florida water resources journal - july 2014

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Volume 66 July 2014 Number 7

Florida Water Resources Journal • July 2014 3

News And Features25 Rick Ratcliffe Receives 2014 John Lechner Award of Excellence44 Florida Team Brings Home Win from AWWA Conference in Boston54 News Beat

Technical Articles4 Improving Drinking Water Plant Performance and Regulatory Compliance via

Chemical Control Optimization—Gregg A. McLeod14 Design Guidelines for Detention With Biofiltration—Tom J. Lynn, Emma Lopez, and

Sarina J. Ergas28 Reclaimed Water and Stormwater: A Perfect Pair to Meet Total Maximum Daily

Load Wasteload Allocations?—Danielle Honour, James Wittig, John A. Walsh, and Don Stevens38 Removal of Biochemical Oxygen Demand via Biological Contact and Ballasted

Clarification for Wet Weather—Matt Cotton, David Holliman, Bryan Fincher, and Rich Dimassimo

46 Meeting Multiple Objectives in Stormwater Treatment at Freedom Park—James S. Bays and Margaret Bishop

Education and Training21 FWRC35 FWPCOA Training Calendar38 FWRC Call for Papers42 TREEO Center Training45 CEU Challenge53 FWPCOA State Short School55 ISA Water/Wastewater and Automation

Controls Symposium

Columns12 Certification Boulevard—Roy Pelletier20 FSAWWA Speaking Out—Carl R. Larrabee Jr.24 FWEA Committee Corner—Kevin Vickers and

Ted McKim26 Technology Spotlight—Angus W. Stocking34 FWEA Focus—Kart Vaith36 C Factor—Jeff Poteet37 Reader Profile—Kristiana Dragash42 FWEA Chapter Corner—Wisler Pierre-Louis

Departments54 New Products56 Service Directories60 Classifieds62 Display Advertiser Index

ON THE COVER: The Water Buoys, from theCity of Palm Coast, won the nationalAWWA Tops Ops competition at theAssociation’s annual conference inBoston. See the story on page 44. (photo:Cindi Lane)

Improving Drinking Water Plant Performance and Regulatory Compliance

via Chemical Control OptimizationGregg A. McLeod

Most conventional and membranewater treatment facilities are de-pendent upon chemical treat-

ment, including coagulants and polymers,to operate effectively. Misapplication ofthese products can diminish the potentialperformance of these systems. This per-formance includes clarifier operation, filterefficiency, total organic carbon (TOC) re-moval, disinfection byproduct (DBP) com-pliance, lead and copper compliance, andcost. Providing proper chemical control op-timization can not only improve the effi-ciency of the system and regulatorycompliance but also provide a rapid poten-tial pay back.

Coagulant Selection and Performance

There are a variety of different coagu-lants in the marketplace, including alu-minum sulfate (alum), ferric chloride, ferricsulfate, polyaluminum chloride (PACl), andaluminum chlorhydrate (ACH). Each ofthese products possesses varying acidity,performance, and cost. It is difficult, if notimpossible, to predict the performance ofany coagulant on a specific water source;therefore, jar testing is recommended.

The photo with four jars demonstratesresults after 20 parts per mil (ppm) dose offour different coagulants. Although it ap-

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Figure 1. Alum – ACH – Ferric Chloride – Polyaluminum Chloride

Figure 2. Shown are pH Precipitation Points for Alum (blue), PACl (red), ACH(green), and Ferric Chloride (orange – 2 targets)

Continued on page 6

Gregg A. McLeod is sales manager withClearLogx™ in Denver.

4 July 2014 • Florida Water Resources Journal

pears the jar second from the left (ACH)provided the best results in terms of flocprecipitation and settling, it is only becausethe optimum pH precipitation point forACH aligns best on this particular watersample. Floc precipitation can be improvedon the other samples by adjusting pH to thepoint of least solubility for that particularcoagulant. Keep in mind that all of thesecoagulant samples possess different opti-mum pH precipitation points.

Floc Precipitation Affected by Temperature

Figure 2 shows established optimumpoints of floc precipitation for various co-agulants.

Temperature Effects on Flocculation

Although it is important to maintainan optimum pH value, there are two addi-tional points to consider: water temperaturechanges and floc particle charge. Raw watertemperature changes can affect the precipi-tation of floc particulates. The lower thewater temperature, the higher the optimumpH value (Figure 3). This temperature de-crease will also affect particle charge.

Temperature Effects on Particle Charge

All of the coagulant samples describedare “acidic” and therefore precipitate as a“cationic” particle charge. This particlecharge is offset by natural ion charges in theraw water (example: turbidity particlescarry an “anionic” charge). Therefore, tur-bidity offset by coagulant in theory pro-duces a “net zero zeta potential” or “neutral”charge. When coagulant doses exceed thatwhich is required to neutralize turbidity, theprecipitated particle charges possess astronger and stronger “cationic” charge.This occurs when employing enhanced co-agulation. Coagulant dose exceeding tur-bidity charges will result in higher removalof soluble organic carbon ions. Particlecharge moves from cationic towards anionicas the water temperature decreases.

Raw Water pH and Alkalinity Effects on Coagulation Selection

Raw water sources around the countryvary widely in terms of pH and alkalinity.

Figure 3. Optimum pH Precipitation Point for ACH While Compensating forTemperature

Table 1. Coagulant Selection

Figure 4. Floc Precipitate (red) Attracts Turbidity (green) and Soluble Organic Ions(blue)

Continued from page 4


Continued on page 8

Generally, softer waters with low alkalinitywill possess a low pH value as well. Higheralkalinity waters will generally possess ahigh pH value. This is important when se-lecting the proper coagulant. A range of co-agulants vary in terms of acidity, TOCremoval, and price (Table 1).

Coagulant performance is dependenton water quality. It is difficult to predictperformance for any source and it is rec-ommended to perform jar testing before se-lecting a coagulant. Although ACH andPACl are more expensive than commodity

coagulants, such as alum and ferric chlo-ride, they are becoming more popular dueto lower coagulant dose, lower sludge gen-eration, and higher TOC removal. and lessdependent on alkalinity adjustment as theyare prehydrolized with an alkalinity base.

Particle Charge Neutralization:Net Zero Zeta Potential

Traditionally, coagulants have been uti-lized primarily to mitigate incoming turbid-ity. Unchecked, turbidity, which does notpossess the “weight” to settle, will pass

through a sedimentation unit or clarifier, ac-cumulate in the filter, and ultimately breakthrough. A primary coagulant can “attract”and “grab” these particles via particle chargeneutralization. Turbidity particles carry an“anionic (-)” or negative charge. An acidic orcoagulant floc particle carries an opposing“cationic (+)” or positive charge. As oppositesattract, the precipitated coagulant floc parti-cle can accumulate turbidity particles viacharge neutralization.

Turbidity mitigation via coagulation cannormally be achieved with a low coagulantdose; however it is important to keep in mindthat all coagulants provide better performanceat lower doses when operating near the opti-mum point of pH “insolubility,” which fluctu-ates depending on water temperature (seeFigures 2 and 3).

For example, a raw water supply possessesa pH of 8.2; dosing ferric chloride at 10 ppmdepresses the pH to 7.6. The ideal point of pHinsolubility is 6.3 at 20ºC. Unless pH is de-pressed from 7.6 to 6.3, precipitation, turbid-ity mitigation, and settling will be poor. It ispossible to overfeed ferric to the point wheresaturation will eventually precipitate enoughfloc to provide mitigation; however, solubleiron will elevate and coagulant cost will in-crease.

Electrostatic Particle AttractionOnto Filter Surface With

Membrane or Conventional Filter

Even the most efficient sedimentationor clarifier systems will allow floc particlesto pass to the filter. Most drinking waterFigure 5. Uncontrolled pH Figure 6. Controlled pH


Figure 8. Sedimentation, Controlled pHFigure 7. Sedimentation, Uncontrolled pH


treatment plants are categorized as either“conventional floc–sed–filter,” with the fil-ter comprising of various grades of media(multimedia) or ultrafiltration membranes.Both conventional and membrane filterscan operate with or without sedimentationas pretreatment. In either case, whether in-corporating presedimentation or not, pre-

cipitated floc particles that pass through tothe filter can decrease performance. Forconventional filters, the issue is filter runtime versus particle breakthrough. Formembrane systems, the performance issueis “fouling.” As coagulant particles precipi-tate as a cationic or (+) charge, the corre-sponding filter media or membrane

element possesses an opposing negative (-)charge. Similar to charge neutralization forturbidity mitigation, these precipitated flocparticles will attract or stick to the filter viaelectrostatic attraction. This reaction willdecrease the performance of either filter.

Filter Performance With andWithout Particle Charge Control

By controlling particle charge and neu-tralizing the charge attraction, filter per-formance increase can be dramatic.

Depicted in Figures 13 and 14, a ultra-violet (UF) membrane plant with two sep-arate filter skids conducted a test todemonstrate the effectiveness of particlecharge control. Coagulant was dosed in adirect feed mode (no clarification). Polya-luminum chloride (PACl) coagulant wasdosed upstream into a common line. BothUF filter skids UF Filter 1 (Figure 13) andUF Filter 2 (Figure 14) received this samedose. A controlled dose of liquid causticsoda was dosed ahead of UF Filter 2 skid(Figure 14) and there is a dramatic differ-ence. The red trend lines depict trans mem-brane pressure (TMP) rise and the bluelines depict permeability decline. There is asignificant difference between Skid 1 andSkid 2.

Chemical Control Effects Regarding Regulatory Compliance

Major regulatory issues that relate to chem-ical treatment in a drinking water plant in-clude TOC, DBPs, haloacetic acids (HAA),total trihalomethanes (TTHM), lead andcopper, and arsenic. The TOC and DBPs arein many instances intertwined. As DBPsform when soluble organics, which passthrough a filter, react with chlorine, they in-crease with detention and are compoundedby temperature. The higher the water tem-perature, the faster the formation; there-fore, by reducing soluble organic load, thereis a twofold effect on reduction: 1) lowersoluble organic content will reduce foma-tion when reactive with chorine, and 2)lower soluble organic content will requireless chlorine. Lower organic content withlower chlorine dose will further decreaseDBP formation. So in these cases, solubleorganic removal potential will direct oper-ations to consider superior performing co-agulant options when regulatorycompliance is at issue.

Additionally, operations must consideradditional parameters that require attention,

Figure 9. Precipitated Floc Particle Accumulation via “Electrostatic Attraction” With 20 ppm ACH

Figure 10. Precipitated Floc Can beRinsed With Low Water Pressure

Figure 11. 20 ppm ACH With pH andParticle Charge Control With no Particulate Accumulation

Figure 12. Electrostatic Particle Accumulation (ferric) on UF Elements

Continued on page 10



Figure 16. Chloride-to-Sulfate Mass Ratio (CSMR) Calculator

Figure 15. Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) Calculator

Figure 13. UF 20 ppm ACH, no Charge Control Figure 14. UF 20 ppm ACH, no Charge Control

Figure 17. Drinking Water Facility Return on Investment (ROI) Calculator


including iron and manganese, color, tasteand odor, and corrosion control.

Corrosion Control: Langelier Saturation Index Versus

Chloride-to-Sulfite Mass Ratio

Although corrosion control is not aregulatory compliance issue in itself, leadand copper compliance is, and is directly re-lated to the corrosivity of the water that en-ters the distribution system. Over the years,the standard measurement regarding thecorrosivity of a water supply is the LSIIndex (Langelier Saturation Index). Thisindex takes into consideration a water sam-ple’s pH, calcium hardness, alkalinity, totaldissolved solids value, and temperature.

Another measurement has recentlybeen introduced, which relates water’s cor-rositity to its chloride-to-sulfate mass bal-ance ratio (CSMR). The thought is whenthe chloride level exceeds sulfate by a cer-

tain ratio, there is an appreciable accelera-tion in corrosion. This is important regard-ing coagulant selection as it would assumethat chloride-based coagulants, such as fer-ric chloride, PACl, and even ACH, wouldexceed the optimum ratio.

Before making this assumption, valuesshould be entered into a CSMR calculator.It is feasible that chloride-based coagulants,if they outperform other options in termsof organic removal, could still be utilized. Achemical control logic could monitor doseversus the effect on CSMR.

For example, an operator at a largedrinking water plant wants to dose ferricchloride as it has proven to achieve thehighest soluble organic removal when com-pared to other coagulant via jar testing.There may be concern that this coagulantwill exceed the recommended CSMR. Whenthe operator inputs the raw water chlorideand sulfate levels, as well as coagulant dose,it is confirmed that the ratio is exceeded.However, when the operator inputs a “co-

dose” of aluminum sulfate at a certain dose,the desired ratio is achieved. Additionally,in this case, the less expensive alum maxi-mizes soluble organic removal with a loweroverall ferric chloride demand.

