
...The true value to our community and state is what our operation does for communities and state for open space, water, wildlife habitat.
We donate to 40-50 different charity organizations annually.
...We are likely to remove orange trees and replace with beef cattle pasture in the next 3 to 5 years.
... by keeping this farm land and following BMPs we feel our impact is one that is beyond measure.
25
3. Cattle Industry Establishments, Employment, Wages and Market Share
Information on number of establishments, employment and wages paid in the Florida beef and dairy cattle and
allied industries was compiled from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages conducted by the U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (USDOL-BLS). Employment numbers were the primary input
used for economic contribution analysis of the cattle and allied industries. The cattle-related industry sectors
included in this analysis were defined based on the primary product or service produced or technology used
according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The number of establishments,
average annual employment, and total wages paid in Florida in 2017 are shown in Table 3.1. For the primary
industry sectors for production, processing/manufacturing and dairy merchant wholesalers, there were 597
employer establishments in the state, with total employment of 9,982 fulltime and part-time workers, and total
wages paid of $413 million. There were 213 processing and manufacturing firms with 5,538 employees,
including 2,293 employees for dairy product manufacturing (NAICS 31151, 31152), and 3,045 employees for
animal slaughtering and processing (NAIC 31161). There were also 142 firms with 2,015 employees for dairy
product merchant wholesalers (NAICS 43443). Note that the numbers for beef cattle farms (NAICS 11211)
and dairy farms (NAICS 11212) are for employer establishments only, and do not account for sole
proprietorships or non-employer family operations. Also note that NAICS sectors at the six-digit level of detail
are a subset of parent sectors at the four- or five-digit level. For some sectors with a small number of
establishments in dairy manufacturing and meat rendering/byproduct processing, employment and wages were
not reported to avoid disclosure of confidential information, therefore employment and wages were imputed
based on the number of firms and average employment and wages per firm in the parent sector. The overall
average annual wages paid per employee in these primary sectors was $41,355, and ranged as high as $51,563
for dairy product manufacturing (reflects fulltime and part-time employees).
In addition to the primary sectors in the cattle farms and meat and dairy processing industries, there are
secondary sectors for animal production support activities, veterinary services, animal food manufacturing,
wholesale distributors of livestock, meat and dairy products, and retail food stores that were split to account for
partial employment and wages related to beef and dairy commodities. Information on volume or value for
these sectors that was used to split employment and wages are presented in Tables 3.2 to 3.5. Animal
production support services were estimated according to total Florida animal production values: beef and dairy
production represented 77 percent of all animal commodity production in Florida in 2017 and 71 percent of
meat animals (cattle, hogs, broiler chickens, Table 3.2). Animal feed manufacturing for beef and dairy cattle
represented 34 percent of total feed volume consumed in Florida (Table 3.2). Veterinarians in the U.S.
exclusively or predominately practicing on food animals represented 6.8 percent of total veterinary sales
(Table 3.3), and it can be assumed that this is mostly for beef and dairy cattle, however, this does not consider
mixed veterinary practices serving both large animals and companion animals. Retail sales of beef and dairy
products represented 16.9 percent of food store sales in Florida, valued at $6.40 billion, and accounted for
34,713 jobs (Table 3.5). Based on these splits, the applicable employment numbers were calculated as 1,254
26
jobs for animal production support activities (NAICS 1152), 1,752 jobs for veterinary services (NAICS
54194), 187 jobs for animal food manufacturing (NAICS 311119), 177 jobs for livestock merchant
wholesalers (NAICS 42452), 1,999 jobs for meat product merchant wholesalers (NAICS 42447), 33,990 jobs
for grocery stores (NAICS 4451), and 723 jobs for meat markets (NAICS 44521), shown in the column
“applicable employment” in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1. Florida cattle and allied industry establishments, employment, and wages, 2017
NAICS code
Industry Title Number Establish-ments
Annual Average Employment
(Fulltime, Part-time)
Applicable Employment
Total Annual Wages ($)
Average Annual
Pay
Primary industry sectors
11211 Beef cattle ranching, farming, and feedlots 274 1,232 8,174 46,368,558 37,644
11212 Dairy cattle and milk production 87 1,924 67,198,080 34,932
31151 Dairy product, except frozen, manufacturing
46 1,576 81,258,486 51,563
311511 Fluid milk manufacturing 23 1,488 75,580,986 50,805
31152 Ice cream and frozen dessert manufacturing 86 717 21,036,656 29,353
311512 Creamery butter manufacturing 1 7 190,591 28,386
311513 Cheese manufacturing 16 41 4,343,360
311514 Dry, condensed, and evaporated dairy products
6 40 1,143,549 28,386
31161 Animal slaughtering and processing 81 3,045 121,359,379 39,862
311611 Animal, except poultry, slaughtering 24 215 9,701,068 45,034
311612 Meat processed from carcasses 39 1,047 39,915,934 38,136
311613 Rendering and meat byproduct processing
12 1,783 71,742,377 40,237
43443 Dairy product merchant wholesalers 142 2,015 101,424,318 50,324
Total primary sectors 597 9,982 412,802,145 41,355
Secondary sectors split for applicable employment
1152 Support activities for animal production 388 1,635 1,254 59,734,075 36,536
311119 Other animal food manufacturing 44 552 187 28,206,347 51,068
42447 Meat and meat product merchant wholesalers
152 2,812 1,999 177,556,698 63,154
42452 Livestock merchant wholesalers 31 249 177 5,956,547 23,890
4451 Grocery stores 6,451 201,126 33,990 4,653,345,859 61,940
44521 Meat markets 288 2,749 723 70,748,577 25,734
54194 Veterinary services 2,375 25,765 1,752 985,071,822 38,233
Applicable employment reflects share of sector for beef and dairy cattle commodities. Applicable employment for beef cattle farms includes adjustments for sole proprietorships and family non-employer establishments from IMPLAN©. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
27
Table 3.2. Florida livestock production values, 2016-17
Animal / Commodity 2016 2017 Percent of total,
2017
Cattle and Calves $510,629,000 $501,798,000 37.0%
Milk 489,020,000 536,640,000 39.6%
Chickens, Broilers 175,235,000 202,150,000 14.9%
Eggs 110,028,000 112,171,000 8.3%
Hogs 1,691,000 1,694,000 0.1%
Total $1,286,603,000 $1,354,453,000 100.0%
Meat animals: cattle/calves, broiler chickens, hogs
687,555,000 705,642,000
Cattle share of all meat animals 74.3% 71.1%
Source: USDA-NASS.
Table 3.3. Florida livestock feed consumption, 2017
Animal Volume (tons)
Percent
Broilers 532,496 25.5%
Horses 439,319 21.1%
Layer chickens 406,129 19.5%
Beef cattle 379,612 18.2%
Dairy cattle 327,022 15.7%
Total 2,084,578
Beef and dairy cattle 706,634 33.9%
Source: Animal Feed Industry Association, Institute for Feed Education and Research, Decision Innovation Solutions.
Table 3.4. U.S. veterinary practice sales, 2018
Practice Category Percent Amount (Mn$)
Companion animals exclusive 65.7% $27,923
Companion animals predominate 9.1% $3,868
Food animal exclusive or predominate 6.8% $2,890
Equine 5.8% $2,465
Mixed 6.3% $2,678
Other 6.3% $2,678
Total 100.0% $42,500
Source: Ibis World industry report FL44511, Oct. 2017.
28
Table 3.5. Florida grocery store sales, 2017
Category Percent Amount (Mn$)
Beverages 16.1% $6,102
Dairy products 14.2% $5,382
Non-food items 10.5% $3,980
Fresh and frozen meat 10.1% $3,828
Frozen foods 8.4% $3,184
Drugs and health products 6.1% $2,312
Fruits and vegetables 2.9% $1,099
Other food items 31.7% $12,014
Total 100.0% $37,900
Dairy and beef (26.5% of meat) 16.9% $6,396
Source: Ibis World industry report FL44511, Oct. 2017.
29
4. Methodology for Regional Economic Contribution Analysis
This economic contribution analysis for the Florida cattle industry was conducted using the IMPLAN©
regional economic modeling system and associated databases (Implan Group, LLC). This system is known as
an Input-Output and Social Accounting Matrix analysis (Miller and Blair, 2009). Regional economic models
enable the estimation of economic multipliers that measure the total changes in an economy resulting from a
given change in direct output or employment. There are three components of multipliers: direct, indirect, and
induced. Direct effects represent the initial change in the industry in question, indirect effects represent
changes in inter-industry transactions as supplying industries respond to changes in demands from the directly
affected industries, and induced effects reflect changes in local spending that result from income changes in
employee and proprietor households. The Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) multipliers estimated in
IMPLAN© for this analysis account for capital investment, taxes, and transfer payments such as social security,
welfare, retirement pensions, and savings by households.
Total economic contributions represent the sum of direct, indirect, and induced contributions and are measured
by several metrics, including employment (fulltime and part-time jobs), labor income (wages, salaries,
benefits, business owner income), value added, industry output (sales revenues) and taxes paid. Value added is
equivalent to Gross State Product or Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at the national level and is generally
considered a better measure of economic activity because it nets out the value of inter-industry purchases. A
glossary of basic definitions of the technical terms used in this report are provided in Appendix A.
Regional economic models can be constructed with IMPLAN© for a single county, groups of contiguous
counties, an entire state, or a multi-state region. In this case, the study region was defined as the state of
Florida. Data from IMPLAN© representing the economic structure used to model contributions in this report
represent the Florida economy in 2016. Information used in the model is specific to the state of Florida for
industry output, employment, income, and trade, while regional and national averages are used to estimate
transactions between industries. The model was constructed with social accounts for households internalized.
This analysis used the tradeflows version of the IMPLAN© model that was customized for the industry sectors
affected, in keeping with best practice for economic contribution analysis (Cheney). Results of this analysis are
deemed as economic “contributions” representing ongoing economic activity, as opposed to economic
“impacts” that represent new final demand (Watson et al, 2007).
The industry sectors used in this analysis are described according to the NAICS code corresponding to each
IMPLAN© industry sector, as shown in Table 4.1. Inputs to IMPLAN© for analysis of the Florida cattle and
allied industries are summarized in Table 4.2. For most industry sectors, the direct employment in 2017 from
the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (Table 3.1) was entered into the model. For beef cattle
farming, adjusted average employment (8,174) for 2015-16 from the IMPLAN© databases was used to account
for sole proprietorships and family non-employer establishments. Total direct employment used in the analysis
was 58,221 jobs. The IMPLAN© software automatically imputed industry sales for the employment numbers
30
entered based on the industry average output per employee ratios. The imputed value of output (sales revenues)
for all industry sectors was $8.262 billion, and the imputed value of employee compensation and proprietor
income was $1.996 billion. The software also applied industry-specific deflators to express output in model
year (2016) values, then reinflated the resulting impact estimates to express in 2017 dollars.
Impacts were calculated for each major industry group: beef and dairy cattle production, animal slaughtering
and meat processing, dairy product manufacturing, wholesale trade in livestock, beef and dairy products, and
retail sales of beef and dairy products. State-level results were allocated to individual Florida counties in
proportion to direct employment in each industry group, and county-level results were aggregated to nine
functional economic regions in Florida, shown in Figure 4.2, as defined by the U.S. Department of
Commerce’s Bureau of Economic Analysis (Johnson and Kort, 2004).