Chemical Control RegardingOverall Plant Operating Cost:

Return on Investment

One of the first issues arising regardinginstallation of an automated control systemfor chemical feed will be the initial capitalcost. Based on the issues raised in this arti-cle, it is very feasible that there can be arapid return on investment (ROI) in as lit-tle as one year or less according to the fol-lowing:� Reduced overall chemical demand� Reduced chemical sludge generation and

disposal� Power savings� Workforce savings� Water conservation ��


1. Which program consists of pollutionprevention plan, sampling program,periodic inspections, and employeetraining?

A. Process safety managementB. Stormwater managementC. Asset managementD. Facility budget

2. Which of the following items can beconsidered stormwater?

A. Storm runoffB. Snowmelt runoff C. DrainageD. All of the above.

3. Best management practices (BMPs) arethose practices oriented toward commonindustrial activities to reduce and/oreliminate storm water pollutants.

A. True B. False

4. What is the minimum velocity in asanitary sewer pipeline necessary toprevent settling of solids and debris?

A. 1 fps B. 0.5 fpsC. 2 fps D. 2 fpm

5. What is the detention time in arectangular tank that is 100 ft long, 25 ftwide, and 13 ft deep, and the influentflow is 5 mgd?

A. 2.3 hours B. 1.8 hoursC. 1.2 hours D. 3.1 hours

6. Given the following data, what is thesurface settling rate (or surface loadingrate) of the secondary clarifiers?

• Two secondary clarifiers• Each clarifier has a diameter of 100 ft• The plant influent flow is 12 mgd

A. 764 gal per day per ft2

B. 3,414 gal per day per ft2

C. 536 gal per day per ft2

D. 159 gal per day per ft2

7. Given the following data, how many galper day of waste activated sludge (WAS)should be removed if a 10-day solidsretention time (SRT) is the desiredtarget?

• Two aerations tanks• Each aeration tank is 140 ft long, 45

ft wide, and 15 ft deep• The mixed liquor suspended solids

(MLSS) concentration is 3,500 ppm• The WAS concentration is 8,500 ppm

A. 1.12 mgd B. 158,250 gpdC. 20,790 gpd D. 58,217 gpd

8. What type of chlorine comes in solid ordry form?

A. Sodium hypochloriteB. Ferric chlorideC. Calcium hypochloriteD. Aluminum sulfate

9. One important component of aneffective stormwater managementprogram is ensuring that each facilityemployee understands the on-sitestormwater drainage system.

A. True B. False

10. Why are flow measurements important?

A. They help to determine dissolvedsolids.

B. They help to determine loading rates.C. They help to determine nitrate levels.D. They help to determine suspended

solids removal.

Answers on page 34

Readers are welcome to submitquestions or exercises on water or wastewater treatment plantoperations for publication inCertification Boulevard. Send your question (with the answer) or your exercise (with the solution) by email [email protected], or by mail to:

Roy PelletierWastewater Project Consultant

City of Orlando Public Works DepartmentEnvironmental Services

Wastewater Division5100 L.B. McLeod Road

Orlando, FL 32811407-716-2971

Certification Boulevard

Roy Pelletier

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Stormwater runoff contains a large numberof contaminants, including nutrients (ni-trogen and phosphorus), metals, oil and

grease, organics, solids, and microorganisms(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005).Excessive nutrients discharged from urbanizedareas can cause eutrophication in receivingwater bodies (Figure 1a). Best managementpractices (BMPs) have been used as a measureto reduce nitrogen loadings to receiving waterbodies. One type of BMP is low impact devel-opment (LID), which can incorporate innova-tive measures to restore system hydrologicfunction and reduce nitrogen loadings. Due torecent legislative initiatives, stakeholders havebecome increasingly more interested in the po-tential benefits that LID technologies provide.

One type of LID technology is bioreten-tion (Figure 1b), also known as “raingardens,”“bioinfiltration,” or “bioswales” (Davis et al,2006). The surface of bioretention systemsmay be planted with vegetation, such as wild-flowers, sedges, rushes, ferns, shrubs and smalltrees, to provide a landscaped area. This en-hances their aesthetic appeal to property own-ers and municipal and other agencies.Bioretention systems have the capability of re-ducing runoff volumes, attenuating peakflows, and removing solids, organics, fecal in-dicator organisms, metals, phosphorous, andvarious forms of nitrogen (Davis et al, 2006).As a unique advantage to other LID technolo-gies, bioretention systems can be modified toinclude an internal water storage zone (IWSZ)containing an electron donor (e.g., wood chipsor sulfur pellets), to remove nitrate (Kim et al,2003; Ergas et al, 2010). A bioretention system

that includes an IWSZ can be referred to as adetention with biofiltration system (Figure 2).

A number of nitrogen transformationprocesses occur in detention with biofiltrationsystems that include nitrification, denitrifica-tion, immobilization, mineralization, plantuptake (Lucas and Greenway, 2011b), adsorp-tion, and filtration. In particular, denitrifica-tion is the only of the mentioned processesthat can remove nitrogen from water and dis-charge it into the atmosphere as nitrogen gas.An extensive study was conducted to under-stand the factors controlling nitrate removalin IWSZs. This article presents the results andprevious work by others that can be used tobetter understand how detention with biofil-tration systems function and the design ofthese systems can be improved, and reports onthe progress of a recent field demonstration.

Methods

Laboratory microcosm and column stud-ies were conducted in the Environmental En-gineering Laboratories at the University ofSouth Florida (USF). Field studies that arecurrently being carried out at a field site inTampa are described.

The source water that was used in the lab-oratory studies was surface water from a USFcampus stormwater pond. The source waterwas spiked with 2 mg/L of potassium nitrateto mimic expected nitrified conditions asrunoff enters the IWSZ. Batch experimentswere conducted to evaluate nitrate removalperformance using various media types, suchas sand, pea gravel, eucalyptus wood chips

(Figure 3a), tire chips, and mixtures of thesematerials under unsaturated, saturated, aero-bic, and anaerobic conditions. The sand andgravel were obtained from Seffner Rock &Gravel, wood chips were obtained from Sara-sota County staff, and tire chips were obtainedfrom Liberty Tire Recycling. Column experi-ments (Figure 3b) were used to investigate ni-trate removal performance using thegravel-and-wood-chip medium using varyingIWSZ detention times of 0.25 to 9 hours;IWSZ depths of 1, 1.5, and 2 ft); and an-tecedent dry conditions (ADCs), which are thenumber of days between the previous and cur-rent storm event, from 0 to 30 days. More de-tailed methods and the majority of the resultsfrom the wood-containing media types can befound in Lynn et al (2014a and 2014b). Thetire-containing media types were used as a sideexperiment to evaluate whether tire media

Design Guidelines for Detention WithBiofiltration

Tom J. Lynn, Emma Lopez, and Sarina J. Ergas

Tom J. Lynn is a research assistant, EmmaLopez is a research assistant, in Tampa and Sarina J. Ergas, Ph.D., P.E., is aprofessor in the department of civil andenvironmental engineering, University of South Florida, in Tampa.

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Figure 1. Water body Impaired by Eutrophication (A) and a Bioretention System (B)

Figure 2. Cross-Sectional View of aTypical Detention With BiofiltrationSystem


could be used as an alternative electron-donormedia to promote denitrification.

Laboratory Study Results

Concentrations of nitrate (as nitrogen)over time from the saturated batch experimentsusing the sand, gravel, and tire-containingmedia types are shown in Figure 4. The tire-containing media was the only medium thatappreciably removed nitrate, with the tire-onlymedia removing nitrate the fastest, followed bythe gravel-and-tire and sand-and-tire media.Similar results were observed using the wood-containing media types (Lynn et al, 2014a). Ad-ditional investigations of nitrate adsorption anddenitrification using tire-containing media canbe found in Krayzelova et al. (2014).

Nitrate removal efficiency data from a 30-day ADC storm event are shown in Figure 5.The storm event was set up to mimic the fallinghead hydraulics over approximately 36 hoursfor a slug load storm event, which is typicallyused to satisfy water quality drawdown re-quirements. Nearly 100 percent of the nitratewas removed in all columns from the first sam-ple taken (water that was detained in the IWSZprior to the storm event). Nitrate removal effi-ciency in all columns decreased during the sec-ond sample taken; thereafter, nitrate removalefficiency increased as the detention time in-creased. Nitrate removal efficiency in the 1-ftcm column was consistently lower than the 2-ft column, even though these columns wereoperated with equal detention times.

Design Implications

The batch experiment results (Figure 4)provide insights on how nitrate is removedfrom IWSZs. The results clearly show that anelectron donor media source (tire chips, in thiscase) needs to be included in IWSZ media toremove nitrate within a short period of time (6hours). In addition, the carbon-containingmedia with the greatest surface area (sand-and-tire) removed nitrate at a slower rate than theother carbon-containing media. This is quiteinteresting since a higher-surface area mediumis generally assumed to enhance removal. Theuse of a larger particle-size medium in IWSZsis therefore recommended since these materi-als also have higher hydraulic capacities. Theresults also indicate that tire chips can be usedas an alternative electron donor to promotedenitrification in the IWSZ. However, thegravel-and-wood media was selected for fur-ther evaluation due to the wide body of litera-ture and the presumed greater societalacceptance to use wood instead of tires.

Data from the 30-day ADC storm event

(Figure 5) provide clues on the dynamics ofnitrate removal in IWSZs. As the initial runofffrom a storm event enters the IWSZ, waterpreviously detained in the IWSZ is discharged.The initially discharged water should be as-sumed to have a very low nitrate concentra-tion, since this water was detained in the IWSZfor a long period of time. Nitrate removal ef-ficiency will then decrease as water from thecurrent storm event discharges from theIWSZ. When the water surface elevation in thesystem decreases towards the end of the storm,nitrate removal efficiency will increase becausethe system will be operating at higher deten-tion times (Lynn et al, 2014). The depth of theIWSZ also plays a role in nitrate removal.Taller IWSZs were found to remove nitrate ata higher rate, even when the systems were op-erated at the same hydraulic detention time.

This is attributed to greater dispersion in theshorter columns (Lynn et al, 2014b). Based onobservation, effective IWSZs should be “gen-erally” designed with a mean detention timeof three hours and a length of at least 1.5 ft.The term “general” should be stressed since bi-ological processes and their rates can changewith respect to other environmental factors.

An important measure in designing an ef-fective detention with biofiltration system is toensure that organic media additives (woodchips, tire chips, etc.) are only included in apermanently submerged IWSZ. An imperme-able liner should be designed to encapsulatethis layer in conjunction with an under-drainlayer. There are two reasons for this controlmeasure: 1) unsaturated organic material willquickly degrade (Moorman et al, 2010) and

Figure 3. Photograph of the Wood Chips Used for the Study (3a) and ExperimentalSetup Used for Column Study (3b)

Figure 4. Nitrate as Nitrogen Concentration Data from the Sand, Gravel, and Tire-Containing Media Batch Experiments With Error Bars Representing Standard Deviation


decrease the longevity of the system; and 2)unsaturated organic material will export highconcentrations of both nitrogen and phos-phorus from the system (Lynn et al, 2014a).

The longevity of organic material largelydepends on whether the material is placed in asaturated or unsaturated environment. Or-ganic material that is placed in an unsaturatedenvironment (such as mulch added to the sur-face) will rapidly degrade due to rapid de-composition from aerobic bacteria and fungi.In saturated environments, however, anaero-bic bacteria excrete a “film” around organic

substances, which slows organic carbon (in ad-dition to nutrient) leaching into the pore water(Malherbe and Cloete, 2002). By including or-ganic material in a permanently saturated en-vironment, it is estimated that this materialwill supply organic carbon for at least 10 years(Lynn et al, 2014a).

Typical biofiltration systems include anorganic mulch layer, which is placed just abovethe sand layer. The organic mulch layer can beused to retain oil and grease in runoff, improvemoisture in plant root zones, and prevent thegrowth of weeds (Hunt et al, 2012). However,recent findings reveal that an organic mulch

layer acts as a nutrient source, resulting in theexport of high concentrations of total kjeldahlnitrogen (TKN), phosphate, and dissolved or-ganic carbon (Lynn et al, 2014a). Furthermore,current operation and maintenance proce-dures suggest a frequent replacement of theorganic mulch layer (Hunt et al, 2012). Thesemeasures would certainly increase nutrientloadings into the system and may eventuallybe discharged into receiving waters; therefore,it is recommended to replace the organicmulch layer with a nonorganic layer such aspea gravel or lava rock.

General Sizing

To ensure effective management, deten-tion with biofiltration systems needs to be reg-ulated under specific design criteria that isindependent of other conventional stormwa-ter system design requirements. For example,if detention with biofiltration systems is de-signed in accordance with criteria for under-drain or side-drain filtration systems, therewill not be enough time to allow biologicalprocesses to substantially remove nitrogen. Ifthese systems are designed in accordance withdetention system regulations, the retention ofwater in the ponding layer could increase themosquito-breeding potential. Therefore, spe-cific design criteria for detention with biofil-tration systems need to be developed.

A large portion of biofiltration develop-ment, research, and implementation has beenconducted in the Northeast, Midwest, andMid-Atlantic states. As a result, design guide-lines for these systems are more conducive toregions that have poorly drained soils with rel-atively constant year-round precipitation. Aschematic of a typical detention with biofil-tration is shown in Figure 6a. This design in-cludes planted engineered soils thatencompass the entire bottom of the pondingarea; however, in areas with high rainfall (e.g.,Florida), stormwater management systems re-quire a larger footprint. Detention with biofil-tration designs in high-rainfall climates willrequire greater capital expenditures and oper-ation and maintenance costs if typical designsare used.

Under-drain filtration systems (Figure6b) have many similar physical characteristicsas detention with biofiltration systems. Designguidelines for under-drain filtration systemsrequire the treatment volume to be dischargedfrom the ponding area within a maximum ofone-and-a-half to three days. Engineers oftendesign these systems to be as small as permit-ted by regulation. These guidelines and result-ing design measures impact biological nutrientremoval processes since the filtration cell is op-

Figure 5. Nitrate Removal Efficiency Data From the 30-Day ADC Storm Event

Figure 6. Structural Schematics of a Typical Detention With Biofiltration System (a), anUnder-Drain Filtration System (b), and a More Suitable Detention With BiofiltrationSystem for High-Rainfall Climates (c).



erated at a low detention time.In high-rainfall climates, detention with

biofiltration systems should be designed sothat the cell footprint is smaller than the pondbottom area, but larger than the area requiredfor conventional under-drain filtration sys-tems, as shown in Figure 6c. Design require-ments should include a range of drawdowntimes to ensure that the ponding area is largeenough to prevent flooding and that a suffi-cient detention time is provided to allow bio-logical processes to occur. Three designparameters that can be modified to meet thiscriteria include: 1) changing the cell footprint;2) changing the type of filtration media used(hydraulic conductivity); and/or 3) includingan orifice between the under-drain dischargepipe and the weir control structure. Lucas andGreenway (2011a) proposed a unique dual-stage orifice discharge system that could bebeneficial under some circumstances.

Establishing Design Credits

Detention with biofiltration systemsshould be subject to similar treatment removaldesign methodologies as other stormwater sys-tems. Dry retention treatment design method-ology assumes 100 percent nutrient removalefficiency from any runoff that infiltrates intothe ground (Harper and Baker, 2007). Simi-larly, 100 percent nutrient removal efficiencyshould be assumed for any runoff that is re-tained outside of the filtration cell in deten-tion with biofiltration systems. Even thoughthis assumption is not scientifically correct, itshould be included for the designer to performa more accurate comparative analysis when se-lecting the most appropriate treatment system.

The hydraulic characteristics of detentionwith biofiltration systems are different fromother stormwater treatment systems. In par-ticular, these systems will likely be designed toinclude a large amount of engineered soil. Thedrainable porosity volume in the unsaturatedsand layer will provide a greater detention ca-pacity than just the designed ponding treat-ment volume. For example, assuming 1) asystem is designed to detain 1in. of runoff witha treatment depth of 12 in., 2) the filtration cellcontains 2 ft of unsaturated engineered sandwith a drainable porosity of 25 percent, and 3)the cell footprint is one-half the size of theponding area. If the volume of the drainableporosity is included with the volume of theponding area, then the system is actually de-signed to detain 1.25 in. of runoff.

Detention with biofiltration systems willalso detain a significant volume of runoff inthe saturated zones. Adding on to the exampleprovided, assume that the depths of the IWSZ

and under-drain layers are each 1ft and bothof these layers have a drainable porosity of 0.4.The combined detention volume of runoff inthese layers would then be 0.4 in., with a totalsystem capacity of 1.65 in. of runoff. In addi-tion, stormwater treatment regulations focuson treating runoff from small storm events.The majority of storm events will likely gen-erate a volume of runoff that is less than thepore volume capacity of the IWSZ/under-drain layers. This means that most of the gen-erated runoff will be detained during thestorm event and during the ADC days after thestorm event.

Detention with biofiltration systemsshould be provided additional water qual-ity/quantity credit for the volume of runoffthat can be detained in the sand andIWSZ/under-drain layers. However, two chal-lenges will arise in establishing this credit: 1)regulators will need to adopt robust designguidelines to ensure that this credit does notcreate unintended consequences; and 2) de-sign procedures may need to be establishedusing existing stormwater modeling softwareor simple equations that ignore importantvariables (e.g., soil moisture content), whichcontrol system performance. A practical solu-tion may be to assume that the ponding vol-ume, sand pore volume, andIWSZ/under-drain pore volume function inwhole as a detention basin where runoff“drops” into the entire system. In addition, thedischarge hydraulics of the system could bemodeled using Darcy’s Law and continued tobe modeled in this fashion, even when thewater elevation is located within the sand layer.

Issues

Stormwater filtration systems must becarefully designed and maintained to preventclogging, which can reduce flow through thetreatment system, increase flooding potential,and increase maintenance costs. Plant roots indetention with biofiltration systems can re-

duce clogging by creating macropores in thesand layer (Hatt et al, 2009); however, this canalso decrease total suspended solids removal.An additional measure could be to control theflow of the system with an orifice at the outletof the discharge pipe, as described. If an ori-fice is used, the filtration rate will be lowerthan the hydraulic capacity of the filtrationmedia, which can reduce clogging and im-prove total suspended solids removal.

There is a possibility that detention withbiofiltration systems could impact receivingwaters from indirect processes at the expenseof removing nitrate from stormwater runoff.Before denitrification occurs, facultativeanaerobic bacteria consume dissolved oxygen,reducing the dissolved oxygen concentrationsin water discharged from the IWSZ. In addi-tion, excess dissolved organic carbon pro-duced from the wood chips may also bedischarged (Lynn et al, 2014). This could pre-vent dissolved oxygen from reentering the dis-charged water, which may impair receivingsurface waters. Additional research should beperformed to investigate these potential issues.

The experimental study was focused onunderstanding the processes that control ni-trate removal in the IWSZ of detention withbiofiltration systems. However, it is also im-portant to understand how other design ele-ments (sand layer, plants, etc.) functionindependently and in combination with allother design elements to provide the most ap-propriate design recommendations. For in-stance, if ammonia is not completely nitrifiedin the sand layer before runoff enters theIWSZ, then the footprint of these systems mayneed to be increased to enhance total nitrogenremoval.

The current knowledge in understandingall of the factors that control treatmentprocesses in stormwater systems is limited.This prevents engineers from developing dy-namic water quality models that can accu-rately predict water quality performance. A

Figure 7. Installation (left) and Installed Bioretention Cells (right) at the Spotford Center




dynamic model is currently being developedfor these systems that can be used to quantifynitrogen removal performance with existingstormwater modeling software.

Full-Scale Bioretention SystemDemonstration

The current research includes an evalua-tion of full-scale bioretention systems, withand without IWSZs containing an organicelectron donor, under field conditions. Thesesystems will be used to: 1) evaluate bioreten-tion under southwest Florida conditions; 2)verify models of nitrogen removal perform-ance that are currently under development;and 3) demonstrate the value of bioretentionto community members, middle and highschool students, and regulators. Students fromthe Corporation for the Development ofCommunities (CDC) Tampa Vocational Insti-tute are assisting with this project to providegreen-job training for disadvantaged youth.

Two bioretention cells (Figure 7) wereconstructed at CDC’s Audrey Spotford Youthand Family Center in Tampa in November2013, with the help of Ceres H2O Technologiesof Sarasota. The cells receive runoff from theSpotford Center parking lot and roof. The di-mensions of the top of the ponding area are 11ft x 16 ft. Cell A has an IWSZ containing amixture of wood chips and pea gravel, similarto the medium described in the column ex-periments. Cell B is a conventional bioreten-tion design without an IWSZ. Each cell wasinstalled in a wooden frame lined with an im-permeable geomembrane (20 ft x 24 ft) thatprevents water table drawdown. An under-drain system was designed to allow samplingof system effluents. Both cells were topped off

with a 1-ft-deep layer of paver sand andplanted with native vegetation including BlueLove Grass (Eragrostis elliottii), Sea Ox-eyeDaisy (Borrichia frutescens), Frog Fruit (Phylanodiflora), and Soft Rush (Juncus effuses).Plants are an important aesthetic element,which can also help to avoid erosion of thesand. Plants also play a role in nutrient uptake(Lucas and Greenway, 2011b). Native plantsare recommended because they are adapted tothe local weather patterns and do not need fer-tilization; however, vegetation requires main-tenance, especially at the beginning until rootsare established.

After some showers and thunderstormsduring the winter of 2013-2014, erosion beganoccurring along the sides of the bioretentioncells. High-velocity water from a nearby down-spout and the setup of the liner were causingerosion inside and around the system. The linerbegan to collapse and plants and sod that wereplaced over the liner did not root and began todie. To solve these problems, the liner was cutback and nailed to the edge of the woodenframe, dead plants were replaced, and 3/8-in.river rock mulch was added over the sand. Asplash block was placed below the downspout toreduce the velocity of the rainwater (Figure 8).

Conclusions

More stringent regulations for controllingnutrient discharges from urbanized areas haverecently been adopted to protect and enhancethe quality of surface waters; however, thesemeasures present economic challenges to devel-opers, as greater land areas will need to be de-voted to on-site stormwater managementsystems. Detention with biofiltration systemscan provide a solution to both of these prob-lems. The research shows that these systems have

the potential to increase nutrient removal, whiledecreasing the stormwater management systemfootprint. Additional laboratory research, mod-eling studies, and field studies are needed to havegreater assurance that detention with biofiltra-tion systems effectively manages stormwaterrunoff under Florida specific conditions.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank USF fac-ulty and students Dr. Maya Trotz, Ryan Loci-cero, Valerie Mauricio-Cruz, and LauraRankin for their assistance with this study.Freddy Barton and Lafe Thomas of CDC ofTampa Inc. and Grant Beatt and Bradley Mainof Ceres H2O Technologies also assisted withinstallation of the field bioretention cells. Stafffrom Sarasota County provided eucalyptuswood chips and Liberty Tire Recycling pro-vided tire chips. This material is based uponwork supported by the Tampa Bay EstuaryProgram, Southwest Florida Water Manage-ment District, and the National Science Foun-dation (Grant Number 0965743). Anyopinions, findings, and conclusions or recom-mendations expressed in this material arethose of the author(s) and do not necessarilyreflect the views of the funding agencies.

References

• Davis, A.P., Shokouhian, M. Sharma, H., andMinami, C. (2006) “Water Quality Improve-ment through Bioretention Media: Nitrogenand Phosphorus Removal.” Water Environ-ment Research, 78(3), 284-293.

• Ergas, S.J., Sengupta, S., Siegel, R., Pandit, A.,Yao, Y., and Yuan, X. (2010) “Performance ofNitrogen-Removing Bioretention Systemsfor Control of Agricultural Runoff.” Journalof Environmental Engineering – ASCE,136(10), 1105-1112.

• Facility for Advancing Water Biofiltration(2008) “Advancing the Design of StormwaterBiofiltration.” Monash University. Australia.

• Gregory, J., Cunningham, B., Ammenson, L.,Clark, M., and Hull, H.C. (2011) “ModifyingLow-Impact Development Practices forFlorida Watersheds.” Florida Watershed Jour-nal. 4(1), 7-11.

• Harper, H.H., and Baker, D.M. (2007) “Evalua-tion of Current Stormwater Design Criteriawithin the State of Florida: Final Report.” Envi-ronmental Research & Design Inc. Orlando, Fla.

• Hatt, B.E., Fletcher, T.D., and Deletic, A.(2009) “Hydrologic and Pollutant RemovalPerformance of Stormwater BiofiltrationSystems at the Field Scale.” Journal of Hy-drology. 365, 310-321.

• Hunt, W.F., Davis, A.P., Traver, R.G. (2012)Figure 8. Rehabilitation of Geomembrane Liner and Plant Maintenance After FirstWinter



“Meeting Hydrologic and Water QualityGoals through Targeted Bioretention De-sign.” Journal of Environmental Engineering– ASCE, 138, 698-707.

• Kim, H., Seagren, E.A., and Davis, A.P.(2003) “Engineered Bioretention for Re-moval of Nitrate from Stormwater Runoff.”Water Environment Research, 75, 355-367.

• Krayzelova, L., Lynn, T.J., Banihani, Q., Bar-tacek, J., Jenicek, P., Ergas, S.J. (2014) A Tire-Sulfur Hybrid Adsorption Denitrification(T-SHAD) Process for Decentralized Waste-water Treatment, Water Research, in review.

• Lucas, W. C., and Greenway, M. (2011a) “Hy-draulic Response and Nitrogen Retention inBioretention Mesocosms with RegulatedOutlets: Part I-Hydraulic Response.” WaterEnvironment Research, 83(8), 692-702.

• Lucas, W. C., and Greenway, M. (2011b) “Hy-draulic Response and Nitrogen Retention inBioretention Mesocosms with RegulatedOutlets: Part II-Nitrogen Retention.” WaterEnvironment Research, 83(8), 703-713.

• Lynn, T.J., Yeh, D.H., Ergas, S.J. (2014a) “Bi-ological Processes in Internal Water StorageZones of Bioretention Systems.” Water Re-search. In Review.

• Lynn, T.J., Nachabe, M.H., Ergas, S.J.(2014b) “Dynamic Processes in InternalWater Storage Zones of Bioretention Sys-tems.” Jounral of Environmental Engineering– ASCE. In Review.