Table 4.1. NAICS and corresponding IMPLAN© industry sectors evaluated for economic contributions of the cattle and allied industries
NAICS Code
Industry Title IMPLAN© Sector
IMPLAN© Industry Description
11211 Beef cattle ranching, farming, and feedlots
11 Beef cattle ranching and farming, including feedlots and dual-purpose ranching and farming
11212 Dairy cattle and milk production 12 Dairy cattle and milk production
1152 Support activities for animal production 19 Support activities for agriculture and forestry
311119 Other animal food manufacturing 66 Other animal food manufacturing
311511 Fluid milk manufacturing 84 Fluid milk manufacturing
311512 Creamery butter manufacturing 85 Creamery butter manufacturing
311513 Cheese manufacturing 86 Cheese manufacturing
311514 Dry, condensed, and evaporated dairy products
87 Dry, condensed, and evaporated dairy product manufacturing
31152 Ice cream and frozen dessert manufacturing
88 Ice cream and frozen dessert manufacturing
311611 Animal, except poultry, slaughtering 89 Animal, except poultry, slaughtering
311612 Meat processed from carcasses 90 Meat processed from carcasses
311613 Rendering and meat byproduct processing
91 Rendering and meat byproduct processing
43443 Dairy product merchant wholesalers 395 Wholesale trade
42447 Meat and meat product merchant wholesalers
395 Wholesale trade
42452 Livestock merchant wholesalers 395 Wholesale trade
4451 Grocery stores 400 Retail - Food and beverage stores
44521 Meat markets 400 Retail - Food and beverage stores
54194 Veterinary services 459 Veterinary services
31
Table 4.2. Inputs to the IMPLAN© model for economic contribution analysis of the beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida
Industry-Activity IMPLAN© Industry Sector Direct
Employment Industry Sales
(imputed)
Beef cattle and dairy farms 11 Beef cattle ranching and farming
8,174 $640,081,280
12 Dairy cattle and milk
production 1,924 $621,374,272
Support activities for animal production, vet services, animal feed manuf.
19 Support activities for agriculture and forestry
1254 $56,135,036
66 Other animal food manufacturing
187 $231,517,264
459 Veterinary services 1752 $192,662,336
Dairy product manufacturing 84 Fluid milk manufacturing 1,488 $1,141,353,088
85 Creamery butter manufacturing
7 $10,276,747
86 Cheese manufacturing 41 $39,773,316
87 Dry, condensed, and evaporated dairy product manufacturing
40 $53,902,752
88 Ice cream and frozen dessert manufacturing
717 $259,147,648
Meat processing 89 Animal, except poultry, slaughtering
215 $146,566,352
90 Meat processed from carcasses 1,047 $537,255,680
91 Rendering and meat byproduct processing
1,783 $881,773,824
Livestock and meat/dairy product wholesalers
395 Wholesale trade 4,191 $983,503,488
Retail sales of beef and dairy products
400 Retail food and beverage stores
34,713 $2,295,804,928
Farm capital improvements (avg. last 3 years) for vehicles-equipment, buildings, fencing, roads, sitework
396 Retail motor vehicle and parts dealers
152 $102,306,667
57 Construction of new commercial structures, including farm structures
178 $21,798,058
58 Construction of other new nonresidential structures
358 $46,991,500
Total all sectors
58,221 $8,262,224,236
32
Figure 4.1. Economic regions in the state of Florida
Adapted from U.S. Commerce Department, Bureau of Economic Analysis (Johnson and Kort, 2004).
33
5. Economic Contribution Results
State-Level Economic Contributions
State-level economic contributions of the Florida beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in 2017 are
summarized in Table 5.1 and Figures 5.1 and 5.2. For all industry groups and activities, the estimated total
economic contributions were 118,191 fulltime and part-time jobs, $4.639 billion in labor income, $7.653
billion value added or GDP, and $16.798 billion in industry output or revenues, including all direct, indirect,
and induced regional multiplier effects. As a share of total economic contributions, direct contributions
represented 49.3 percent of employment and 48.7 percent of output, while indirect multiplier contributions
(supply chain activity) represented 27.2 percent and 28.1 percent, respectively, and induced multiplier
contributions (household respending) represented 23.6 percent and 23.2 percent.
The largest industry groups in terms of employment contributions were retailers of beef and dairy products
(51,577 jobs, 43.6%), beef cattle farms (14,720 jobs, 12.5%), meat processing (14,668 jobs, 12.4%), dairy
product manufacturing (12,860 jobs, 10.9%), and livestock, beef, and dairy wholesalers (11,049 jobs, 9.3%).
The leading industry groups in terms of value added contributions were dairy product manufacturers ($1.10
billion), wholesalers ($1.21 billion) and retailers ($2.89 billion), while beef cattle and dairy farms each had
value added of about $500 million. Collectively, production and processing (cattle farming, support activities
and manufacturing) represented 46 percent of total employment contributions and 45 percent of value added
contributions, while wholesale and retail distribution of beef and dairy products accounted for 53 percent and
54 percent, respectively.
Economic contributions of the cattle and allied industries are summarized by major NAICS sector of the
Florida economy in Table 5.2. The largest employment contributions occurred in the Retail Trade industry
group (38,814 jobs), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting (21,988 jobs), Wholesale Trade (7,268 jobs),
and Manufacturing (6,524 jobs), which included direct activity in the cattle industry for farm production,
processing/manufacturing, wholesale distributors, and food stores. In addition, significant indirect and induced
employment activity was generated in Transportation and Warehousing (6,104 jobs), Professional and
Technical Services (5,675 jobs), Health and Social Services (5,138 jobs), Administrative and Waste Services
(4,938 jobs), Real Estate and Rentals (4,501 jobs), Accommodation and Food Services (4,001 jobs), and Other
Services (3,589 jobs), as well as smaller contributions in other major sectors.
Contributions of the Florida cattle and allied industries to state-local and federal government tax revenues in
2017 are summarized in Table 5.3. Total state and local taxes generated by the industry were $712 million,
including sales tax on production and imports ($339 million) and property tax on production and imports ($235
million). Taxes generated for the federal government totaled $1.161 billion, including personal income tax
($431 million), Social Insurance Tax (Social Security)-employee contributions ($277 million) and -employer
contributions ($236 million), and corporate profits tax ($140 million).
34
Table 5.1. Economic contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in the state of Florida in 2017
Industry-Activity Multiplier
Effect Employment
(Jobs) Labor
Income (M$) Value
Added (M$) Output (M$)
Beef Cattle Farms
Direct 8,174 108 150 640 Indirect 4,619 134 205 452 Induced 1,928 84 155 269 Total 14,720 326 509 1,362
Dairy Farms
Direct 1,924 151 192 621 Indirect 2,419 97 155 271 Induced 1,945 85 156 272 Total 6,288 332 503 1,164
Support Activities For Animal Production, Vet Services, Animal Feed Manuf.
Direct 3,193 126 161 480 Indirect 1,110 60 107 200 Induced 1,501 66 121 210 Total 5,804 252 388 891
Dairy Product Manufacturing
Direct 2,293 117 196 1,504 Indirect 6,518 377 580 1,316 Induced 4,050 177 325 566 Total 12,860 670 1,102 3,387
Meat Processing
Direct 3,045 158 198 1,566 Indirect 7,913 307 454 1,030 Induced 3,710 162 298 519 Total 14,668 627 950 3,115
Livestock, Meat and Dairy Product Wholesalers
Direct 4,191 324 646 984 Indirect 2,861 150 247 427 Induced 3,997 174 321 559 Total 11,049 648 1,213 1,970
Retails Sales of Beef and Dairy Products at Grocery Stores and Meat Markets
Direct 34,713 978 1,490 2,296 Indirect 6,477 291 567 992 Induced 10,387 454 834 1,454 Total 51,577 1,723 2,891 4,742
Farm Capital Improvements (Avg. Last 3 Years): Vehicles/Equipment, Buildings, Fencing, Roads, Sitework
Direct 688 34 52 88 Indirect 178 10 16 30 Induced 360 16 29 50 Total 1,225 60 97 168
All Operating and Capital Investment Activities
Direct 58,221 1,996 3,085 8,179 Indirect 32,093 1,426 2,331 4,719 Induced 27,876 1,217 2,238 3,901 Total 118,191 4,639 7,653 16,798
Subtotal Farming, Support Activities and Manufacturing 54,340 2,208 3,452 9,918
Subtotal Wholesale and Retail Distribution 62,625 2,371 4,104 6,712
Values in millions 2017 dollars. Employment represents fulltime and part-time jobs. Source: IMPLAN© model for the State of Florida (2016) customized for cattle industry sectors.
35
Figure 5.1. Summary of employment contributions of beef and dairy cattle industry groups in the state of Florida in 2017
Figure 5.2. Summary of output contributions of beef and dairy cattle industry groups in the state of Florida in 2017
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
Beef cattle farms
Dairy farms
Support activities for animal production, vet services,animal feed manuf.
Dairy product manufacturing
Meat processing
Livestock and meat/dairy product wholesalers
Retail sales of beef and dairy products at grocerystores and meat markets
Farm capital improvements (avg. last 3 years)
Fulltime and Part-time Jobs
Direct
Indirect
Induced
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Beef cattle farms
Dairy farms
Support activities for animal production, vet services,animal feed manuf.
Dairy product manufacturing
Meat processing
Livestock and meat/dairy product wholesalers
Retail sales of beef and dairy products at grocery storesand meat markets
Farm capital improvements (avg. last 3 years)
Billion Dollars
Direct
Indirect
Induced
36
Table 5.2. Economic contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida by NAICS industry group in 2017
NAICS Industry Group Employment
(Fulltime, Part-time Jobs)
Labor Income
Value Added
Industry Output
Million Dollars
11 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting 21,977 591 753 2,341
21 Mining 133 1 3 15
22 Utilities 202 29 130 271
23 Construction 1,340 62 95 190
31-33 Manufacturing 6,524 342 522 3,768
42 Wholesale Trade 7,268 561 1,119 1,705
44-45 Retail Trade 38,814 1,120 1,724 2,657
48-49 Transportation and Warehousing 6,104 316 405 868
51 Information 901 89 185 421
52 Finance and Insurance 3,492 218 331 726
53 Real Estate and Rental 4,501 81 808 1,244
54 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 5,675 332 429 695
55 Management of Companies 1,037 105 132 231
56 Administrative and Waste Services 4,938 168 213 332
61 Educational Services 995 37 39 58
62 Health and Social Services 5,136 290 338 546
71 Arts, Entertainment and Recreation 1,271 34 57 102
72 Accommodation and Food Services 4,001 98 153 264
81 Other Services 3,589 140 168 250
92 Government and Non-NAICS 235 20 36 80
Total 118,132 4,632 7,640 16,763
Values in millions 2017 dollars. Estimates include all applicable multiplier effects. Source: IMPLAN© model for the state of Florida (2016) customized for cattle industry sectors.
37
Table 5.3. State-local and federal government tax contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in
Florida in 2017
Tax Item Description Value
(Million $)
State and Local Government Taxes
Dividends 2.11
Social Ins. Tax- Employee Contribution 0.00
Social Ins. Tax- Employer Contribution 0.00
TOPI: Sales Tax 339.46
TOPI: Property Tax 235.05
TOPI: Motor Vehicle Licenses 5.74
TOPI: Severance Tax 0.36
TOPI: Other Taxes 51.35
TOPI: State/Local Non-Taxes 23.27
Corporate Profits Tax 16.78
Personal Tax: Income Tax 0.00
Personal Tax: Non-Taxes (Fines-Fees) 31.63
Personal Tax: Motor Vehicle License 4.50
Personal Tax: Property Taxes 1.81
Personal Tax: Other Tax (Fishing/Hunting) 0.37
Total State and Local Tax 712.43
Federal Government Taxes
Social Ins. Tax- Employee Contribution 277.34
Social Ins. Tax- Employer Contribution 235.81
TOPI: Excise Taxes 53.87
TOPI: Custom Duty 20.33
TOPI: Federal Non-Taxes 2.56
Corporate Profits Tax 139.70
Personal Tax: Income Tax 431.13
Total Federal Tax 1,160.75
Values in millions 2017 dollars. Estimates include all applicable multiplier effects. TOPI indicates tax on production and imports. Source: IMPLAN© model for the state of Florida (2017) customized for cattle industry sectors.