• Malherbe, S., and Cloete, T.E. (2002) “Lig-nocellulose Biodegradation: Fundamentalsand Applications.” Reviews in EnvironmentalScience & Bio/Technology, 1, 105-114.

• Moorman, T. B., Parkin, T. B., Kaspar, T. C.,and Jaynes, D. B. (2010) “Denitrification Ac-tivity, Wood Loss, and N2O Emissions Over9 Years from a Wood Chip Bioreactor.” Eco-logical Engineering, 36, 1567-1574.

• NC State University (2009) “Urban Water-ways: Designing Bioretention with an Inter-nal Water Storage Layer.” North CarolinaCooperative Extension, College of Agricul-ture & Life Sciences. AG-588-19W.

• Prince George’s Country (2009) BioretentionManual. Prince George’s County, Maryland.

• Sarasota County (2009) Sarasota CountyLow-Impact Development Manual. SarasotaCounty, Fla.

• USEPA (2005) National Management Meas-ures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollutionfrom Urban Areas, EPA-841-B-05-004, U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Nov.2005. ��


Last month I described how I came towork with the City of Cocoa Utilities.For 33 years I enjoyed working on

many projects alongside many wonderfulcoworkers. In addition to those directly em-ployed by Cocoa, I also worked with engi-neering consulting firms and stateregulatory agencies. I found almost all ofthe engineers and regulators to be profes-sional, highly intelligent, and very consci-entious about their work.

Let me take just a moment to explainto those who aren’t too familiar with thisutility. The water reclamation plant and re-claimed system are regional, serving bothinside and outside the city limits. About 75percent of the customers reside in the city;however, the water system is quite different,as it serves all of central Brevard County,with less than 10 percent of its customerswithin the Cocoa city limits.

The cities of Rockledge, CapeCanaveral, and Cocoa Beach, as well as theunincorporated areas, are supplied withCocoa water. The Disney ships and othercruise lines at Port Canaveral fill up theirvessels with Cocoa water. The launches atKennedy Space Center cool their pads withCocoa water. Videos of the shuttle launchesbroadcast around the world show a bellow-ing white cloud expanding at ground levelof Cocoa water turning to steam. WhenNASA’s Apollo program took men to themoon, some of the water making the land-ing went through Cocoa Utilities’ treatmentplant.

Cocoa Utilities gets its raw water sup-ply from both groundwater and surfacewater. The groundwater comes from wellslocated over 20 miles inland from the ocean.Even this far inland, wells are still con-structed and operated to control saltwaterintrusion, primarily from below, which isknown as upconing. The surface watersource is from Taylor Creek Reservoir, con-structed by the Army Corps of Engineers(ACOE) as part of a flood control and watersupply project in the 1960s.

Throughout my time at Cocoa Utilities,I had many opportunities to interact withthe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,Florida Department of Environmental Pro-tection, and ACOE for projects related towetland impacts, consumptive use, watersupply and plant construction permits, andoperational issues. Oftentimes, the Utilities’engineering consultants were involved inthese same issues. One thing that was quiteevident to me was that each entity, utility,consultant, and regulator looked at an issueprimarily from his or her perspective.

A utility extracts, treats, and distributeswater to its customers. It’s on the front linedealing with budgets, customers, treatment,personnel, infrastructure, equipment, regu-lations, demand management, water qual-ity, sustainability, capital expansion,growth, etc. It utilizes consultants to per-form those larger, more complicated func-tions that in-house staff aren’t geared tohandle.

In Florida, engineering consultants arehired through a legal process in accordancewith the Consultants Competitive Negotia-tions Act (CCNA). Consultants work withina project budget, meeting sometimes previ-ously unknown constraints from both theirclient and regulators—and at times work-ing 50- and 60-hour work weeks, includingweekends. As technology changes, so dothey. Their designs must be “permitable,”constructible, cost-effective, and operator-friendly. Their engineer’s estimate can’t belower than the lowest responsible bidder’sprice.

Both the utility and its consultant con-duct their work under the watchful eye ofenvironmental regulators, who know andenforce the rules established to provide pro-tection for the environment and the cus-tomers of the utility. They’re oftentimes putin the middle and blamed for cost escala-tion. Their permit conditions oftentimesdon’t appear to add value, just cost. Theirinput is often welcomed as much as theflashing blue light in a car’s rearview mirror.

With each entity playing a specific role,at times there are occasions for disagree-ment. For those who have encountered suchdisagreements, you might say my descrip-tion is much too mild. I agree. Sometimesthe disagreements take on a life of their ownand legal professionals may have to get in-

volved. It can get very complicated, verymessy, very time-consuming, and very ex-pensive.

Early in my career I recognized thisphenomenon, and took the occasion tomention to many people working in one ofthese three roles that the water industrywould probably be much better served ifthroughout one’s career, water profession-als switched to one of the other two—per-haps every five to 10 years—and thenswitched again to the remaining role. Mythought here is that not having firsthandknowledge of what each of us does in ourrole as utility employee, consultant, or reg-ulator, we probably have a tendency to notfully understand what the others do and theramifications of our actions and how theyaffect everyone. Perhaps misunderstand-ings, multiple communications, requests forinformation (RFI), multiple change orders,wasted time and resources, etc., could begreatly reduced or even eliminated if eachof us better understood what “the otherpeople” were dealing with.

Now I work for the St. Johns RiverWater Management District (SJRMD). Asyou can tell, I didn’t change roles every fiveto 10 years; I haven’t met too many whohave. It hasn’t been easy, but it’s been veryeye-opening. I already had a great deal ofrespect for many employees with the Dis-trict, and I’ve come to learn more closelythat my respect was well-deserved. Balanc-ing environmental concerns with watersupply and flood control in a state prone tohurricanes, periodic droughts, and fires isno easy task, but a very necessary one. TheSJRWMD does it so very well.

It may not be practical for many tomake such a career change, but I do believeour industry would be better for it. In lieuof it ever becoming more common, I’d rec-ommend that each of you working for autility, consultant, or regulator, or in salesor construction, do your best to understandissues from more than your own perspec-tive. Seek resolutions that are fair to—andright for—all parties. Put aside selfish de-sires of your own and work toward temper-ing them with those in your uppermanagement. Really care about each other.

Try to have fun doing it as well—and asPaul Harvey would say, “That’s the rest of thestory.” ��

Carl R. Larrabee Jr.Chair, FSAWWA

Now for the “Rest of the Story”FSAWWA SPEAKING OUT

Kevin Vickers and Ted McKim

Greetings from the FWEA WastewaterProcess Committee! We are excited tostart a new feature for the magazine

entitled, “The Process Page.” Each month, youcan catch up on one of the many outstandingtreatment facilities we have here in Florida aswe will be using this article to highlight thewinners of the Earle B. Phelps Award. We hopethat you will enjoy reading about these award-winning facilities and that maybe you’ll learnsomething that could possibly be imple-mented at your plant. To kick off the very firstedition, we will be highlighting the treatmentfacility that services Walt Disney World.

Reedy Creek Improvement District

Wastewater Treatment Facility

The facility (see photo that shows an aer-ial view) was originally constructed in 1970 at acapacity of 3.3 mil gal per day (mgd). Sincethen, it has been expanded and/or upgradedfour times. Currently, the facility is undergoingexpansion to 20 mgd and it is expected to becomplete in August. For over 24 years, the facil-ity has been providing water that is100 percentreuse and has not had a surface water discharge.The facility has a significant number of re-claimed users on its system that account for amajority of the reclaimed water that is pro-duced. Reclaimed water is used for irrigationthroughout the Walt Disney World parks, golfcourses, landscaping, and highway medians.

FWEA COMMITTEE CORNER

Committee to ProvideMonthly

TreatmentFacility Updates

Welcome to the FWEA Committee Corner! The Public Relations Committee of the Florida WaterEnvironment Association hosts this article to celebrate the success of recent association committee

activities and inform members of upcoming events. To have information included for yourcommittee, send details to Suzanne Melcher at [email protected].

SuzanneMechler


Since the 1992 expansion, the treatmentfacility has employed a five-stage Bardenphoprocess, followed by filtration and high-leveldisinfection. The current facility consists of in-fluent screening (3mm), grit removal, odorcontrol system (headworks), flow equalization,biological nutrient removal, secondary clarifi-cation, chemical feed facilities, filtration, chlo-rination with sodium hypochlorite solution,and dewatering of residuals by gravity beltthickeners (see process diagram). Furtherresiduals treatment is achieved through a con-tracted on-site residuals management facilitythat employs two-step anaerobic digestion,followed by a centrifuge and indirect thermaldryer for fertilizer production. The biogas iscleaned, compressed, and combusted in twointernal combustion engines for generation ofelectricity, and the waste heat from the enginesis used to heat the digester contents, as well aspower the thermal dryer.

Daily flows will vary from a low of 10mgd to a peak of more than 15 mgd duringthe course of a year. Peak flows occur in thesummer months and low flows typicallyoccur in mid-December through early Janu-ary. The facility practices flow equalizationwith aeration tanks that were previously

placed out of service. The operators reportthat the surge tanks allow them to keep a uni-form flow and load to the biological nutrientremoval portion of the facility. This practiceaids in achieving consistently high-quality ef-fluent throughout the diurnal flow patternsof the day and throughout the year. Addi-tional practices that aid in achieving consis-tently high-quality effluent includecontinuous wasting of activated sludge, op-erating at an extended solids retention time(14+/- days), treating a strictly domestic typewastewater devoid of any industrial inputs,and having a robust industrial waste pre-treatment program. The table summarizesthe effluent quality relative to permitted re-quirements.

The facility is staffed with sixteen opera-tors (12 Class A and 4 Class B), two instrumentand controls technicians, two mechanics, twoelectricians, and one supervisor. Operators em-ploy several parameters for process control in-cluding chemical oxygen demand (COD), totalsuspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP), pH, mixed liquor sus-pended solids (MLSS), mixed liquor volatilesuspended solids (MLVSS), sludge volumeindex (SVI), solids retention time (SRT), sludgeblanket, dissolved oxygen (DO), and coliform.

Kevin Vickers is a professional engineerwith Kimley Horn in Ocala and Ted McKim is aprincipal civil engineer with Reedy Creek EnergyServices in Lake Buena Vista. ��


Rick Ratcliffe was given the 2014 John LechnerAward of Excellence on June 10 at the Water Indus-try Luncheon held at the AWWA Annual Confer-ence and Exposition (ACE) in Boston.

Ratcliffe was praised by the Florida Section ofAWWA, which nominated him for the award, as a“tireless advocate for the drinking water industry.”He is especially well-regarded for his dedication tothe section’s Manufacturers/Associates Council(MAC), serving on the council since 1992. He hasalso served on the section’s Executive Committee invarious roles, including section chair in 2011-2012.

During Ratcliffe’s time with the section, he hasbeen applauded for his work on its annual fall con-ference and the annual drinking water taste test,which is held at the Florida Water Resources Con-ference in the spring. Ratcliffe currently works as asales manager for American Flow Control in Tampa.

The John Lechner Award recognizes a sectionMAC member who has demonstrated exemplaryservice to the drinking water industry and to AWWA’smission and goals. Each AWWA section has the op-portunity to recognize individual achievements andto submit a section winner for the award. ��

Rick Ratcliffe Receives 2014 John LechnerAward of Excellence at AWWA Conference

Rick Ratcliffe receives his award from Christopher Jarrett, AWWA Manufacturers/AssociatesCouncil chair.


Angus W. Stocking

Atlantic Beach is a coastal community of13,000 people in Duval County. As the nameimplies, it has a beach, and the nearby oceanaffects every aspect of life, including the infra-structure. Atlantic Beach’s biggest subdivision,Royal Palms, which was built in the early1960s, didn’t really take that into account.

“The majority of the Royal Palms stormsewer system, which also serves a largedrainage area north of the subdivision, is cor-rugated metal pipe, or CMP,” says PublicWorks Director Rick Carper, “and the salt, tidalinfluence, and sandy soil have caused majorproblems, like leaks, corrosion, subsidence,and even collapses.”

The city was shocked to learn that it hadspent $200,000 on spot repairs, with no end insight. So, Atlantic Beach embarked on a $3.2million storm sewer rehabilitation project.

Most of the rehabilitation was done by re-placing CMP with reinforced concrete pipe(RCP) or high-density polyethylene (HDPE)pipe, which, of course, required excavation. But,for a substantial percentage of the pipe, excava-tion or trenching was not a viable solution.“Several areas of buried line fell outside of road-ways or right-of-ways, in easements,” Carper ex-plains, “and we don’t do that anymore, becauseof the problems it creates.” In this case, largeconstruction easements near homes were re-quired for excavation, and homeowners wereunwilling to grant those easements.

“We were able to realign around some ofthe problem CMP,” says Carper, “but somesimply had to stay in-place and excavatingwasn’t really an option, so we looked at trench-less methods.” Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) wasused for most of the smaller diameter pipe thatneeded rehabilitation, but for two long runs of106 ft and 119 ft, CIPP was not considered agood option. “These were large elliptical pipes,with cross-sections of 40 x 65 in., and 44 x 72in.,” Carper explains, “and the size meant thatCIPP would simply cost too much.” In fact, theadded cost came to $76,000, and that amountof funding just wasn’t available.