38
Economic Contributions in Florida Regions and Counties
A summary of the economic contributions for all cattle industry groups and activities for Florida economic
regions and counties is provided in Table 5.4, and employment contributions by industry groups for each
economic region and county are provided in Table 5.5 and Figures 5.3 through 5.11. Employment, value added
and output contributions for each county are profiled by industry groups in Appendix C.
The top ten counties for total employment contributions were Miami-Dade (16,825 jobs), Broward (8,700
jobs), Palm Beach (8,000 jobs), Hillsborough (7,248 jobs), Polk (5,859 jobs), Orange (5,746 jobs), Duval
(5,060 jobs), Pinellas (4,011 jobs), Okeechobee (2,769 jobs), and Lee (2,698 jobs), and as shown in Figure 5.3.
These results reflect the large contributions of wholesale and retail trade sectors in major urban areas.
Considering only cattle production and processing/manufacturing activities, the ranking of counties is
somewhat different, as shown in Figure 5.4: Miami-Dade (7,768 jobs), Polk (4,271 jobs), Palm Beach (2,879
jobs), Hillsborough (2,765 jobs), Okeechobee (2,572 jobs), Duval (2,076 jobs), Broward (2,050 jobs), Sumter
(1,762 jobs), Orange (1,665 jobs), and Hardee (1,174 jobs).
The top ten counties in terms of output (revenue) contributions for all cattle industry sectors were Miami-Dade
($2.714 billion), Broward ($1.270 B), Polk ($1.224 B), Hillsborough ($1.086 B), Palm Beach ($1.071 B),
Orange ($866 million), Duval ($832 million), Okeechobee ($609 million), Pinellas ($461 million), and
Manatee ($290 million), as shown in Figure 5.5. The top ten counties in terms of output contribution for cattle
production and processing/manufacturing also included Sumter and Hendry Counties (Figure 5.6). The top
counties for total value added contributions of all industry sectors and production/manufacturing sectors are
shown in Figure 5.7 and Figure 5.8, respectively.
The mix of cattle-related industry sectors is quite different across Florida counties, with beef and dairy farming
concentrated in rural areas, and processing/manufacturing activities in urban areas. For employment in beef
cattle farming, the top five counties for employment contributions were Sumter (1,094 jobs), Polk (812 jobs),
Okeechobee (653 jobs), Marion (586 jobs), and Highlands (565 jobs). For dairy farming, the top counties were
in Okeechobee (1,633 jobs), Gilchrist (712 jobs), Lafayette (521 jobs), Hardee (484 jobs), and Suwannee (415
jobs). For dairy product manufacturing, the top counties were Miami-Dade (2,420 jobs), Polk (2,148 jobs),
Broward (1,228 jobs), Hillsborough (1,205 jobs) and Orange (1,151 jobs). For meat processing, the top
counties were Miami-Dade (4,914 jobs), Palm Beach (1,074 jobs), Hillsborough (961 jobs), Polk (2,828 jobs),
and Duval (735 jobs).
Charts showing the employment, output, and value added contributions in the nine economic regions of Florida
anchored by major metropolitan areas, are shown in Figures 5.9, 5.10, and 5.11, respectively. Employment
contributions were highest in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale region (40,545 jobs), followed by Orlando (28,528
jobs), Tampa-St. Petersburg (14,814 jobs), Sarasota-Bradenton (9,493 jobs), Jacksonville (8,903 jobs),
Gainesville (7,209 jobs), Tallahassee (3,485 jobs), Pensacola (3,000 jobs), and Panama City (2,216 jobs)
(Figure 5.7). Considering employment contributions for only cattle production and processing/manufacturing
39
sectors, the rank order of regions was slightly different, with Miami-Fort Lauderdale (17,304 jobs) and
Orlando (14,411 jobs) still the largest, but then followed by Gainesville (5,268 jobs), Tampa-St. Petersburg
(5,218 jobs), and Jacksonville (4,126 jobs).
Maps depicting the employment value added contributions of the cattle industry in Florida counties are
presented in Figures 5.12 and 5.13.
Table 5.1. Summary of economic contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida regions and counties, 2017
Region / County Output (M$) Employment
(Jobs) Value Added
(M$)
Gainesville 1,017 7,209 392
Alachua 151 1,717 78
Bradford 103 848 34
Columbia 166 1,210 45
Dixie 19 216 8
Gilchrist 145 916 64
Lafayette 136 617 60
Levy 60 452 26
Suwannee 226 1,056 74
Union 11 178 3
Jacksonville 1,199 8,903 541
Baker 8 275 4
Clay 83 999 39
Duval 832 5,060 372
Nassau 46 754 23
Putnam 143 962 52
St. Johns 88 853 50
Miami-Fort Lauderdale 6,315 40,545 2,907
Broward 1,270 8,700 635
Glades 41 227 17
Hendry 231 892 87
Indian River 99 889 54
Martin 93 841 48
Miami-Dade 2,714 16,825 1,198
Monroe 46 434 28
Okeechobee 609 2,769 242
Palm Beach 1,071 8,000 530
St. Lucie 142 968 68
Orlando 4,172 28,528 1,775
Brevard 207 2,062 110
Citrus 69 881 35
Flagler 30 327 17
Hardee 206 1,254 84
Highlands 222 1,284 96
Lake 137 1,467 66
40
Region / County Output (M$) Employment
(Jobs) Value Added
(M$)
Marion 197 1,853 91
Orange 866 5,746 414
Osceola 247 1,456 93
Polk 1,224 5,859 432
Seminole 228 1,824 117
Sumter 258 2,141 90
Volusia 282 2,372 130
Panama City 285 2,216 119
Bay 98 769 51
Calhoun 8 88 3
Gulf 4 46 2
Holmes 31 386 13
Jackson 128 730 43
Washington 16 197 7
Pensacola 342 3,000 157
Escambia 96 877 55
Okaloosa 90 847 48
Santa Rosa 95 695 28
Walton 60 582 26
Sarasota-Bradenton 1,136 9,493 599
Charlotte 78 689 40
Collier 177 1,523 107
DeSoto 140 831 47
Lee 268 2,698 156
Manatee 290 2,000 144
Sarasota 183 1,752 105
Tallahassee 439 3,485 187
Franklin 25 126 9
Gadsden 70 445 26
Hamilton 34 164 13
Jefferson 37 494 16
Leon 104 1,136 60
Liberty 3 35 1
Madison 150 798 56
Taylor 10 186 6
Wakulla 6 100 3
Tampa-St. Petersburg 1,894 14,812 977
Hernando 171 1,496 61
Hillsborough 1,086 7,248 554
Pasco 176 2,056 93
Pinellas 461 4,011 269
Grand Total 16,798 118,191 7,653
Values in millions 2017 dollars. Employment represents fulltime and part-time jobs. Estimates include all applicable multiplier effects. Source: IMPLAN© model for the state of Florida (2016) customized for cattle industry sectors.
41
Table 5.2. Employment contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industry groups in Florida regions and counties in 2017
Region / County
Beef cattle ranching
and farming
Dairy cattle and
milk production
Support activities,
vet services, feed manuf.
Dairy manufac-
turing
Meat processing
Wholesale trade
Retail stores
Capital improve-
ments
Total All Groups
Gainesville 2,203 1,984 211 0 1,230 141 1,220 220 7,209
Alachua 538 152 87 0 0 75 822 42 1,717
Bradford 306 79 5 0 395 10 29 24 848
Columbia 452 0 24 0 554 26 123 31 1,210
Dixie 112 57 3 0 0 3 31 10 216
Gilchrist 134 712 9 0 0 4 23 34 916
Lafayette 64 521 2 0 0 2 6 22 617
Levy 192 49 47 0 30 9 109 15 452
Suwannee 244 415 31 0 251 9 74 31 1,056
Union 160 0 2 0 0 2 3 11 178
Jacksonville 1,232 415 239 964 1,276 979 3,699 99 8,903
Baker 218 0 1 0 0 4 37 15 275
Clay 312 86 34 27 0 124 392 24 999
Duval 157 135 112 937 735 732 2,237 15 5,060
Nassau 377 119 24 0 0 22 182 30 754
Putnam 159 75 22 0 541 10 142 13 962
St. Johns 9 0 46 0 0 88 710 1 853
Miami-Fort Lauderdale
1,283 1,712 2,059 5,580 6,670 4,740 18,355 147 40,545
Broward 32 0 185 1,228 604 1,429 5,219 2 8,700
Glades 156 26 28 0 0 2 3 12 227
Hendry 52 0 228 529 0 8 72 4 892
Indian River 78 0 313 6 0 40 447 5 889
Martin 185 0 97 0 0 68 478 13 841
Miami-Dade 42 0 392 2,420 4,914 2,299 6,755 3 16,825
Monroe 0 0 46 0 0 22 366 0 434
Okeechobee 653 1,633 39 247 0 9 87 101 2,769
Palm Beach 19 31 605 1,150 1,074 776 4,342 2 8,000
St. Lucie 66 22 124 0 77 87 586 5 968
Orlando 5,642 1,065 1,547 3,945 2,213 2,200 11,493 423 28,528
Brevard 313 0 73 0 91 185 1,378 21 2,062
Citrus 347 84 26 54 0 19 325 27 881
Flagler 39 0 26 0 0 19 241 3 327
Hardee 452 484 143 0 95 5 28 48 1,254
Highlands 565 297 174 0 0 16 184 49 1,284
Lake 434 0 85 54 104 70 690 30 1,467
Marion 586 0 202 0 216 105 705 40 1,853
Orange 87 0 160 1,151 269 955 3,120 6 5,746
Osceola 440 0 22 182 0 79 703 30 1,456
Polk 812 40 443 2,148 828 319 1,212 57 5,859
Seminole 60 0 103 53 42 248 1,315 4 1,824
Sumter 1,094 81 18 0 569 21 281 78 2,141
Volusia 414 79 73 304 0 159 1,312 31 2,372
Panama City 729 119 55 15 482 101 661 54 2,216
42
Region / County
Beef cattle ranching
and farming
Dairy cattle and
milk production
Support activities,
vet services, feed manuf.
Dairy manufac-
turing
Meat processing
Wholesale trade
Retail stores
Capital improve-
ments
Total All Groups
Bay 20 0 31 0 206 72 439 1 769
Calhoun 46 0 1 0 0 6 32 3 88
Gulf 0 0 2 0 0 2 42 0 46
Holmes 271 57 2 0 0 5 31 21 386
Jackson 272 34 11 15 276 11 91 20 730
Washington 119 29 8 0 0 6 26 9 197
Pensacola 465 10 123 227 263 245 1,633 32 3,000
Escambia 35 10 46 0 4 140 639 3 877
Okaloosa 115 0 34 157 0 52 480 8 847
Santa Rosa 18 0 30 70 259 34 282 1 695
Walton 296 0 14 0 0 20 232 20 582
Sarasota-Bradenton 1,014 448 885 388 261 729 5,684 85 9,493
Charlotte 149 0 32 47 0 37 414 10 689
Collier 50 0 170 19 18 147 1,116 3 1,523
DeSoto 379 102 87 0 188 8 38 29 831
Lee 142 0 394 25 0 238 1,890 10 2,698
Manatee 147 279 138 292 54 137 933 20 2,000
Sarasota 147 67 64 6 0 161 1,295 12 1,752
Tallahassee 967 266 134 0 801 136 1,105 75 3,485
Franklin 0 0 1 0 75 3 47 0 126
Gadsden 55 0 34 0 271 28 54 4 445
Hamilton 45 0 6 0 88 3 18 3 164
Jefferson 273 157 9 0 0 4 28 24 494
Leon 154 0 62 0 0 86 824 11 1,136
Liberty 16 0 3 0 0 1 14 1 35
Madison 258 109 2 0 367 4 36 21 798
Taylor 126 0 5 0 0 4 42 9 186
Wakulla 39 0 12 0 0 5 41 3 100
Tampa-St. Petersburg
1,186 269 551 1,740 1,473 1,777 7,727 90 14,812
Hernando 429 69 26 0 481 31 427 32 1,496
Hillsborough 201 98 301 1,205 961 1,178 3,288 17 7,248
Pasco 554 102 72 9 30 117 1,130 41 2,056
Pinellas 1 0 152 526 0 451 2,881 0 4,011
Grand Total 14,720 6,288 5,804 12,860 14,668 11,049 51,577 1,225 118,191
Employment represents fulltime and part-time jobs. Estimates include all applicable multiplier effects. Source: IMPLAN© model for the state of Florida (2016) customized for cattle industry sectors.
43
Figure 5.3. Employment contributions of all beef and dairy cattle and allied industry sectors in the top Florida counties in 2017
Figure 5.4. Employment contributions of beef and dairy cattle industry production and processing/manufacturing sectors in the top Florida counties in 2017
0 3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 15,000 18,000
Miami-DadeBroward
Palm BeachHillsborough
PolkOrange
DuvalPinellas
OkeechobeeLee
VolusiaSumter
BrevardPasco
ManateeMarion
SeminoleSarasotaAlachua
Collier
Fulltime & Part-time Jobs
Beef cattle ranching
Dairy farms
Support activities
Dairy manufacturing
Meat processing
Wholesale trade
Retail stores
Farm capital improvements
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
Miami-DadePolk
Palm BeachHillsboroughOkeechobee
DuvalBroward
SumterOrangeHardee
HighlandsColumbiaHernando
MarionSuwannee
ManateeVolusia
GilchristHendryPutnam
Fulltime & Part-time Jobs
Beef cattle ranching
Dairy farms
Support activities
Dairy manufacturing
Meat processing
44
Figure 5.5. Output contributions of all beef and dairy cattle and allied industry sectors in the top Florida counties in 2017
Figure 5.6. Output contributions of beef and dairy cattle production and processing/manufacturing sectors in the top Florida counties in 2017
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000
Miami-DadeBroward
PolkHillsboroughPalm Beach
OrangeDuval
OkeechobeePinellas
ManateeVolusia
LeeSumter
OsceolaHendry
SeminoleSuwanneeHighlands
BrevardHardee
Million Dollars
Beef cattle ranching
Dairy farms
Support activities
Dairy manufacturing
Meat processing
Wholesale trade
Retail stores
Farm capital improvements
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000
Miami-DadePolk
HillsboroughOkeechobeePalm Beach
BrowardDuval
OrangeSumterHendry
SuwanneeHighlands
HardeeManatee
OsceolaColumbiaMadisonGilchristVolusiaDeSoto
Million Dollars
Beef cattle ranching
Dairy farms
Support activities
Dairy manufacturing
Meat processing
45
Figure 5.7. Value added contributions of all beef and dairy cattle and allied industry sectors in the top Florida counties in 2017
Figure 5.8. Value added contributions of beef and dairy cattle production and processing/manufacturing sectors in the top Florida counties in 2017
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
Miami-DadeBroward
HillsboroughPalm Beach
PolkOrange
DuvalPinellas
OkeechobeeLee
ManateeVolusia
SeminoleBrevard
CollierSarasota
HighlandsPasco
OsceolaMarion
Million Dollars
Beef cattle ranching
Dairy farms
Support activities
Dairy manufacturing
Meat processing
Wholesale trade
Retail stores
Farm capital improvements
0 200 400 600
Miami-DadePolk
HillsboroughOkeechobeePalm Beach
DuvalBroward
OrangeHendry
HighlandsManatee
HardeeSumter
SuwanneeGilchristPinellas
LafayetteMadisonOsceolaPutnam
Million Dollars
Beef cattle ranching
Dairy farms
Support activities
Dairy manufacturing
Meat processing
46
Figure 5.9. Employment contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida economic regions in 2017
Figure 5.10. Output contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida economic regions in 2017
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000Fu
lltim
e &
Par
t-tim
e Jo
bs
Farm capital improvements
Retail stores
Wholesale trade
Meat processing
Dairy manufacturing
Support activities
Dairy farms
Beef cattle ranching
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Billi
on D
olla
rs
Farm capital improvements
Retail stores
Wholesale trade
Meat processing
Dairy manufacturing
Support activities
Dairy farms
Beef cattle ranching
47
Figure 5.11. Value added contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida economic regions in 2017
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0Bi
llion
Dol
lars
Farm capital improvements
Retail stores
Wholesale trade
Meat processing
Dairy manufacturing
Support activities
Dairy farms
Beef cattle ranching
48
Figure 5.12. Map of employment contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida counties in 2017
Number fulltime and part-time jobs
35.0 – 500
500.1 – 1,500
1,500.1 – 4,000
4,000.1 – 8,000
8,000.1 - 17,000
49
Figure 5.13. Map of value added contributions of beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in Florida counties in 2017
Million dollars
$1.0 – $50.0
$50.1 – $150.0
$150.1 – $400.0
$400.1 – $600.0
$600.1 – $1,300.0
50
Community Dependence on the Cattle Industry
In addition to the absolute magnitude of economic contributions, it is important to understand the relative
contribution of the cattle industry, or community dependence on the industry, in terms of the share of total
state or county economic activity, as summarized in Table 5.3. At the state level, cattle industry employment
contributions represented 1.02 percent of the 2016 Florida workforce (11.56 million jobs), and value added
contributions represented 0.82 percent of total value added or Gross State Product ($935 billion).
The dependence of Florida counties on the cattle industry in terms of employment and value added (GSP)
contributions are also mapped in Figures 5.13 and 5.14, respectively. Five counties were considered extremely
dependent on the cattle industry, with employment and value added representing at least 10 percent of the
county economy: Lafayette (30.2% of jobs, 46.1% of value added), Okeechobee (17.3%, 23.2%), Gilchrist
(16.9%, 22.2%), Madison (12.3%, 14.5%), and Hardee (11.5%, 11.8%). In addition, nine counties had cattle
industry employment contributions of at least 5 percent: Bradford (9.7%), Jefferson (9.2%), Glades (8.1%),
DeSoto (6.7%), Suwannee (6.6%), Holmes (6.1%), Hendry (5.2%), Sumter (5.2%), and Dixie (5.2%).
Okeechobee, Gilchrist, Lafayette, and Hardee Counties are the top counties for dairy farm production, while
Sumter, Polk, and Okeechobee are the top counties for beef cattle production.
Table 5.3. Economic contributions by beef and dairy cattle and allied industries as a share of total employment and value added in Florida counties in 2017
County
Employment (Jobs) Value Added (Million $)
County Totals
Cattle Industry
Contribution
Cattle Industry
Share
County Totals
Cattle Industry
Contribution
Cattle Industry
Share Alachua 171,233 1,717 1.00% 12,576 77.7 0.62%
Baker 9,933 275 2.77% 537 3.8 0.71%
Bay 104,288 769 0.74% 8,175 50.7 0.62%
Bradford 8,734 848 9.70% 603 33.8 5.61%
Brevard 282,224 2,062 0.73% 22,451 110.3 0.49%
Broward 1,154,124 8,700 0.75% 95,255 634.8 0.67%
Calhoun 4,289 88 2.05% 218 3.4 1.56%
Charlotte 67,187 689 1.03% 4,231 39.7 0.94%
Citrus 46,132 881 1.91% 3,495 34.7 0.99%
Clay 74,260 999 1.34% 4,838 38.7 0.80%
Collier 214,844 1,523 0.71% 16,714 106.5 0.64%
Columbia 32,952 1,210 3.67% 2,077 45.0 2.17%
DeSoto 12,340 831 6.73% 736 46.9 6.37%
Dixie 4,182 216 5.16% 229 8.4 3.65%
Duval 642,065 5,060 0.79% 60,407 372.4 0.62%
Escambia 179,986 877 0.49% 14,989 54.6 0.36%
Flagler 38,414 327 0.85% 2,112 17.0 0.81%
Franklin 5,298 126 2.38% 303 8.8 2.89%
Gadsden 19,085 445 2.33% 1,090 25.8 2.37%
Gilchrist 5,421 916 16.90% 288 63.9 22.18%
Glades 2,805 227 8.09% 202 17.4 8.60%
Gulf 5,809 46 0.79% 386 2.2 0.58%
Hamilton 4,386 164 3.73% 423 12.5 2.96%
Hardee 10,879 1,254 11.53% 713 84.4 11.84%
51
County
Employment (Jobs) Value Added (Million $)
County Totals
Cattle Industry
Contribution
Cattle Industry
Share
County Totals
Cattle Industry
Contribution
Cattle Industry
Share Hendry 17,006 892 5.25% 986 86.7 8.80%
Hernando 57,191 1,496 2.62% 3,484 60.6 1.74%
Highlands 37,695 1,284 3.41% 2,156 96.5 4.48%
Hillsborough 901,712 7,248 0.80% 89,608 554.3 0.62%
Holmes 6,306 386 6.12% 274 12.8 4.69%
Indian River 80,229 889 1.11% 5,474 54.1 0.99%
Jackson 20,554 730 3.55% 1,226 43.1 3.52%
Jefferson 5,353 494 9.23% 268 15.6 5.80%
Lafayette 2,045 617 30.16% 130 59.8 46.10%
Lake 132,391 1,467 1.11% 8,192 65.8 0.80%
Lee 357,009 2,698 0.76% 26,596 155.9 0.59%
Leon 195,682 1,136 0.58% 14,555 59.6 0.41%
Levy 14,258 452 3.17% 742 25.6 3.45%
Liberty 2,608 35 1.36% 171 0.6 0.36%
Madison 6,503 798 12.27% 384 55.9 14.55%
Manatee 172,751 2,000 1.16% 12,569 144.4 1.15%
Marion 139,925 1,853 1.32% 8,831 90.7 1.03%
Martin 96,805 841 0.87% 6,613 48.2 0.73%
Miami-Dade 1,717,441 16,825 0.98% 145,876 1,198.0 0.82%
Monroe 63,339 434 0.68% 4,469 28.1 0.63%
Nassau 31,162 754 2.42% 2,139 23.5 1.10%
Okaloosa 128,178 847 0.66% 11,729 47.5 0.41%
Okeechobee 16,022 2,769 17.28% 1,044 241.9 23.16%
Orange 1,027,446 5,746 0.56% 87,796 413.7 0.47%
Osceola 127,915 1,456 1.14% 8,365 92.8 1.11%
Palm Beach 907,792 8,000 0.88% 76,670 530.2 0.69%
Pasco 167,838 2,056 1.22% 10,890 93.2 0.86%
Pinellas 565,131 4,011 0.71% 46,467 268.7 0.58%
Polk 284,083 5,859 2.06% 21,560 431.7 2.00%
Putnam 24,068 962 4.00% 1,901 52.3 2.75%
Santa Rosa 58,109 695 1.20% 4,125 28.3 0.69%
Sarasota 243,383 1,752 0.72% 17,722 105.1 0.59%
Seminole 259,823 1,824 0.70% 20,036 117.2 0.58%
St. Johns 112,120 853 0.76% 7,492 50.2 0.67%
St. Lucie 112,396 968 0.86% 7,517 67.7 0.90%
Sumter 41,098 2,141 5.21% 2,804 89.9 3.20%
Suwannee 15,979 1,056 6.61% 996 74.2 7.45%
Taylor 8,512 186 2.19% 675 5.5 0.82%
Union 5,036 178 3.54% 308 3.4 1.10%
Volusia 236,096 2,372 1.00% 15,556 130.1 0.84%
Wakulla 9,928 100 1.01% 536 3.0 0.57%
Walton 37,931 582 1.53% 2,625 26.3 1.00%
Washington 8,591 197 2.29% 475 7.0 1.48%
Total State 11,556,312 118,191 1.02% 935,079 7,653.3 0.82%
Source: IMPLAN© state and county models for 2016 (Implan Group, LLC).