Putting off repair wasn’t an option either.“We inspected the pipes by closed-circuit TVand saw leaks and holes at the springline,” says

Carper. "We also observed subsidence and hadto do something because more rotting mighthave led to a complete collapse.”

So, Carper asked the lead contractor tolook into alternatives, particularly a relativelynew solution called CentriPipe.

An Attractive Alternative

CentriPipe is a centrifugal compactionsystem from AP/M Permaform that was pio-neered in manholes. It is now being used inhorizontal pipe and it works well on large pipe.Carper was impressed by a Florida Depart-ment of Transportation project that had suc-cessfully used the CentriPipe system on a 13-ftdiameter pipe. Basically, the spincaster is in-serted into pipe and withdrawn at a predeter-mined speed, while special mortar pumps tothe spincaster for centrifugal compaction inmultiple thin layers form a completely struc-tural liner. The finished product is smooth andtightly bonded, and it doesn’t significantly re-duce inner diameter or flow.

Permacast PL-8000 from AP/M Per-maform (distributed by Coastal ConstructionProducts Inc.) was used. The PL-8000 is ahigh-strength, fiber-reinforced packaged ce-ment mixture that is mixed on-site with waterand then pumped to the CentriPipe spincaster.It can be applied to most substrates (brick,concrete, metal, etc.) and it is waterproof, cor-rosion-resistant, and structurally sound, evenin relatively thin layers.

The advantages of CentriPipe on the At-lantic Beach project were obvious. Since runsof up to 400 ft are possible by insertion andwithdrawal, no trenching is needed. The finalproduct is a completely sound and smoothstructural liner with no seams or joints, whilemaintaining maximum flow capacity. It is alsocost-effective, especially when used in larger-diameter pipe. “We figured we saved $30,000on this part of the sewer rehabilitation, com-pared to CIPP,” says Carper.

Rehabilitation from the Inside

The CentriPipe work was subcontractedto T.V. Diversified Inc., a trenchless rehabilita-tion contractor based in south Florida that is

licensed by AP/M Permaform for the CentriP-ipe system. Owner Tom Vitale, Jr. says that ex-cavation would have been especially difficulton these sewers. “The lines ran between houseson a narrow easement, with a curb inlet andexcavation that would have put the houses atrisk of settling,” says Vitale.

Working from the inlet, Vitale dewateredthe system with bypass pumps, spent threedays cleaning the sewer with high-pressure jetstreams, and repaired holes and gaps in themetal pipe with PL-8000. He also sprayed PL-12,000 along the pipe invert to fill in the dam-aged pipe and give it a smooth "floor" so thatthe CentriPipe spincaster could be withdrawnwithout excess vibration or shaking. TheCMP’s elliptical shape was not a problem. “Weended up with a bit less coverage at the 3o’clock and 9 o’clock positions, but honestly,it wasn’t a big deal,” he says. Ultimately, withjust one pass, the CMP was coated with asmooth liner that was 1.75 in. thick at the topand bottom, and 1.5 in. thick at the sides.

Another advantage of CentriPipe is theminimal staging area needed. “We only neededenough space to park a 25-ft trailer and a 20-ft box truck, so it was basically like parking onthe street,” says Vitale. This meant that trafficdisruption was minimal since the AtlanticBeach Public Works Department only neededto close one lane.

To ensure quality, Atlantic Beach sched-uled continuous inspections during the workand will follow up with an inspection in fiveyears. So far, they’re very happy with the re-sults. “This really solved a problem for us, andhelped us to complete an important project,”says Carper.

There are more trenchless repair optionsthan ever before, and CentriPipe—also knownas centrifugally cast concrete pipe (CCCP)—fills an important niche: it is cost-effective,structurally sound, has minimal impact onflow, and requires less staging area than otheroptions. For municipalities making tough de-cisions on big projects, it’s likely to be a veryuseful solution.

Angus W. Stocking, L.S., is a licensed land sur-veyor and full-time infrastructure writer. He canbe contacted at www.InfrastructureWriting. ��

CentriPipe® Saves Budget for Atlantic Beach Storm Sewer

T E C H N O L O G Y S P O T L I G H T

Technology Spotlight is a paid feature sponsored by the advertisement on the facing page. The Journal and its publisher do not endorse any product that appears in this column. If you would like to have your technology featured, contact Mike Delaney at 352-241-6006 or at [email protected].


The City of Cocoa (City) is located in eastcentral Florida within Brevard Countyalong the Indian River Lagoon, as shown

in Figure 1. The lagoon is an estuary of nationalsignificance spanning 251 km (156 mi) ofFlorida’s eastern coastline. Historical activitiessuch as development, dredging, and diversion offreshwater have resulted in the loss of saltmarshes, degradation of habitat, and the intro-duction of pollutants. Other anthropogenic in-

puts, including untreated stormwater runoff andwastewater discharges, have also degraded the la-goon’s water quality.

In 2009, Florida issued a total maximumdaily load (TMDL) for nutrients and dissolvedoxygen (DO) for segments of the lagoon. As a re-sult of the TMDL, the City was required to sig-nificantly reduce wet weather discharge pollutantloadings from its Jerry Sellers Water ReclamationFacility (WRF) to the lagoon.

Background

Prior to adoption of the Indian River La-goon TMDL, the City was authorized to dis-charge up to 41,007 lbs/yr of total nitrogen (TN)and 13,669 lbs/yr of total phosphorus (TP) fromthe WRF to the lagoon as part of its assignedwaste load allocation (WLA). The City’s waste-water facility permit allowed surface dischargefrom the facility for up to 91 days per year. Theremainder of the time, per the Florida Depart-ment of Environmental Protection (FDEP), thetreated wastewater was directed to a 4.5-mil-gal-per-day (mgd) annual average daily flow (AADF)permitted capacity slow-rate public access sys-tem, which consisted of on-site irrigation anddecorative ponds, irrigation of residential lawns,parks, playgrounds, cemeteries, golf drivingranges, highway medians, and other landscapeareas within the City’s reuse service area (FDEP,2009). Once the TMDL was adopted, the City re-ceived a new WLA from FDEP, which repre-sented 86.5 and 89.6 percent reductions in TNand TP, respectively, from the previous WLA.Under the new WLA, the City is authorized todischarge 5,556 lbs/yr and 1,423 lbs/yr of TN andTP, respectively, from the WRF to the lagoonduring wet weather conditions. Once the TMDLwas adopted by FDEP, the City’s wastewater fa-cility permit was subsequently modified to re-flect these more stringent WLA limits.

Prior to the new WLA, the City had estab-lished an aggressive reuse program. When reusedemand exceeded its wastewater effluent, de-mand was met though supplemental sources,such as stormwater from Bracco Reservoir, orgroundwater. Direct discharge to the lagoon,

Reclaimed Water and Stormwater: A Perfect Pair to Meet Total Maximum

Daily Load Wasteload Allocations?Danielle Honour, James Wittig, John A. Walsh, and Don Stevens

Danielle Honour, P.E., D.WRE, and JamesWittig, P.E., are principal water resourcesengineers with CDM Smith in Maitland.John A. Walsh, P.E., is utilities director withCity of Cocoa. Don Stevens issuperintendent of the Jerry Sellers WaterReclamation Facility, City of Cocoa.

F W R J

Figure 1. Location Map

however, was allowed periodically during wet weather when surplus ex-ceeded demand. The more stringent effluent limits imposed by theTMDL created a challenge of how to further manage the City’s resourcesin order to achieve and maintain feasible operations, as well as permitcompliance.

Site Description

The Bracco Reservoir has a 7.3-km2 (1,800-acre) tributary area. Itconsists of a system of five wet detention ponds that store 130 mil gal(MG) of water. Figure 2 shows the project location, including BraccoReservoir. In the northern tributary area, stormwater is conveyed to theBracco Reservoir through a series of wetlands. A 0.0130-km2 (3.3-acre)stormwater treatment facility permitted to the Florida Department ofTransportation (FDOT) to treat and attenuate runoff from the wideningof highway U.S. 1 is located east of the wetlands. At the time of this eval-uation, the facility did not receive stormwater runoff as roadway widen-ing had not yet been completed. Immediately south of the FDOTstormwater treatment facility is North Fiske Pond, a 0.077-km2 (19-acre)stormwater management facility that shares a common outfall with theFDOT stormwater treatment pond. This pond is owned by the City. Itsonly current surface water inputs are rainfall and runoff from open spacesurrounding the pond. When the FDOT pond is active, North Fiske Pondcould accept overflows based on the current design configuration. Over-flow would occur through a common outfall and discharge west to thewetlands.

Figure 2. Project Area

Figure 3. Bracco Reservoir Figure 4. North Fiske Pond Proposed System Configuration




From the wetlands, surface water flowssouth and enters the northernmost pond in theBracco Reservoir system. Figure 3 shows theBracco Reservoir configuration. From this point,surface water flows south through the series ofinterconnected wet detention ponds that makeup the Bracco Reservoir system. Depending onconditions, discharge can occur through a 72-in.reinforced concrete pipe to the lagoon. BraccoReservoir also accepts stormwater runoff fromurbanized areas to the west and south. Stormwa-ter can also be withdrawn from the southern-most pond in Bracco Reservoir for use by theCity as an alternative source to supplement its re-claimed water supply at the WRF.

Methodology

Faced with this more stringent WLA, theCity realized that more controls would be neededto reduce the frequency (and associated load-ings) of wastewater discharges to the lagoon. Tomeet the WLA, the City identified potential rout-ing of reclaimed water from the WRF to City-owned North Fiske Pond. In addition toreceiving limited stormwater runoff inputs,North Fiske Pond also had surplus storage of 79acre-ft based on its normal water level. Under thecurrent design configuration, North Fiske Ponddischarges directly to surface waters (i.e., wet-lands) to the west. The City thus needed to iden-tify a feasible and permittable solution thatroutes reclaimed water to a surface water man-agement pond, potentially intermingling re-

claimed and surface waters.In Florida, wastewater facility discharges are

permitted through the FDEP, while surface watermanagement is largely regulated by one of fivestate water management districts. The City is lo-cated within the St. Johns River Water Manage-ment District (SJRWMD) and subject to theregulations of that agency. Subsequent to coor-dinating with each agency about the proposedproject, goals and constraints of the project wereestablished to meet the requirements of each re-spective agency, as well as to minimize the fre-quency of comingling reclaimed water andoff-site surface waters. Constraints and goals es-tablished for this project included:� Reduce point source discharges to the lagoon

by applying reclaimed water to North FiskePond.

� Provide the ability to apply reclaimed water toNorth Fiske Pond with as much flexibility, fre-quency, and capacity as possible to reduce wetweather discharges to the lagoon and main-tain compliance with the TMDL and WLA.

� Once reclaimed water is routed to North FiskePond, discharge from the pond will not occurexcept during extreme storm events.

� The proposed system shall not affect the ex-isting stormwater management system or in-crease design peak stages and flows.

To demonstrate the performance of the sur-face water management system under proposedconditions, a stormwater model of the existingsystem was developed. Baseline informationabout the hydraulics of the current system was

compiled through comprehensive review of pre-vious environmental resource permits issued forNorth Fiske Pond and Bracco Reservoir. The hy-drology was formulated using basin delineationsfrom environmental resource permits and sub-sequently updated using current 1-ft topo-graphic information, current land use, and soilsinformation. The information obtained duringfield visits was also used to supplement modeldevelopment. A stormwater model using the in-terconnected channel and pond routing (ICPR)software developed by Streamline Technologies®was used to simulate stormwater runoff androuting in the project area.

To achieve discharge from North FiskePond during only extreme storms, modificationof the pond’s existing 24-in. outfall pipe was pro-posed. The modification included adding a con-trol structure to regulate discharge to thedownstream wetland from North Fiske Pond.Consistent with the goals of the proposed sys-tem, and in conjunction with the modificationto the North Fiske outfall pipe, an operationsplan was developed to define the conditionsunder which reclaimed water could be applied toNorth Fiske Pond. The operations plan is basedon the water level within North Fiske Pond; re-claimed water can be applied to the North FiskePond whenever the water level is below a desig-nated level. Based on the proposed modificationto the North Fiske outfall pipe and modeling re-sults, the operations plan included the following:� The proposed North Fiske Pond control

structure would be set to a control elevationof 27.75 ft National Geodetic Vertical Datum(NGVD).

� Reclaimed water could be applied to NorthFiske Pond as long as the pond stage is lessthan 26.75 ft NGVD.

Under the proposed condition, the FDOTpond would still operate as designed and per-mitted. The control structure regulating flowfrom North Fiske Pond was sized to eliminatesignificant increases in peak stages and flowsdownstream during design storm events (i.e., 25-year and 100-year/24-hour return periods).Under proposed conditions, an 8-in. line wasused to estimate the maximum flow of reclaimedwater from the WRF to North Fiske Pond. Thiswas represented as a baseflow component thatwas introduced to North Fiske Pond in the pro-posed conditions model. Figures 4 and 5 showthe proposed system configuration in layout andcross-section formats. The proposed improve-ments required preparation of a modification tothe City’s wastewater facility permit and modifi-cation to the existing environmental resourcepermit issued by SJRWMD for North FiskePond.