52
Figure 5.14. Map of Florida county dependence on beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in terms of
employment contributions as share of total county employment
< 1%
1.1% – 5%
5.1% – 10%
10.1% – 15%
> 15%
53
Figure 5.15. Map of Florida county dependence on beef and dairy cattle and allied industries in terms of value-added contributions as share of total county value-added
< 1%
1.1% - 5%
5.1% - 10%
10.1% - 20%
> 20%
54
6. Ecosystem Services of Florida Ranchlands
In addition to commercial commodities and services, rangelands used for cattle grazing provide many other
functions and services, collectively known as ecosystem services, that contribute to human welfare (Daily,
1997). According to the United Nations (2014) and deGroot et al. (2012), ecosystem services include:
Provisioning services: provision of food, water, raw materials, fuel, and genetic, medicinal, and
ornamental resources
Regulating services: regulation of climate, water flows and quality, gases, carbon sequestration, waste
treatment, and erosion control
Cultural services: outdoor recreational opportunities, aesthetics, education, inspiration, spiritual
experience, sense of place, and cognitive development
Supporting services: refugia, biological control, nursery services, soil formation, nutrition cycling, and
pollination
Figure 6.1 depicts the relationship between ecosystem services and landscapes elements. Although these
ecosystem services are well-recognized, they are often provided as public or quasi-public goods and their
values are not readily quantifiable since they are not reflected by market prices.
Figure 6.1. Key elements of rangeland ecosystem goods and services
Source: Adapted from Havstad et al. (2007).
55
It is projected that during the next 50 years ranchlands will increase to provide other services in addition to
livestock grazing. Ranchers can benefit from increasing ranchland ecosystem services by improving wildlife
abundance and diversity and maintaining habitat for rare plants, such that nature enthusiasts, bird watchers,
and amateur botanists are attracted to pay to visit ranches and engage in recreational pursuits. Maintaining
healthy, functional populations of assorted rangeland species can provide income streams for ranch owners
(Main et al. 2004).
The Sustainable Rangelands Roundtable (SRR) is a partnership of rangeland scientists, ecologists, economists,
sociologists, environmental advocates, industry representatives, agency staff, and academicians. For the past
10 years, SRR worked to monitor and promote rangeland sustainability, explore goods and services produced
by rangeland ecosystems, develop ways to categorize, measure ecosystem goods and services, and explore
linkages among associated socioeconomic elements. SRR emphasizes the importance of rangeland resources to
meet society’s current and future needs through sustainable management. Consideration of rangelands within
an ecosystem services framework can accentuate rangeland resource contributions to human wellbeing
(Havstad et al. 2007).
The Florida Ranchlands Environmental Services Project (FRESP) was initiated in 2005 as a cooperative effort
of Florida ranchland owners and state agencies including Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer
Services, South Florida Water Management District, and the University of Florida-Institute of Food and
Agricultural Sciences. The goal of the project was to design a payment for ecosystem services program (PES),
mainly around water management practices, that effectively retains working ranchlands in the state while also
restoring ecosystems (Shabman, 2018). According to Home (2011), “the farmer’s overall role is one of a
landscape manager and provider of ecological services and not solely a commodity producer. Society depends
on both agriculture and ecosystem services for its survival, so it is imperative to manage both sustainably and
synergistically”.
As with the study of other non-market goods and services, economists and natural resource scientists have used
revealed preference and stated preference methods to value ecosystem services, such as contingent valuation,
hedonic pricing, travel cost methods, and unit day cost methods. When time or budget constraints preclude the
collection of original data specific to a particular study area, it is a common practice for researchers to use
value transfer methods, whereby values for ecosystem services estimated for one location are used to estimate
the value of similar services in other locations. The validity of this approach depends on the quality of the
original valuation study as well as the degree of similarity between the relevant locations and ecosystem
services. Ecosystem services may vary as much as ten-fold across sites due to differences in productivity.
Review studies and meta-analyses of ecosystem services valuation studies have aggregated the results from a
large number of individual analyses in an effort to harmonize unit values for comparisons, to provide averages
or ranges of values for particular ecosystems, and to statistically analyze the results of past valuation studies to
aid in value transfer exercises (Ninan and Inoue, 2013; de Groot et al., 2012; Barrio and Loureiro, 2010;
56
Zandersen and Tol, 2009; and Pearce, 2001; Wang and Fu, 2013). One of the most comprehensive reviews of
ecosystem services to date considered 1,350 individual estimates from a global database of ecosystem service
values generated by an initiative focused on “making nature’s values visible”, The Economics of Ecosystems
and Biodiversity (TEEB, 2010). The final analysis included 32 value estimates for goods or services provided
by grassland ecosystems. The average values per acre per year for a variety of ecosystem services in grasslands
are presented in Table 6.1, taken from deGroot et al. (2012). The global average annual value of grassland
ecosystem services was estimated at $1,356 per acre, including $616 for provisioning services, $75 for
regulating services, $573 for habitat services, and $91 for cultural services (converted to 2017 dollars). The
total annual value of ecosystem services provided by Florida grasslands was estimated using the global average
values per acre together with 2017 pasture/grassland area in Florida (3.396 million acres). Based on this
calculation, Florida grasslands were estimated to provide aggregate ecosystem services valued at $4.61 billion.
Although de Groot et al. (2012) provided a comprehensive review of global ecosystem service values, none of
the grassland sites originally analyzed were in Florida and very few of them were in the U.S.
Table 6.1. Global average grassland ecosystem service values and estimated value of Florida grasslands
Average
value per acre per year ($)
Value Florida grasslands
(M$)
Provisioning services $616 $2,093.29
Food $563 $1,912.03
Water $28 $96.24
Raw materials $25 $85.01
Medicinal resources $0 $1.60
Regulating services $75 $255.04
Climate regulation $19 $64.16
Waste treatment $35 $120.30
Erosion prevention $21 $70.58
Habitat services $573 $1,947.32
Genetic diversity $573 $1,947.32
Cultural services $91 $309.58
Esthetic information $79 $267.88
Recreation $12 $41.71
Total ecosystem services value $1,356 $4,605.24
Values per unit area adapted from de Groot et al. (2012). Values converted to 2017 dollars using the U.S. GDP Implicit Price Deflator (U.S. Commerce Dept.).
57
7. Literature and Information Sources Cited
Animal Feed Industry Association, Institute for Feed Education and Research. Economic impacts of animal feed manufacturing in Florida. Report prepared by Decision Innovation Solutions. Cheny, Phil. Multi-Industry Contribution Analysis in IMPLAN Pro. Implan Group, LLC., 2017, available at https://implanhelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/115009542247-Multi-Industry-Contribution-Analysis-In-IMPLAN-Pro.
Daily, G. Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington (DC),
1997.
deGroot, R., L. Brander, S. van der Ploeg, R. Costanza, F. Bernard, L. Braat, M. Christie, N. Crossman, A.
Ghermandi, L. Hein, S. Hussain, P. Kumar, A. McVittie, R. Portela, L.C. Rodriguez, P. ten Brink, P. van
Beukering. Global Estimates of the Value of Ecosystems and their Services in Monetary Units, Ecosystem
Services vol. 1: 50-61, 2012, available at:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212041612000101.
Godfrey, R., C. Demers, F. Escobedo, D. Adams, and M. Andreu. The Green Value of Your Woods: A
Summary of Ecosystem Services Provided by Stewardship Lands in Florida, University of Florida, Institute for
Food and Agricultural Sciences, EDIS FOR313, available at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FR/FR38100.pdf
Havstad, K.M., D.P.C. Peters, R. Skagg, J. Brown, B. Bestelmeyer, E. Fredrickson, J. Herrick, and J. Wright.
Ecological Services to and from Rangelands of the United States, Ecological Economics, vol. 64, pages 261-
268, August 2007.
Hodges, A.W., M. Rahmani and C.D. Court. Economic Contributions of Agriculture, Natural Resources and
Food Industries in Florida in 2015. University of Florida-IFAS, 119 pages, 2017, available at
https://fred.ifas.ufl.edu/economicimpactanalysis/publications/2016-ag-natural-resources-and-food-industries/.
Horne, C. Buck Island Ranch and the Florida Ranchlands Environmental Services Project, Farm of the Future
Project series, eds. A. Summit, L.E. Buck, S.J. Scherr, EcoAgriculture Partners, Washington, DC, 21 pages,
May 2011.
IbisWorld. Supermarkets and Grocery Stores In Florida, Industry report FL44511, 31 pages, Oct. 2017.
IbisWorld. Animal Food Production in the U.S., Industry report 3111, 39 pages, May 2018.
IbisWorld. Meat Markets in the U.S., Industry report 44521, 35 pages, May 2018.
IbisWorld. Veterinary Services in the US, Industry report 54194, 35 pages, May 2018.
IbisWorld. Meat, Beef and Poultry Processing in Florida, Industry report FL31161, 31 pages, April 2017.
IMPLAN Group, LLC. IMPLAN© Economic Impact Analysis and Social Accounting Software, and 2016
regional economic data for the State of Florida and Florida Counties. Huntersville, NC, 2017, available at
http://www.implan.com/.
Johnson, K. and J. Kort. 2004. Redefinition of the BEA Economic Areas. Survey of Current Business, Nov.
2004. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, D.C.
http://www.bea.gov/scb/pdf/2004/11November/1104Econ-Areas.pdf.
58
Lynch, S. L. Asmussen, J. McGrann, L. Shabman, P. Bohlen, H. Swain, M. Adams, J. Alderman, G. Lollis, P.
Pfeil and W. Williamson. Assessing On-Ranch Provision of Water Management Environmental Services. Final
report, 16 pages, June 2005.
Maczko, K., J.A. Tanaka, R. Breckenridge, L. Hidinger, H. T. Heintz, W.E. Fox, U.P. Kreuter, C.S. Duke, J.E.
Mitchell, and D.W. McCollum. Rangeland Ecosystem Goods and Services: Values and Evaluation of
Opportunities for Ranchers and Land Managers, Rangelands, pages 30-36, October 2011.
Main, M.B., M.E. Swisher, J. Mullahey, W. DeBusk, A.J. Shriar, G.W. Tanner, J. Selph, P. Hogue, P. Bohlen,
and G.M. Allen. The Ecology and Economics of Florida's Ranches. University of Florida-Institute of Food and
Agricultural Sciences, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Department, Extension publication WEC 187,
revised September 2004.
Miller, R. E. and P.D. Blair. Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions, Second Edition. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2009.