Figure 5. North Fiske Pond Proposed Control Structure: Design Configuration



Results

Tables 1 and 2 show the flow and stage re-sults for the existing and proposed project. Stagesand flows do not increase significantly under theproposed condition. North Fiske Pond is antici-pated to only discharge during storm eventsgreater than the 25-year/24-hour storm. UnderSJRWMD’s rules, stormwater management sys-tems must treat and attenuate runoff generatedby a 25-year/24-hour design storm.

As a result of routing reclaimed water toNorth Fiske Pond, it is anticipated that wetweather discharges to the lagoon from the WRFwill be reduced. Flows will be routed to the pondvia an 8-in. line, which has an estimated flow ca-pacity of 1.25 mgd. The control structure forNorth Fiske Pond will also be modified so thatsurface water overflow from the pond will onlyoccur as a result of a storm exceeding the 25-yeardesign event. Discharge monitoring reports forthe WRF over 12 years were reviewed to estimatethe potential load reduction associated with theproposed improvements. Discharge monitoringreports for 2001 through 2005 were included inthe review to determine how the WLA was orig-inally calculated by FDEP. Once values calculatedby FDEP were replicated, the same methodologywas applied to the entire period of record. Fig-ures 6 and 7 summarize average annual TN andTP loads to the lagoon based on discharge mon-itoring reports data, as well as with the antici-pated improvements in place. The difference inload that could potentially be discharged to thelagoon was calculated for months where dis-charge exceeded an average flow rate of 1.25 mgd(the estimated capacity of the 8-in. line that willroute reclaimed water to North Fiske Pond). Formonths not exceeding an average flow rate of1.25 mgd, a credit for 100 percent of the monthlyload was applied as a potential reduction. Thepercent load reduction anticipated for each yearof reporting with the improvements in place isalso shown in the figures.

Conclusion

Table 1 shows that peak stages do not varysignificantly between existing and proposedconditions. The peak stage of North Fiske Ponddoes not exceed the proposed control elevationfor the 25-year storm and therefore will notdischarge to the wetland except during largerstorms. The results in Table 2 demonstrate thatflows to the adjacent wetlands under existingand proposed conditions are also consistent,both from the project area and from all up-stream areas. These analyses demonstrate thatexisting and proposed conditions are consis-tent and show no significant differences.

Table 1. Simulated Peak Stage

Table 2. Simulated Peak Discharge

Figure 6. Anticipated Total Nitrogen Load Reductions Based on Discharge Monitoring Report Data

Figure 7. Anticipated Total Phosphorus Load Reductions Based on Discharge Monitoring Report DataContinued on page 32


Figures 6 and 7 demonstrate that the pro-posed improvements have the potential tomeet the WLA for TN (5,556 lbs/yr) and TP(1,423 lbs/yr) on an annual basis as currentlyrequired by the City’s permit. Except for 2005-2006, resulting discharges to the lagoon due tothe proposed improvement would be signifi-cantly below the required WLA for the WRF.Actual load reductions provided by the pro-posed improvements would depend on the ac-tual wasteload flow rates and flow capacities ofthe reclaimed system and North Fiske Pond.Future load reductions to the lagoon that occursubsequent to implementation of the proposedimprovements will depend on the following:1. Actual wet weather flows from the WRF, as

load is dependent on flow from the plant.2. Available capacity in North Fiske Pond. An

operating schedule for the proposed im-provements has been proposed so that dis-charge of reclaimed water to the pondcannot occur when the pond is at or above26.75 ft NGVD. If the pond has met or ex-ceeded this elevation, flow from the WRFwill be discharged to the lagoon as allowedunder the current permit.

Based on the estimated cumulative loadreduction shown over the 12-year period ofrecord (63,199 lbs/yr of TN and 5,808 lbs/yrof TP), the City may consider coordinatingwith FDEP to determine if future reductions,as a result of the proposed improvements, canbe credited toward the remaining requirednonpoint source reductions under the City’sNational Pollutant Discharge Elimination Sys-tem (NPDES) Municipal Separate StormSewer System (MS4) permit to meet theTMDL. Since this evaluation was completed inearly 2013, the City recently began implemen-tation of the modifications to the stormwaterand reclaimed water infrastructure associatedwith the North Fiske Pond. Once the im-provements are in place, the frequency and du-ration of discharge from the North Fiske Pondwill be measured and reported by the City as apermit condition.

References

Florida Department of EnvironmentalProtection (2009). TMDL Report. Nutrientand Dissolved Oxygen TMDLs for the IndianRiver Lagoon and Banana River Lagoon.

Florida Department of EnvironmentalProtection (2013). Basin Management ActionPlan for the Implementation of Total DailyMaximum Loads for Nutrients Adopted by theFlorida Department of Environmental Protec-tion in the Indian River Lagoon Basin, NorthIndian River Lagoon. ��


In last month's column, I spoke aboutthe broad objectives that we would liketo accomplish for FWEA:

1. Clear vision for the next six to eightyears, with goals and metrics centeredaround that vision.

2. Integration of more Gen Xers and GenYers into our mix.

3. Inclusion of more members of the utilitycommunity into our mix.

4. Operating FWEA well and in a mannerthat sustains our long-term viability andgrowth.

This month, I wanted to share some ofmy thoughts with you on the importanceof participating and volunteering in FWEA.

It has become apparent to me thatFWEA has changed a lot over the last sevenor eight years since my last stint at the helm.A key change is that instead of having oneor two large events over the course of theyear we now have numerous smaller eventsthat are organized by the local chapters andcommittees.

Local chapters conduct regular meet-ings throughout the year. From lunch pre-sentations, to golf and fishing tournamentsthat raise money for various worthy causesand scholarships, local chapters have be-come the face of FWEA to our membership.Our committees are focused on developingand disseminating relevant information toour members and nonmembers alike.

Because there are a large number ofevents spread out all over Florida, it’s easyfor you to engage and get your voice heard.I encourage you to attend, and better yet,volunteer to organize FWEA events andparticipate in committees that cover topicsof interest to you. Please email me directly [email protected] and I will find the right

volunteer opportunity for you. The three-pronged mission of FWEA

allows all readers of this article to see theimportance of participating and volunteer-ing for the Association. Our mission is asfollows:1. Advance public education by educating

the broader public about water.2. Promote sound public policy by advo-

cating for matters related to Florida’s en-vironment.

3. Provide professional development forour members.

The first objective of advancing publiceducation is important to our industry. Forexample, as you may know, many miscon-ceptions still exist in the public sphereabout what is actually flushable. Raisingawareness about the problem of flushingthings that shouldn't go down a drain (wetwipes, for example) only helps our indus-try. This year, we will have several water fes-tivals, spearheaded by local chapters incoordination with local utilities, to educatethe broader public. I believe that by engag-ing and educating the public, we stand toadvance our industry as a whole!

Our second objective is related to pro-moting sound public policy, which in turnmeans that we need to educate our electedofficials, policy makers, and stakeholdergroups on all matters related to water. Edu-cating these policy makers allows for morefunding for key challenges that face our in-dustry, while promoting sound legislation.The Utility Council is already working withelected officials and policy makers to pro-mote sound public policy.

Our third mission is related to profes-sional development for all our membersthrough technical training and networkingopportunities. Our local chapters and tech-nical committees conduct numerous eventsthroughout the year to allow for the profes-sional development of our members.

Hopefully, just from reading this col-umn, you can see the importance of engag-ing and helping shape our organization toadvance our entire industry! ��

Participation in FWEA is the Key to

Advancing Our Industry

FWEA FOCUS

Kart VaithPresident, FWEA

From page 12

1. B) Stormwater managementA stormwater management program is the only topicon the list that includes all of the items listed in thequestion.

2. D) All of the above.All of these items are considered stormwater; however,there’s not much snowmelt runoff in Florida!

3. TrueBest management practices (BMP) is a term used todescribe a type of water pollution control. Historically,the term has referred to auxiliary pollution controls inthe fields of industrial wastewater control andmunicipal sewage control, while in stormwatermanagement (both urban and rural) and wetlandmanagement, BMPs may also refer to a principalcontrol or treatment technique.

4. C) 2 fpsIf the velocity in a sanitary sewer is less than about 2 ftper second (fps), it will typically allow solids to settle.

5. C) 1.2 hours100 ft long x 25 ft wide x 13 ft deep x 7.48 gal per ft3

x 24 hrs per day ÷ 5,000,000 gal per day = 1.16 hours

6. A) 764 gal per day per ft2

Each clarifier surface area in ft2

= 50 x 50 x 3.14 = 7,850 ft2 x 2 clarifiers = 15,700 ft2

12,000,000 gal per day ÷ 15,700 ft2

= 764.3 gpd per ft2

7. D) 58,217 gpdLbs in aeration = 140 ft x 45 ft x 15 ft x 7.48 gal per ft3 x 2 tanks = 1,413,720 gals1.41372 MG x 3,500 ppm x 8.34 lbs per gal = 41,266 lbs MLSS

Lbs per day to waste = 41,266 lbs MLSS ÷ 10 day SRT = 4,127 lbs per day to waste

Gals per day to waste = 4,127 lbs per day to waste ÷ 8,500 ppm WAS x 8.34

lbs/gal = 0.058217 mgd 0.058217 mgd x 1,000,000 = 58,217 gpd

8. C) Calcium hypochloriteHigh test hypochlorite (HTH) is a solid, dry powder.Calcium hypochlorite is also used in solid tablet form(like the “hockey pucks” used in a swimming poolchlorinator).

9. TrueUnderstanding the on-site drainage system allowsemployees to participate with development,implementation, and continual improvement of theprogram.

10. B) They help to determine loading rates.Loading rates require knowledge of the particular flowrate entering the facility or a process unit. An accurateflow meter is an integral component in the calculationof plant and process loading rates. Flow measurementis also typically required in many facility operatingpermits.

Certification BoulevardAnswer Key


FWPCOA TRAINING CALENDAR

* Backflow recertification is also available the last day of BackflowTester or Backflow Repair Classes with the exception of Deltona

** Evening classes

*** any retest given also

SCHEDULE YOUR CLASS TODAY!

JULY8........Backflow Recert ......................................Lady Lake ............$85/115

7-11........Stormwater A ............................................Deltona ................$275/3057-11 ......Water Distribution Level 1 ..................Deltona ................$275/3057-11........Wastewater Collection A ......................Deltona ................$275/305

14-16........Backflow Repair ......................................Deltona ................$275/30514-16........Backflow Repair ......................................St. Petersburg ......$275/305

25........Backflow Tester Recert*** ....................Deltona ................$85/115

AUGUST11-15........FALL STATE SHORT SCHOOLFALL STATE SHORT SCHOOL ..............Ft. Pierce

22........Backflow Tester Recert*** ....................Deltona ................$85/115

SEPTEMBER2........Backflow Recert ......................................Lady Lake ............$85/115

8-11........Backflow Tester ........................................St Petersburg ........$375/4058-12........Wastewater Collection C, B..................Orlando ..............$225/255

22-26........Wastewater Collection C, B..................Deltona ................$325/35526........Backflow Tester Recert*** ....................Deltona ................$85/115

OCTOBER6-8........Backflow Repair ......................................Deltona ................$275/305

20-23........Backflow Tester ........................................Pensacola ............$375/40524........Backflow Tester Recert*** ....................Deltona ................$85/115

NOVEMBER3-6........Backflow Tester ........................................St. Petersburg ......$375/4053-6........Backflow Tester ........................................Deltona ................$375/40521........Backflow Tester Recert*** ....................Deltona ................$85/115

You are required to have your

own calculator at state short schools

and most other courses.

Course registration forms are available at http://www.fwpcoa.org/forms.asp. For additional information on these courses or other training programs offered by the FWPCOA, please

contact the FW&PCOA Training Office at (321) 383-9690 or [email protected].



Water is used every day for many pur-poses—drinking, irrigation, recre-ation, and for many other things

that we don't necessarily see or think of, butthat are critical to our lives. As we celebrate thebirth of our great nation this month, I wouldlike to reflect on the birth of the water industry;after all, clean drinking water, sanitation, andhygiene are key to all great civilizations.

Other than the obvious uses of water al-ready mentioned, we use water for otherthings like livestock, aquaculture, mining,power generation, and cooling equipment, likethe large air conditioning units in offices,warehouses, and other buildings. Without ourwater professionals, this vital resource wouldbe unsafe and virtually unusable. Throughyour efforts, we have the safest drinking waterand the most effective treatment of wastewaterthe world has ever known!

So how did we get here? Humans have beentreating water, in some form or another, for over6,000 years. The use of filtering water through

charcoal is dated back to the ancient Greeks, andalum was use as a coagulant by the Egyptians.Over time, treatment techniques have increasedas new discoveries have been made and newtechnologies developed. Water professionals havebeen employing and improving these techniquesin an effort to provide safe and reliable drinkingwater in the most economical way possible. It isonly through the efforts of our water profession-als, who not only protect human life, but are es-sential for improving the health and economiclivelihood of any great society, that we have madethese advances. So I want to thank all of them aswe celebrate the birth of these United States!