Pearce, D.W. The Economic Value of Forest Ecosystems, Ecosystem Health 7(4): 284-296, 2001, available at:
https://www.cbd.int/doc/external/academic/cattle-es-2003-en.pdf.
Qualtrics. Online survey software, available at https://www.qualtrics.com/.
Rouse, J.E. Criollo: Spanish Cattle in the Americas. University of Oklahoma Press, 303 pages, 1977.
Shabman, L. Designing Pay-for Environmental Services Programs: The Florida Ranchlands Environmental
Services Project (presentation document), Resources for the Future, 62 pages, Sep. 2018.
Smith, Patrick D. A Land Remembered. Pineapple Press, 403 pages, 1984.
Summit, A., L.E. Buck, and S.J. Case, series editors. Buck Island Ranch and the Florida Ranchlands
Environmental Services Project.
The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB). Mainstreaming the Economics of Nature: A
Synthesis of the Approach, Conclusions and Recommendations of TEEB. Earthscan, London, Washington,
2010.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA-NASS). Annual surveys of
agriculture crop area, production, yields, and prices received, available at
https://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA-NASS). 2012 Census of
Agriculture. Available at https://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (USDOC-BEA). Gross Domestic Product
Implicit Price Deflator, 1970-2017, annual averages, Washington, D.C.
http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred/data/gdp/gdpdef.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau. USA Trade Online, data on U.S. imports and exports,
available at https://usatrade.census.gov/.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (USDOL-BLS). Quarterly Census of Employment and
Wages, annual data for 2001-17, available at https://www.bls.gov/data/#employment.
Wang, S. and B. Fu. Trade-offs between forest ecosystem services, Forest Policy and Economics 26: 145-146,
2013, available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389934112002304
59
Watson, P., J. Wilson, D. Thilmany, and S. Winter. Determining economic contributions and impacts: what is
the difference and why do we care? Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy 37 (2): 140-146, 2007, available
at http://www.jrap-journal.org/pastvolumes/2000/v37/F37-2-6.pdf
60
Appendix A: Glossary of Economic Terms
Contribution (economic) represents the gross change in economic activity associated with an industry, event,
or policy in an existing regional economy.
Employee compensation is comprised of wages, salaries, commissions, and benefits such as health and life
insurance, retirement and other forms of cash or non-cash compensation.
Employment is a measure of the number of jobs involved, including fulltime, part-time, and seasonal
positions. It is not a measure of fulltime equivalents (FTEs).
Exports are sales of goods to customers outside the region in which they are produced, which represents a net
inflow of money to the region. This also applies to sales of services to customers visiting from other regions.
Final Demand represents sales to final consumers, including households, governments, and exports from the
region.
Gross Regional Product (GRP) is a measure of total economic activity in a region, or total income generated
by all goods and services. It represents the sum of total value added by all industries in that region and is
equivalent to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the nation or Gross State Product (GSP) for states.
IMPLAN© is a computer-based input-output modeling system that enables users to create regional economic
models and multipliers for any region consisting of one or more counties or states in the United States The
current version of the IMPLAN© software, version 3, accounts for commodity production and consumption for
536 industry sectors, 10 household income levels, taxes to local/state and federal governments, capital
investment, imports and exports, transfer payments, and business inventories. Regional datasets for individual
counties or states are purchased separately.
Impact or total impact is the change in total regional economic activity (e.g. output or employment) resulting
from a change in final demand, direct industry output, or direct employment, estimated based on regional
economic multipliers.
Imports are purchases of goods and services originating outside of the region of analysis.
Income is the money earned within the region from production and sales. Total income includes labor income
such as wages, salaries, employee benefits and business proprietor income, plus other property income.
Tax on Production and Imports are taxes paid to governments by individuals or businesses for property,
excise, and sales taxes, but do not include income taxes.
Input-Output (I-O) model and Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is a representation of the transactions
between industry sectors within a regional economy that captures what each sector purchases from every other
sector to produce its output of goods or services. Using such a model, flows of economic activity associated
with any change in spending may be traced backwards through the supply chain.
Local refers to goods and services that are sourced from within the region, which may be defined as a county,
multi-county cluster, or state. Non-local refers to economic activity originating outside the region.
Margins represent the portion of the purchaser price accruing to the retailer, wholesaler, and
producer/manufacturer, in the supply chain. Typically, only the retail margins of many goods purchased by
consumers accrue to the local region, as the wholesaler, shipper, and manufacturer often lie outside the local
area.
61
Multipliers capture the total effects, both direct and secondary, in a given region, generally as a ratio of the
total change in economic activity in the region relative to the direct change. Multipliers are derived from an
input-output model of the regional economy. Multipliers may be expressed as ratios of sales, income, or
employment, or as ratios of total income or employment changes relative to direct sales. Multipliers express
the degree of interdependency between sectors in a region's economy and therefore vary considerably across
regions and sectors. A sector-specific multiplier gives the total changes to the economy associated with a unit
change in output or employment in a given sector (i.e. the direct economic effect) being evaluated. Indirect
effects multipliers represent the changes in sales, income, or employment within the region in backward-
linked industries supplying goods and services to businesses (e.g., increased sales in input supply firms
resulting from more industry sales). Induced effects multipliers represent the increased sales within the
region from household spending of the income earned in the direct and supporting industries for housing,
utilities, food, etc. An imputed multiplier is calculated as the ratio of the total impact divided by direct effect
for any given measure (e.g. output, employment).
Other property income represents income received from investments, such as corporate dividends, royalties,
property rentals, or interest on loans.
Output is the dollar value of a good or service produced or sold, and is equivalent to sales revenues plus
changes in business inventories. Direct output is the value of sales revenues within the sector(s) evaluated.
Producer prices are the prices paid for goods at the factory or point of production. For manufactured goods,
the purchaser price equals the producer price plus a retail margin, a wholesale margin, and a transportation
margin. For services, the producer and purchaser prices are equivalent.
Proprietor income is income received by non-incorporated private business owners or self-employed
individuals.
Purchaser prices are the prices paid by the final consumer of a good or service.
Region or Regional Economy is the geographic area and the economic activity it contains for which impacts
are estimated. It may consist of an individual county, an aggregation of several counties, a state, or an
aggregation of states. These aggregations are sometimes defined on the basis of worker commuting patterns.
Sector is an individual industry or group of industries that produce similar products or services, or have similar
production processes. Sectors are classified according to the North American Industrial Classification System
(NAICS).
Value Added is a broad measure of income, representing the sum of employee compensation, proprietor
income, other property income, indirect business taxes and capital consumption (depreciation), which is
comparable to Gross Domestic Product. Value added is a commonly used measure of the contribution an
industry makes to a regional economy because it avoids double counting of intermediate sales.
62
Appendix B: Survey Questionnaire of the Florida Beef and Dairy Cattle Industry
June 2018
To Florida Cattle Industry Professionals:
This survey is being conducted by the University of Florida-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences under
the sponsorship of the Florida Cattlemen’s Association. The purpose of the study is to document the business
practices, sales, employment and economic contributions of the beef and dairy cattle industries in the state of
Florida. The survey will encompass beef cattle ranchers, dairy farm operators, beef and dairy processors, and
allied service providers. The survey is being sent by email to individuals on the mailing list of the Florida
Cattlemen’s Association. Information collected in this survey will be invaluable to business owners and
managers, researchers, educators, and industry associations for advocacy efforts in support of public policy.
Your participation in the survey is voluntary, and you do not have to answer any questions that you do not
wish to, however, it is important that you respond to this survey so that your type of business is represented.
All information collected in the survey will be kept anonymous and strictly confidential, and results will be
disclosed only in summary form. There is no compensation for participating in the survey. The survey will take
approximately 10 minutes to complete.
If you agree to participate, please click on the link below to advance to the survey. If you have questions or
concerns about the survey, please contact the principal investigator. Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely, Alan W. Hodges, PhD, Extension Scientist and project Principal Investigator University of Florida-IFAS, Food and Resource Economics Department Tel. 352-294-7674; email [email protected] Christa D. Court, PhD, Assistant Scientist and project Co-Principal Investigator University of Florida-IFAS, Food and Resource Economics Department Tel. 352-294-7675; email [email protected]
Link to the survey
63
Please answer the following questions to the best of your ability. All questions pertain to business activity in 2017 or the most recent fiscal year completed. If you have more than one business location in Florida, your answers should reflect all locations. 1. In what Florida county or counties is your business located? (check any from list below)
Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami-Dade Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Monroe Nassau Okaloosa Pasco Pinellas
64
Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Out of State Don’t know
(If only one county was selected, skip to question 3) 2. What percentage of the total sales revenue for your business occurs in each county? (list of counties selected in previous question) 3. What are the activities offered by your business? (select any)
a. Beef cattle ranch or dairy farm b. Cattle or animal product marketing broker or dealer c. Beef or dairy processor/manufacturer d. Farm supply or equipment wholesaler or retailer e. Animal transportation services f. Veterinary services g. Agricultural consultant h. Other type of business, describe: ______________________________________ i. Don’t know
(If only one activity was selected, skip to question 5)
4. What percentage of the total sales revenue of your business is attributed to each business category? (list of business activities selected in previous question)
(If answered a, continue to next question, otherwise skip to question 12) 5. Which of the following activities describe your farm or ranch operation? (check any that apply)
Beef cow-calf production Beef feedlot or veal production Beef stocker production (pastured) Dairy milk production Beef or dairy seedstock production or breeding services (natural, artificial insemination, in-vitro
fertilization, embryo transfer) Other animal production (goats, sheep, swine, horses, etc.) Hay or silage production Other crop production (sod, citrus, rice, sugarcane, etc.) Timber harvesting Natural product harvesting (e.g. Palmetto berries) Agritourism/agritainment (e.g. hunting leases, corn mazes, trail rides, buggy rides, airboat tours, weddings,
music festivals) Other activity, specify: __________________________ Don’t know
(If only one activity was selected, skip to question 7)
65
6. What percentage of the total sales revenue of your business is attributed to each farm or ranch activity? (list of farm/ranch business activities selected in previous question)
7. What was the size of your cattle herd last year, on average, including adult cows, replacement heifers, bulls and
feeder cattle, but not unweaned calves? (choose appropriate range) Less than 10 10 to 49 50 to 99 100 to 249 250 to 499 500 to 999 1,000 to 1,999 2,000 to 4,999 5,000 to 9,999 10,000 or more Don’t know
8. What was the area of your farm or ranch last year? (choose appropriate range for number of acres) Less than 25 25 to 49 50 to 99 100 to 249 250 to 499 500 to 999 1,000 to 2,499 2,500 to 4,999 5,000 to 9,999 10,000 or more Don’t know
9. Which of the following practices do you use on your farm or ranch currently or plan to use in the near future? (select any that apply)
Pasture grass planting Pasture fertilization Winter forage plots Rotational grazing Invasive species control Manure capture, anaerobic digester treatment, land spreading or power generation Water retention impoundments Fencing to exclude animals from waterways Certified organic production Natural production (no synthetic pesticides or fertilizers used, but not certified organic) Heritage breed conservation (e.g. Cracker cattle) Sell to local restaurants or Community Supported Agriculture Sell branded product (e.g. Angus beef, Fresh from Florida)
10. What share of your livestock/animal product sales last year were marketed through the following market
channels (enter whole number for percentage of each channel, answers must sum to 100%) Contract buyer _______% Processor _______% Online _______% Local auction market _______% Don’t know
66
11. What was the value of capital improvements made for the cattle operations on your farm or ranch over the last three years in each of the following categories? (enter amounts in spaces provided; may round to nearest $1000)
Purchase cattle breeding stock $_____________ Vehicles, machinery, equipment $_____________ Buildings $_____________ Fencing/corrals $_____________ Roads, sitework, land clearing $_____________ Other $_____________ Don’t know
12. What was the number of employees who worked in your business last year, on average, including fulltime, part-time, seasonal and family members? (enter numbers in spaces)
Fulltime: _______ Part-time/seasonal: _______ Don’t know
13. What was the total value of sales of products and services by your business last year? (enter specific amount or
select appropriate range) Specific amount (may round to nearest $1000): _________________ OR Zero $1 to $9,999 $10,000 to $50,000 $50,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $249,999 $250,000 to $499,999 $500,000 to $999,999 $1,000,000 to $2,499,999 $2,500,000 to $4,999,999 $5,000,000 to $9,999,999 $10,000,000 or more Don’t know
14. Please provide any comments about your business and the economic contributions that it makes to your
community in the space below _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________
Thank you for your cooperation!