Florida Water Professionals Month

August—yes, the entire month of Au-gust—is Florida Water Professionals Month.Governor Rick Scott will recognize all of thestate’s drinking water and wastewater profes-sionals by signing a proclamation in recogni-tion of your efforts. The Association is

determined to get proclamations endorsed byall of the local communities for this celebra-tion; however, we need your help to make thishappen. Please contact your local communityleaders to have them sign a proclamation. Asample letter and proclamation are availablefor your use. If you would like more informa-tion, please email Janet DeBiasio ([email protected]), our publicity chair, or me([email protected]).

As another professional recognition, theAssociation’s annual awards banquet will beheld on August 13. The award nominationshave been flowing in and it is going to be ex-tremely difficult for our Awards Committee todecide who will receive those accolades, as allare well-deserving individuals.

License Renewal Time

All Florida licensed operators have less thana year to acquire the educational credits neededfor license renewal. There is still plenty of time tosign up for the FWPCOA Fall Short School. Theshort school will be held August 11-15 in Ft.Pierce. Our instructors have been working inthe industry, so they have the knowledge of bothwater education and implementation. They areable to provide the educational insight from alifetime of experience, which a pure academicwould not be able to offer. At this time, some ofour classes do not have the minimum numberof students for the class to be offered; therefore,it is extremely important that you sign up nowfor the classes that you want.

Open Meetings

The FWPCOA Education Committeemeeting will be held on August 9 at 3 p.m. in Ft.Pierce. The August board of directors meetingwill be held in the same location on August 10 at9:30 a.m. Please feel free to come out and attendthese meetings. We would love to help you getinvolved with the state’s greatest organization ofwater professionals. See you in August! ��

Jeff PoteetPresident, FWPCOA

Celebrating Independence and Water Professionals

C FACTOR


Kristiana S. DragashCarollo Engineers, Sarasota

Work title and years of service.I am a professional engineer and will

have six years of experience in August.

Job description; what does your jobentail?

I consider myself a professional problemsolver, excited to help my clients solve anychallenge they are presented with. I have hadthe opportunity to manage and engineersome really interesting projects, such asconstructing and calibrating potabledistribution system and reclaimed waterhydraulic and water quality models,designing large- and small-diameter watermains and force mains, asset managementprograms, master plans, distribution systemwater quality assessments, and treatmentplant consolidation studies. Needless to say, Iam a “Jill of all trades.”

What education and training have youcompleted?

I have a Bachelor of Science in CivilEngineering, with a concentration in waterresources and environmental engineeringfrom the University of South Florida. Ireceived my P.E. in April 2013.

Despite the fact that I work withInfoWater, geographic information systems(GIS), WaterGEMS, and SewerGEMS on adaily basis, I have never received any formaltraining on these software programs. I’ve beenvery fortunate to have excellent mentors andthrough their instruction and my owndetermination I’ve gained a very solidunderstanding of these programs. I love beingable to use a model that I’ve calibrated to solvedistribution and collection system mysteries!

What do you like best about your job?My favorite aspect of my job is that I get

to learn all about different collection anddistribution systems throughout the state.There is always something new to learn sinceeach utility has unique challenges based onwhat disinfectant they use, the configurationof their respective distribution or collectionsystem, and the geographic area that theyserve. I can solve virtually any problem withthe right spreadsheet, model scenario, andsampling plan!

What organizations do you belong to?Only FWEA. Yep, that’s it. I don’t have

time to be a consistent part of any others,although I have aided annually in severalFSAWWA Region X events, and even someSuncoast American Society of CivilEngineers (ASCE) events and conferences.

How has this organization helped yourcareer?

The FWEA has enabled me to spread mywings within the water/wastewater industry.I am now armed with a strong network ofprofessionals that I can call in the event that Ineed assistance with a specific project, or forsomething within FWEA. The organizationhas also provided me with numerousopportunities to reach out within thecommunity, speaking at local schools anduniversities to encourage the next generationof water and wastewater professionals, whichI really enjoy.

Finally, FWEA has given me theinvaluable opportunity to develop myleadership abilities very early on in my career.I love to serve the Association, as it has doneso much for my career!

What do you like best about the industry?My favorite part of the industry is

working with all of the other dedicatedprofessionals in it to help solve toughproblems that for the most part the generalpublic is not even aware of. I love knowinghow the world works and explaining it toothers who don’t.

What do you do when you’re notworking?

I enjoy playing with my two furrychildren: Tebow, the Shar Pei, and Ranch, theChow Chow; vacationing with my husband(and sometimes dogs); and watchingmarathons of whatever interesting TV seriesI can get my hands on: Game of Thrones,Dexter, Breaking Bad, Homeland, etc. ��

FWRJ READER PROFILE

Kristiana doing her “dam” work (assisting with a dam inspection).

Kristiana’s husband, Rod, walking theirdogs at Joan M. Durante Park on Long-boat Key.


Ballasted clarification has long been ac-cepted as a viable treatment method forthe removal of total suspended solids

(TSS) from wet weather wastewater flows. How-ever, as there is no biological mechanism in atypical system, removal of soluble biochemicaloxygen demand after five days (BOD5) is mini-mal, and total BOD5 removal is therefore a func-tion of the total BOD5 present as particulate. Theaddition of an aerated contact tank upstream ofthe ballasted clarification unit, where wet weatherwastewater and return activated sludge (RAS) arecombined, has been proposed as a means to ac-complish soluble BOD5 (SBOD5) uptake andmeet the U.S Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) requirement of 85 percent total BOD5 re-moval for secondary treatment.

Materials and Methods: Bench-Scale Testing

The initial step in investigating thismethod of treatment was to conduct bench-scale testing. Trials were conducted at twowastewater plants in North Carolina with dif-ferent sludge ages to determine their impacton SBOD5 uptake (Figure 1). The test proce-dure was as follows:1. Sample ~30 L of raw wastewater.2. Sample ~15 L (vol. varied with plant) of

RAS and allow to settle/thicken. 3. Add raw water to biocontact tank.4. Start aeration and timer.5. Add RAS to contact tank to achieve set

mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS).6. Immediately sample, filter, and floc filter

for soluble carbonaceous biochemicaloxygen demand (SCBOD), total carbona-ceous biochemical oxygen demand(TCBOD) and TSS analyses (t=1 minute).

7. At time t = 5, 10, 15 minutes, etc., sample

Removal of Biochemical Oxygen Demand via Biological Contact and

Ballasted Clarification for Wet WeatherMatt Cotton, David Holliman, Bryan Fincher, and Rich Dimassimo

Matt Cotton is process group manager,David Holliman is process specialist, BryanFincher is process engineer, and RickDimassimo is vice president–engineering,at Kruger Inc. in Cary, N.C.

F W R J

and filter (SCBOD) or floc filter (TCBOD).8. Conduct ballasted jar testing on aerated

samples (e.g., 10-minute and 25-minutesamples) and analyze for total carbona-ceous biochemical oxygen demand(CBOD), SCBOD, and TCBOD.

9. Ballasted floc jar test procedure:� Add metal salt coagulant and ballast

(sand) to raw sample.� Mix at 300 rpm, two minutes. � Add polymer.� Mix at 200 rpm, 45 seconds.� Settle for two minutes.

10. Filter portion of jar test effluent forSCBOD analyses.

11. Flocculate and filter (0.45 uM) portion ofjar test effluent for TCBOD analysis.

12. Floc/filtering for TCBOD:� ZnSO4 addition� Caustic addition (to 10.5 pH)� Settle/filter = colloid-free

Results and Discussion

Initial test results demonstrated dramaticreduction in soluble and true soluble BOD5within the first five minutes of aeration, indi-cating that the majority of SBOD5 removal isdue to sorption alone (see Figure 1). The moregradual decrease over the remaining time canbe seen as due to respiration.

When ballasted clarification jar tests wereconducted following aeration for 10 and 25minutes the resulting Total CBOD5 and Solu-ble CBOD5 removals were > 90 percent.

The SCBOD5 removals were comparedbetween two plants with different sludge ages:three days versus12 days (Figure 3). The plantwith the shorter sludge age (i.e., more activesludge) showed better SCBOD5 removals overthe same time period when compared to thelonger sludge age.

Based on the bench-scale testing, it can beconcluded that the aerated contact tank, incombination with ballasted flocculation, willaccomplish 85 percent removal of total BOD5.The initial rapid reduction in soluble BOD5during the aeration step can be attributed tosorption, while the subsequent more gradualreduction is mainly due to respiration. Theballasted flocculation step accomplishes the re-moval of particulate BOD5, resulting in totalBOD5 removals of > 90 percent.

Knoxville, Tenn.: Pilot Testing

Pilot testing was conducted in Knoxville,Tenn., at both the Kuwahee and Fourth CreekWastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) inearly 2010. The Kuwahee plant is an activatedsludge plant with a rated capacity of 44 mil gal


Figure 1.

Figure 3.

Figure 2.



per day (mgd) located near the University ofTennessee. The Fourth Creek plant is an acti-vated sludge plant with a rated capacity of 10.8mgd and is located in the suburbs of Knoxville.Pilot-test goals were to remove BOD5,CBOD5, and TSS. Wet weather flows weresimulated using a blend of raw wastewater andsecondary effluent, with RAS introduced intothe blended feed ahead of the contact tank.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) was monitored inthe contact tank, with a value of 2.0 mg/L tar-geted; the TSS was also monitored in the con-tact tank. As flow exited the contact tank, ferricchloride was fed at a dose of 80-130 mg/L. Ananionic dry polymer was fed in the ballastedflocculation pilot at a dose of 2.5-4.0 mg/L.Settled water turbidity was maintained at < 2nephelometric turbidity units (NTUs)throughout the testing, while operating atoverflow rates of 30-40 gpm/ft2.

Contact tank MLSS levels from 400 to1500 mg/L were tested to determine the im-pact of MLSS concentration on BOD5 re-movals (Figure 4). The influent wastewater atthe Kuwahee plant contained a higher indus-trial component, and therefore a higher por-tion of the total BOD5 was present as solubleBOD5. Initial testing at Kuwahee showed thata higher MLSS concentration in the contacttank was required to meet the 85 percent re-moval for total BOD5.

During the Kuwahee study it was demon-strated that higher MLSS concentrations re-sulted in improved SBOD5 removals (Figure 5).

The Kuwahee portion of the study showedthat MLSS values of greater than 1000 mg/Lwere required to consistently meet the required85 percent removal of total BOD5. The SBOD5removals improved as MLSS levels were in-creased. An average effluent total BOD5 of 20mg/L was achieved throughout the pilot.

The second portion of the Knoxville studywas conducted at the Fourth Creek WWTP, lo-cated in a more residential area. The solubleportion of the total BOD5 was much lower atthis plant, which resulted in a higher RAS flowrequirement to meet the selected MLSS levels.The MLSS values from 400 to 1500 mg/L wereagain targeted during the study. Ferric chloridewas fed at 65-85 mg/L, with a cationic dry poly-mer dosed at 2.5-4.5 mg/L.

The Fourth Creek results showed excel-lent total BOD5 removals over all MLSS levelstested (Figure 6). This can be seen as mainlydue to the lower SBOD5 levels present. Sincemost of the total BOD5 was present as partic-ulate BOD5, this allowed the system to achieve> 90 percent total BOD5 removals.

Soluble BOD5 removals that showed im-provement as MLSS levels were increased to

Figure 4.

Figure 6.

Figure 5.



1000 mg/L, but no additional benefit was ob-served at higher MLSS levels.

Excellent total BOD5 removals were ob-served during the Fourth Creek study, prima-rily due to the low soluble BOD5 levels presentin the wet weather blend (Figure 7). Removalsof > 90 percent were observed over all MLSSranges tested, and TSS removals of > 90 per-cent were also experienced. The Fourth Creekand Kuwahee studies further validated theconcept of biological contact in combinationwith ballasted flocculation for wet weatherwastewater treatment.

Akron, Ohio: Pilot Testing

The enhanced ballasted clarification unitwas piloted in Akron, Ohio, from March to De-cember 2012. The city is under a consent decreewith EPA and the state of Ohio regarding itscombined sewer system, and EPA approved ofthe pilot study plan. The system was operatedover a predetermined number of actual wetweather events with the following two objectives:1. Meet the plant 30-day average effluent lim-

itations, which were listed as 30 mg/L TSSand 25 mg/L CBOD.

2. Demonstrate that the process could achieve> 85 percent total CBOD removal.

During the wet weather events, the pilotunit was operated with a 21-minute retentiontime in the contact tank. An MLSS concentra-tion between 900-1200 mg/L was targeted. Thesettling tank overflow rate was 40 gpm/ft2,which is considerably greater than the conven-tional plant. A dose of 105 mg/L aluminum sul-fate and 2.8 mg/L anionic polymer was fed tothe system during each event. The TSS resultsconfirm that the pilot system achieved lowerfinal TSS concentrations than the conventionalplant secondary or final effluent (Figure 8).