67
Appendix C: Detailed Results for Economic Contributions of the Beef and Dairy Cattle and Allied Industries in Florida Counties
County Economic
Contribution Measure
Beef cattle
ranching and
farming
Dairy cattle and
milk production
Support activities,
vet services,
feed manuf.
Dairy manufac-
turing
Meat process-
sing
Whole-sale trade
Retail stores
Capital improve-
ments
Total All
Sectors
Total Production
& Processing
Sectors
Alachua Employment (jobs) 538 152 87 0 0 75 822 42 1,717 777
Output (M$) 33.04 18.34 10.70 0.00 0.00 14.13 71.70 3.41 151.32 62.08
Value added (M$) 12.37 7.95 4.18 0.00 0.00 8.93 42.41 1.90 77.75 24.50
Baker Employment (jobs) 218 0 1 0 0 4 37 15 275 219
Output (M$) 3.97 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.67 3.05 0.26 8.09 4.11
Value added (M$) 1.49 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.39 1.75 0.13 3.82 1.55
Bay Employment (jobs) 20 0 31 0 206 72 439 1 769 257
Output (M$) 0.65 0.00 4.94 0.00 41.69 11.29 39.78 0.04 98.40 47.29
Value added (M$) 0.24 0.00 2.50 0.00 17.42 6.45 24.06 0.02 50.70 20.17
Bradford Employment (jobs) 306 79 5 0 395 10 29 24 848 785
Output (M$) 13.01 8.59 0.58 0.00 75.39 1.34 2.49 1.44 102.84 97.58
Value added (M$) 4.87 3.72 0.27 0.00 22.00 0.67 1.45 0.81 33.80 30.86
Brevard Employment (jobs) 313 0 73 0 91 185 1,378 21 2,062 477
Output (M$) 20.46 0.00 13.69 0.00 16.74 31.33 123.48 1.34 207.04 50.89
Value added (M$) 7.65 0.00 5.77 0.00 3.30 18.77 74.18 0.67 110.34 16.73
Broward Employment (jobs) 32 0 185 1,228 604 1,429 5,219 2 8,700 2,050
Output (M$) 2.43 0.00 39.27 333.60 125.35 277.47 491.23 0.16 1,269.51 500.65
Value added (M$) 0.91 0.00 16.29 88.23 47.81 178.30 303.22 0.08 634.84 153.24
Calhoun Employment (jobs) 46 0 1 0 0 6 32 3 88 47
Output (M$) 4.10 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.61 2.55 0.27 7.67 4.24
Value added (M$) 1.54 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.25 1.42 0.13 3.41 1.60
Charlotte Employment (jobs) 149 0 32 47 0 37 414 10 689 228
Output (M$) 21.77 0.00 4.96 7.22 0.00 4.96 37.62 1.42 77.95 33.94
Value added (M$) 8.14 0.00 2.38 3.15 0.00 2.53 22.78 0.71 39.69 13.67
Citrus Employment (jobs) 347 84 26 54 0 19 325 27 881 510
Output (M$) 15.05 8.59 3.99 8.54 0.00 2.45 28.99 1.57 69.18 36.17
Value added (M$) 5.64 3.73 1.69 4.17 0.00 1.22 17.35 0.88 34.68 15.23
Clay Employment (jobs) 312 86 34 27 0 124 392 24 999 459
Output (M$) 10.14 8.59 6.94 8.30 0.00 12.69 34.61 1.25 82.52 33.97
Value added (M$) 3.80 3.73 2.95 2.08 0.00 4.77 20.64 0.72 38.68 12.56
Collier Employment (jobs) 50 0 170 19 18 147 1,116 3 1,523 256
Output (M$) 10.07 0.00 22.56 2.97 3.49 28.30 108.98 0.66 177.02 39.09
Value added (M$) 3.77 0.00 13.20 1.44 1.16 18.09 68.55 0.33 106.53 19.56
Columbia Employment (jobs) 452 0 24 0 554 26 123 31 1,210 1,030
Output (M$) 28.68 0.00 9.69 0.00 110.53 4.19 11.27 1.87 166.24 148.90
Value added (M$) 10.78 0.00 1.61 0.00 22.34 2.46 6.87 0.94 44.99 34.73
DeSoto Employment (jobs) 379 102 87 0 188 8 38 29 831 756
Output (M$) 52.27 29.23 8.53 0.00 40.54 1.12 3.33 5.41 140.44 130.57
Value added (M$) 19.55 12.66 5.11 0.00 3.97 0.59 1.99 3.02 46.90 41.29
Dixie Employment (jobs) 112 57 3 0 0 3 31 10 216 173
Output (M$) 6.26 8.59 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.46 2.40 1.00 18.97 15.11
Value added (M$) 2.34 3.72 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.27 1.32 0.59 8.36 6.18
Duval Employment (jobs) 157 135 112 937 735 732 2,237 15 5,060 2,076
68
County Economic
Contribution Measure
Beef cattle
ranching and
farming
Dairy cattle and
milk production
Support activities,
vet services,
feed manuf.
Dairy manufac-
turing
Meat process-
sing
Whole-sale trade
Retail stores
Capital improve-
ments
Total All
Sectors
Total Production
& Processing
Sectors
Output (M$) 8.09 17.18 24.40 297.13 149.35 131.80 202.44 1.70 832.11 496.16
Value added (M$) 3.03 7.46 10.11 99.00 47.78 81.64 122.31 1.04 372.38 167.39
Escambia Employment (jobs) 35 10 46 0 4 140 639 3 877 96
Output (M$) 3.75 2.59 8.14 0.00 1.17 22.65 57.63 0.42 96.34 15.64
Value added (M$) 1.40 1.12 3.56 0.00 0.29 13.22 34.77 0.24 54.60 6.38
Flagler Employment (jobs) 39 0 26 0 0 19 241 3 327 64
Output (M$) 2.82 0.00 2.82 0.00 0.00 2.68 21.97 0.18 30.47 5.64
Value added (M$) 1.06 0.00 1.15 0.00 0.00 1.39 13.34 0.09 17.03 2.20
Franklin Employment (jobs) 0 0 1 0 75 3 47 0 126 76
Output (M$) 0.05 0.00 0.13 0.00 20.28 0.36 3.98 0.00 24.80 20.46
Value added (M$) 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.00 6.22 0.18 2.30 0.00 8.76 6.28
Gadsden Employment (jobs) 55 0 34 0 271 28 54 4 445 360
Output (M$) 3.42 0.00 3.03 0.00 55.18 4.30 4.29 0.22 70.45 61.63
Value added (M$) 1.28 0.00 1.57 0.00 18.06 2.45 2.38 0.11 25.84 20.91
Gilchrist Employment (jobs) 134 712 9 0 0 4 23 34 916 856
Output (M$) 18.49 114.62 0.98 0.00 0.00 0.57 1.65 9.04 145.35 134.09
Value added (M$) 6.91 49.54 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.86 5.76 63.91 56.97
Glades Employment (jobs) 156 26 28 0 0 2 3 12 227 210
Output (M$) 26.72 8.59 3.05 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.34 2.33 41.43 38.36
Value added (M$) 9.99 3.72 1.95 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.22 1.26 17.37 15.66
Gulf Employment (jobs) 0 0 2 0 0 2 42 0 46 2
Output (M$) 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.33 3.53 0.00 3.91 0.06
Value added (M$) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 2.04 0.00 2.24 0.00
Hamilton Employment (jobs) 45 0 6 0 88 3 18 3 164 139
Output (M$) 6.94 0.00 0.66 0.00 24.30 0.34 1.35 0.45 34.05 31.90
Value added (M$) 2.60 0.00 0.39 0.00 8.43 0.16 0.71 0.23 12.51 11.42
Hardee Employment (jobs) 452 484 143 0 95 5 28 48 1,254 1,174
Output (M$) 48.76 107.42 11.39 0.00 24.71 0.67 2.21 10.52 205.68 192.28
Value added (M$) 18.22 46.44 6.33 0.00 5.42 0.35 1.24 6.42 84.44 76.42
Hendry Employment (jobs) 52 0 228 529 0 8 72 4 892 809
Output (M$) 29.98 0.00 22.65 168.67 0.00 1.09 6.17 1.96 230.53 221.30
Value added (M$) 11.21 0.00 12.27 58.09 0.00 0.58 3.61 0.98 86.73 81.57
Hernando Employment (jobs) 429 69 26 0 481 31 427 32 1,496 1,006
Output (M$) 19.93 8.59 4.09 0.00 94.16 4.03 37.90 1.89 170.59 126.77
Value added (M$) 7.47 3.73 1.70 0.00 22.01 1.99 22.64 1.04 60.58 34.92
Highlands Employment (jobs) 565 297 174 0 0 16 184 49 1,284 1,036
Output (M$) 100.69 73.02 18.86 0.00 0.00 2.36 15.74 11.57 222.24 192.57
Value added (M$) 37.63 31.58 10.18 0.00 0.00 1.32 9.22 6.57 96.49 79.39
Hillsborough Employment (jobs) 201 98 301 1,205 961 1,178 3,288 17 7,248 2,765
Output (M$) 32.28 17.18 55.36 277.70 191.60 207.14 301.64 3.28 1,086.20 574.13
Value added (M$) 12.09 7.45 21.92 128.03 72.62 126.68 183.64 1.83 554.27 242.12
Holmes Employment (jobs) 271 57 2 0 0 5 31 21 386 330
Output (M$) 16.19 9.99 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.45 2.37 1.74 30.85 26.30
Value added (M$) 6.05 4.32 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.16 1.28 0.98 12.82 10.41
Indian River Employment (jobs) 78 0 313 6 0 40 447 5 889 397
Output (M$) 16.68 0.00 28.91 1.00 0.00 10.46 41.15 1.09 99.28 46.59
69
County Economic
Contribution Measure
Beef cattle
ranching and
farming
Dairy cattle and
milk production
Support activities,
vet services,
feed manuf.
Dairy manufac-
turing
Meat process-
sing
Whole-sale trade
Retail stores
Capital improve-
ments
Total All
Sectors
Total Production
& Processing
Sectors
Value added (M$) 6.24 0.00 14.20 0.48 0.00 7.53 25.10 0.54 54.10 20.92
Jackson Employment (jobs) 272 34 11 15 276 11 91 20 730 609
Output (M$) 38.98 11.49 1.29 8.82 54.81 1.57 7.28 3.33 127.58 115.40
Value added (M$) 14.59 4.98 0.64 1.46 14.71 0.87 4.07 1.79 43.11 36.38
Jefferson Employment (jobs) 273 157 9 0 0 4 28 24 494 439
Output (M$) 12.43 17.18 2.42 0.00 0.00 0.47 2.15 1.99 36.65 32.04
Value added (M$) 4.65 7.43 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.24 1.18 1.18 15.55 12.95
Lafayette Employment (jobs) 64 521 2 0 0 2 6 22 617 586
Output (M$) 11.52 114.52 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.56 8.57 135.60 126.16
Value added (M$) 4.30 49.47 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.34 5.53 59.82 53.81
Lake Employment (jobs) 434 0 85 54 104 70 690 30 1,467 677
Output (M$) 19.96 0.00 15.16 7.34 21.43 10.11 61.31 1.30 136.63 63.90
Value added (M$) 7.47 0.00 6.93 1.07 7.57 5.44 36.65 0.65 65.78 23.03
Lee Employment (jobs) 142 0 394 25 0 238 1,890 10 2,698 561
Output (M$) 8.94 0.00 36.94 3.40 0.00 39.91 178.25 0.58 268.03 49.29
Value added (M$) 3.35 0.00 17.75 0.57 0.00 23.75 110.15 0.29 155.86 21.66
Leon Employment (jobs) 154 0 62 0 0 86 824 11 1,136 215
Output (M$) 4.28 0.00 11.24 0.00 0.00 16.61 71.50 0.28 103.92 15.52
Value added (M$) 1.61 0.00 4.98 0.00 0.00 10.68 42.16 0.14 59.56 6.59
Levy Employment (jobs) 192 49 47 0 30 9 109 15 452 318
Output (M$) 25.98 8.59 5.62 0.00 8.03 1.19 8.56 2.28 60.25 48.22
Value added (M$) 9.72 3.72 3.41 0.00 2.24 0.59 4.72 1.23 25.63 19.09
Liberty Employment (jobs) 16 0 3 0 0 1 14 1 35 19
Output (M$) 1.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.08 1.27 0.07 2.64 1.22
Value added (M$) -0.28 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.76 -0.02 0.62 -0.15
Madison Employment (jobs) 258 109 2 0 367 4 36 21 798 736
Output (M$) 24.12 17.18 0.20 0.00 101.46 0.63 3.52 2.75 149.86 142.96
Value added (M$) 9.01 7.43 0.07 0.00 35.24 0.35 2.23 1.56 55.89 51.76
Manatee Employment (jobs) 147 279 138 292 54 137 933 20 2,000 910
Output (M$) 23.75 36.07 17.38 87.48 15.24 23.11 83.25 4.02 290.29 179.93
Value added (M$) 8.89 15.62 9.21 38.78 5.84 13.80 49.91 2.40 144.45 78.34
Marion Employment (jobs) 586 0 202 0 216 105 705 40 1,853 1,003
Output (M$) 41.40 0.00 30.06 0.00 42.84 16.56 63.46 2.71 197.02 114.30
Value added (M$) 15.55 0.00 14.45 0.00 11.58 9.50 38.22 1.35 90.66 41.58
Martin Employment (jobs) 185 0 97 0 0 68 478 13 841 283
Output (M$) 27.06 0.00 8.49 0.00 0.00 11.24 44.33 1.77 92.89 35.55
Value added (M$) 10.11 0.00 3.39 0.00 0.00 6.66 27.15 0.88 48.19 13.50
Miami-Dade Employment (jobs) 42 0 392 2,420 4,914 2,299 6,755 3 16,825 7,768
Output (M$) 3.50 0.00 56.33 602.42 1,002.97 416.81 631.40 0.23 2,713.66 1,665.23
Value added (M$) 1.31 0.00 25.12 184.90 339.19 259.05 388.30 0.11 1,197.99 550.52
Monroe Employment (jobs) 0 0 46 0 0 22 366 0 434 46
Output (M$) 0.01 0.00 4.25 0.00 0.00 3.05 38.23 0.00 45.55 4.27
Value added (M$) 0.00 0.00 1.69 0.00 0.00 1.61 24.84 0.00 28.14 1.69
Nassau Employment (jobs) 377 119 24 0 0 22 182 30 754 520
Output (M$) 11.00 8.59 4.37 0.00 0.00 3.98 16.27 1.31 45.51 23.96
Value added (M$) 4.11 3.72 2.62 0.00 0.00 2.49 9.77 0.75 23.46 10.45
70
County Economic
Contribution Measure
Beef cattle
ranching and
farming
Dairy cattle and
milk production
Support activities,
vet services,
feed manuf.
Dairy manufac-
turing
Meat process-
sing
Whole-sale trade
Retail stores
Capital improve-
ments
Total All
Sectors
Total Production
& Processing
Sectors
Okaloosa Employment (jobs) 115 0 34 157 0 52 480 8 847 307
Output (M$) 5.30 0.00 5.41 23.72 0.00 9.70 45.49 0.35 89.96 34.43
Value added (M$) 1.99 0.00 2.04 9.03 0.00 6.12 28.16 0.17 47.52 13.06
Okeechobee Employment (jobs) 653 1,633 39 247 0 9 87 101 2,769 2,572
Output (M$) 131.31 328.48 32.42 76.57 0.00 1.27 7.60 31.02 608.67 568.78
Value added (M$) 49.11 142.13 4.48 21.87 0.00 0.68 4.50 19.08 241.85 217.59
Orange Employment (jobs) 87 0 160 1,151 269 955 3,120 6 5,746 1,665
Output (M$) 16.46 0.00 27.06 308.89 51.52 171.82 288.95 1.08 865.78 403.93
Value added (M$) 6.16 0.00 12.84 98.69 12.27 106.35 176.84 0.54 413.68 129.96
Osceola Employment (jobs) 440 0 22 182 0 79 703 30 1,456 644
Output (M$) 84.18 0.00 11.65 69.70 0.00 11.94 63.78 5.50 246.75 165.53
Value added (M$) 31.52 0.00 2.01 11.29 0.00 6.66 38.59 2.74 92.81 44.82
Palm Beach Employment (jobs) 19 31 605 1,150 1,074 776 4,342 2 8,000 2,879
Output (M$) 8.17 8.59 83.23 202.52 210.33 145.60 411.90 1.12 1,071.46 512.84
Value added (M$) 3.06 3.72 45.26 80.33 49.86 92.06 255.29 0.65 530.23 182.22
Pasco Employment (jobs) 554 102 72 9 30 117 1,130 41 2,056 767
Output (M$) 26.19 8.53 13.28 1.56 6.42 16.85 100.87 2.29 176.00 55.99
Value added (M$) 9.79 3.69 5.54 0.99 2.40 9.09 60.46 1.24 93.20 22.41
Pinellas Employment (jobs) 1 0 152 526 0 451 2,881 0 4,011 680
Output (M$) 0.10 0.00 28.00 84.26 0.00 86.40 262.32 0.01 461.09 112.36
Value added (M$) 0.04 0.00 11.90 42.54 0.00 55.20 159.04 0.00 268.72 54.48
Polk Employment (jobs) 812 40 443 2,148 828 319 1,212 57 5,859 4,271
Output (M$) 81.09 8.59 62.69 679.37 226.17 53.66 106.15 5.89 1,223.61 1,057.91
Value added (M$) 30.35 3.72 28.55 197.96 73.20 32.00 62.94 3.03 431.74 333.77
Putnam Employment (jobs) 159 75 22 0 541 10 142 13 962 797
Output (M$) 10.67 8.59 2.26 0.00 107.54 1.33 11.58 1.28 143.25 129.05
Value added (M$) 3.99 3.72 0.91 0.00 35.68 0.69 6.57 0.74 52.30 44.31
Santa Rosa Employment (jobs) 18 0 30 70 259 34 282 1 695 377
Output (M$) 3.82 0.00 4.75 9.84 48.38 4.68 23.62 0.25 95.33 66.78
Value added (M$) 1.43 0.00 2.25 2.27 6.22 2.44 13.61 0.12 28.35 12.17
Sarasota Employment (jobs) 147 67 64 6 0 161 1,295 12 1,752 284
Output (M$) 10.02 8.59 11.99 1.78 0.00 26.49 122.44 1.24 182.56 32.39
Value added (M$) 3.75 3.72 5.30 0.28 0.00 15.60 75.77 0.71 105.12 13.04
Seminole Employment (jobs) 60 0 103 53 42 248 1,315 4 1,824 258
Output (M$) 2.97 0.00 19.05 26.64 7.56 50.29 120.87 0.19 227.56 56.21
Value added (M$) 1.11 0.00 7.68 1.25 0.39 32.98 73.66 0.10 117.16 10.42
St. Johns Employment (jobs) 9 0 46 0 0 88 710 1 853 54
Output (M$) 1.25 0.00 8.51 0.00 0.00 14.63 63.22 0.08 87.70 9.77
Value added (M$) 0.47 0.00 3.15 0.00 0.00 8.64 37.86 0.04 50.16 3.62
St. Lucie Employment (jobs) 66 22 124 0 77 87 586 5 968 290
Output (M$) 17.28 8.59 26.30 0.00 20.96 13.84 53.23 1.72 141.91 73.13
Value added (M$) 6.47 3.73 9.96 0.00 6.38 8.00 32.24 0.95 67.72 26.54
Sumter Employment (jobs) 1,094 81 18 0 569 21 281 78 2,141 1,762
Output (M$) 53.38 8.59 11.17 0.00 154.26 2.64 24.20 4.07 258.32 227.41
Value added (M$) 19.98 3.72 1.40 0.00 47.15 1.28 14.21 2.13 89.86 72.25
Suwannee Employment (jobs) 244 415 31 0 251 9 74 31 1,056 941
71
County Economic
Contribution Measure
Beef cattle
ranching and
farming
Dairy cattle and
milk production
Support activities,
vet services,
feed manuf.
Dairy manufac-
turing
Meat process-
sing
Whole-sale trade
Retail stores
Capital improve-
ments
Total All
Sectors
Total Production
& Processing
Sectors
Output (M$) 36.92 107.23 3.47 0.00 60.50 1.40 6.35 9.74 225.61 208.13
Value added (M$) 13.80 46.34 1.89 0.00 1.68 0.78 3.73 6.03 74.24 63.71
Taylor Employment (jobs) 126 0 5 0 0 4 42 9 186 131
Output (M$) 3.64 0.00 2.25 0.00 0.00 0.64 3.60 0.24 10.36 5.88
Value added (M$) 1.36 0.00 1.59 0.00 0.00 0.35 2.11 0.12 5.52 2.94
Union Employment (jobs) 160 0 2 0 0 2 3 11 178 162
Output (M$) 7.24 0.00 2.68 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.22 0.47 10.81 9.92
Value added (M$) 2.71 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.11 0.24 3.39 2.99
Volusia Employment (jobs) 414 79 73 304 0 159 1,312 31 2,372 871
Output (M$) 22.07 8.59 16.01 87.31 0.00 25.72 119.81 2.03 281.53 133.98
Value added (M$) 8.27 3.73 5.45 23.77 0.00 14.99 72.76 1.11 130.07 41.21
Wakulla Employment (jobs) 39 0 12 0 0 5 41 3 100 51
Output (M$) 0.87 0.00 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.55 3.18 0.06 6.15 2.36
Value added (M$) 0.33 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.23 1.75 0.03 3.05 1.04
Walton Employment (jobs) 296 0 14 0 0 20 232 20 582 310
Output (M$) 21.05 0.00 11.20 0.00 0.00 2.80 23.75 1.38 60.18 32.25
Value added (M$) 7.88 0.00 0.98 0.00 0.00 1.48 15.30 0.69 26.32 8.86
Washington Employment (jobs) 119 29 8 0 0 6 26 9 197 156
Output (M$) 6.99 4.53 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.87 2.06 0.77 16.13 12.43
Value added (M$) 2.62 1.96 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.48 1.14 0.43 7.03 4.98
Output and value added are given in millions of dollars.