The pilot effluent total CBOD5 concen-trations were almost identical to the plant sec-ondary effluent (Figure 9).

Conclusion

The combination of an aerated biologicalcontact tank and ballasted clarification hasbeen approved for full-scale implementationby several EPA regions (3, 4, and 6) as equiva-lent to secondary treatment for TSS and BOD5removal. Bench-scale testing demonstrated theviability of the process, and numerous pilotstudies have confirmed its effectiveness inachieving excellent TSS and BOD5 removals.Full-scale plants in Wilson Creek, Texas, andCox Creek, Md., have recently been commis-sioned, which will provide further validationof the process as a solution to wet weatherwastewater treatment issues. ��

Figure 7.

Figure 9.

Figure 8.

Continued from page ??


Wisler Pierre-Louis

On May 2, the FWEA Southeast Chapter’s16th Annual FWEA Charity Golf Tournamenttook place at the beautiful Orangebrook Golfand Country Club in Hollywood. The eventstarted with a delicious buffet lunch, followed

by the four-person scram-ble format golf tourna-

ment at 2:00 pm. Theevent was well at-tended and exceededour expectations! The

participants enjoyed playing golf and net-working on a hot south Florida day. The eventconcluded with an awards ceremony that fea-tured a tie for first place and an exciting rafflethat offered tons of prizes.

The event was a success thanks to the par-ticipants, sponsors, and volunteers. It was greatto see our group of clean water professionalsgather to raise scholarship funds for studentsattending Florida Atlantic University, FloridaInternational University, and the University ofMiami. We would like to give special thanks toall of the companies that sponsored foursomes.

Gold Sponsors� Epoxytec International� Florida Aquastore� Jacobs Engineering Group� 300 Engineering Group� MWH Global� LMK Pipe Renewal� National Water Main Cleaning Company� USSI� Florida Bearings Inc. (Division of Kaman)� Uretek Holdings Inc.� Hazen and Sawyer� Wharton Smith� Reiss Engineering

Silver Sponsors� David Mancini & Sons Inc.� King Engineering Associates� Southern Sewer Equipment Sales� CES Consultants Inc.� Ric-man Construction FL Inc.� CUES� Primeline Products Inc.

Bronze Sponsors� SAK Construction� Barney’s Pumps Inc.� Lockwood Andrews and Newman� AECOM� Layne Inliner LLC

The committee would also like to thankthe volunteers on the Golf Committee: Bran-don Selle, Seacoast Utility Authority; RodLovett, Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Depart-ment; Maricela Fuentes, AECOM; and LaylaLlewelyn, CDM Smith.

Our next quarterly meeting will be held atthe Deerfield Beach Hilton in August, so keepyour eyes open for the invitation! As always, ifyou are interested in getting involved in theSoutheast Chapter Steering Committee, pleasecontact me at [email protected].

Wisler Pierre-Louis is a professional engi-neer with City of North Miami. ��

FWEA CHAPTER CORNER

Chapter Golf Tournament is Huge Success

Welcome to the FWEA Chapter Corner! Each month, the Public Relations Committee of the Florida Water Environment Association hosts this article to celebrate the success of recent

association chapter activities and inform members of upcoming events. To have information included for your chapter, send the details via email to Suzanne Mechler at [email protected].

SuzanneMechler

The Water Buoys, from the City of Palm Coast,has won the national American Water Works Associ-ation (AWWA) Top Ops competition, which washeld June 10 at the AWWA Annual Conference andExposition (ACE) in Boston. The team qualified forthe national contest by winning the Florida Top Opscontest that was held during the Florida Water Re-sources Conference in April.

The team took home the first-place award fromthis “college bowl” type event that tests each groupof water treatment and distribution operators on itsknowledge of system operations. The head judge forthe contest was Darrel Blanchard and it was spon-sored by CH2M HILL.

This is the fifth time in nine years that the teamhas won the title.

Water utilities across the state are encouragedto enter the 23rd annual Florida Top Ops competi-tion, which will be held May 2015 during the FloridaWater Resources Conference in Orlando. Teams mayrepresent more than one utility. For more details,and to receive the competition rules, contact ScottRuland, Top Ops chair, at [email protected]. ��

The winning-team photo includes, left to right: Elisa Speranza, president of O&M Business Group,CH2M HILL; team members Peter Roussell, Fred Greiner, Jim Hogan (coach), and Tom Martens;and Darrel Blanchard.

Florida Team Brings Home Win from AWWA Conference in Boston


The Water Buoys team is shown above at the 2014 Florida Water Resources Conference, winning the state championship that brought the team to the nationalsin Boston.

Earn CEUs by answering questions from previous Journal issues!

Contact FWPCOA at [email protected] or at 561-840-0340. Articles from past issues can be viewed on the Journal website, www.fwrj.com.

Members of the Florida Water &Pollution Control Association (FWPCOA)may earn continuing education unitsthrough the CEU Challenge! Answer thequestions published on this page, basedon the technical articles in this month’sissue. Circle the letter of each correctanswer. There is only one correctanswer to each question! Answer 80percent of the questions on any articlecorrectly to earn 0.1 CEU for yourlicense. Retests are available.

This month’s editorial theme isStormwater Management and

Emerging Technologies. Look aboveeach set of questions to see if it is forwater operators (DW), distributionsystem operators (DS), or wastewateroperators (WW). Mail the completedpage (or a photocopy) to: FloridaEnvironmental Professionals Training,P.O. Box 33119, Palm Beach Gardens,FL 33420-3119. Enclose $15 for eachset of questions you choose to answer(make checks payable to FWPCOA). YouMUST be an FWPCOA member beforeyou can submit your answers!

Operators: Take the CEU Challenge!

1. In theory, turbidity offset by coagulant produces a________ charge.a. positive b. negative c. net zero zeta potential d. mixed

2. Which of the following is not a direct component ofLangelier Saturation Index?a. Chloride b. Alkalinityc. Temperature d. Total dissolved solids

3. Which of the following coagulants has very low acidity butoffers very good total organic carbon (TOC) removal?a. Ferric chlorideb. Aluminum sulfatec. Polyaluminum chlorided. Aluminum chlorhydrate

4. All coagulants provide better performance at lower dosea. when applied with a coagulant aid.b. following primary sedimentation.c. when operating near point of pH insolubility.d. when followed by chlorination.

5. _______________ was added for “particle charge control”in the ultrafiltration membrane plant test described in thisarticle.a. Ferric chlorideb. Polyaluminum chloridec. Negative electrical currentd. Liquid caustic soda

Improving Drinking Water Plant Performance and Regulatory Compliance

Via Chemical Control Optimization

Gregg A. McLeod(Article 2: CEU = 0.1 DW/DS)

___________________________________________SUBSCRIBER NAME (please print)

Article 1 ________________________________________LICENSE NUMBER for Which CEUs Should Be Awarded

Article 2 ________________________________________LICENSE NUMBER for Which CEUs Should Be Awarded

If paying by credit card, fax to (561) 625-4858

providing the following information:

___________________________________________(Credit Card Number)

___________________________________________(Expiration Date)

1. Initial results of testing described in this article indicated that amajority of soluble biochemical oxygen demand (SBOD5) removalis attributable toa. respiration. b. evapotranspiration.c. filtration. d. sorption.

2. Higher SBOD5 concentrations were noted in the Kuwahee testfacility becausea. its flow stream is primarily residential.b. its flow stream contains a higher industrial component.c. primary sedimentation decreased non-soluble BOD5.d. incoming flow was treated with anionic dry polymer.

3. For which test facility does the author provide data confirmingthat SBOD5 removals consistently improved as mixed liquorsuspended solids (MLSS) concentrations were increased?a. Kuwahee b. Fourth Creekc. Akron d. Wilson Creek

4. Ballasted clarification has long been accepted as a viable treatmentmethod for removing ________ from wet weather wastewater flows.a. Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD5)b. Chemical oxygen demand (COD)c. Total organic carbon (TOC)d. Total suspended solids (TSS)

5. Comparing two plants having different sludge age, better SCBOD5removals over the same time period werea. the same.b. greater with longer sludge age.c. greater with shorter sludge age.d. difficult to differentiate.

Removal of Biochemical Oxygen Demand via Biological Contact and

Ballasted Clarification for Wet Weather

Matt Cotton, David Holliman, Bryan Fincher, and Rich Dimassimo

(Article 1: CEU = 0.1 WW)



Freedom Park is a 50-acre water qualityimprovement project in Naples treat-ing stormwater from the urban 961-

acre Gordon River watershed. Constructedpond, wetlands, and restored wetland habi-tats are integrated into a passive park set-ting of trails, boardwalks, educationalfacilities, and natural landscaping. Oper-

ated by the Collier County Growth Man-agement Division and the Parks and Recre-ation Department, the system uses wetlandsto reduce nitrogen and phosphorus in waterpumped from ditches draining the water-shed.

A versatile educational facility supportsmultiple civic functions that sustain a

steady increase in visitor use. Since systemstartup in October 2009, water quality sam-ples have been collected during the June toOctober rainy season to assess concentra-tion reductions in nitrogen, phosphorus,and trace metals. Annual review of the eco-logical monitoring transects in the restoredsection of the park has been conducted todocument the effectiveness of removal ofnon-native vegetation, a common manage-ment technique in south Florida. This arti-cle summarizes key findings of monitoringduring the period from 2009 through 2013and documents how Freedom Park providesan illustrative example of a treatment wet-land project that provides multiple ecolog-ical and social benefits.

The Gordon River discharges to NaplesBay, a subtropical estuary in southwestFlorida. The highly urbanized watershed ofthe Gordon River totals 1,762 ha (4,362acres) in area and includes a significant pro-portion of the City of Naples. Extensivedrainage systems accelerate runoff to theriver and estuary, which exhibit classicsymptoms of eutrophication and urbanpollution. Two large sub-basins comprisethe Gordon River watershed, which is di-vided east-west by urban arterial highwayGoodlette-Frank Road: the 389-ha (961-acre) West Sub-Basin and the 1,377-ha(3,401-acre) East Sub-Basin (Figure 1). Theproject area is sited to treat flow conveyedby the drainage ditch parallel to Goodlette-Frank Road.

As shown in Figure 1, Gordon Riverhas been modified significantly. Ditches ex-tending north and east in the East Sub-Basin have increased the aerial extent of thewatershed. An adjustable tidal barrier, lo-cated immediately downstream of FreedomPark, has been in place since the 1970s toprevent salinity intrusion.

The West Sub-Basin is predominantlyresidential land use (72 percent) and theEast Sub-Basin is approximately 40 percent

Meeting Multiple Objectives in StormwaterTreatment at Freedom Park

James S. Bays and Margaret Bishop

James S. Bays is with CH2M HILL in Tampaand Margaret Bishop is with Collier CountyGovernment in Naples.

F W R J

Figure 1. Freedom Park Location: Watershed and Major Drainage Features(Source: Collier County Growth Management Division)


residential and 21 percent recreational landas a golf course (Table 1).

The Florida Department of Environ-mental Protection (FDEP) has determinedthat the river and its watershed are im-paired. To address these impacts, the Gor-don River Master Plan was developed in2002, which quantified watershed loadingsand appropriate best management practicessuitable for detaining runoff and improvingwater quality in stormwater discharges,with the objective of reducing loading todownstream Naples Bay.

The 20-ha (50-acre) FleischmannTract, located near the terminus of the wa-tershed, was identified as an appropriate lo-cation for placement of a water storage andtreatment facility. About two-thirds of theparcel was an abandoned orange grove; theremainder consisted of a drained cypressfloodplain swamp, infested with exotic

Brazilian pepper and other non-nativeplants.

The county purchased the FleischmannTract in 2004 with funds that were reim-bursed with a grant from the Florida Com-munities Trust. Significant financialsupport was provided by the South FloridaWater Management District (SFWMD).Freedom Park cost $30.5 million, of whichland acquisition was $19.2 million, designwas $1.3 million, and construction was $10million. The project was funded by $6 mil-lion from Florida Communities Trust forconstruction, $1.5 million from SFWMDfor design and construction, $10 millionfrom the SFWMD Big Cypress Basin alloca-tion for property purchase, $2.7 millionfrom transportation impact fees, and $10.3million in ad valorum taxes for design, pur-chase, and construction.

Through this project, the county was

responding to a long-standing communityinterest to conserve the property from de-velopment, while creating an opportunityto achieve the stormwater management ob-jectives established by the master plan.

The project was designed to accom-plish the following goals:� Develop a stormwater management fa-

cility that will reduce pollution in theNaples Bay and Gordon River, and alle-viate flooding within the Gordon RiverBasin.

� Create an aesthetically pleasing passiveeducational/recreation park facility,which not only minimizes environmen-tal impacts but also helps create a naturalhabitat of native flora and fauna.

Ecological Innovation: Buildingfrom Everglades Experience

The design of the project began in June2005, and construction began in December2007. The project was substantially completein June 2009 and the grand opening washeld in October 2009. Freedom Park in-cludes full-scale demonstrations of con-structed treatment wetlands and naturalwetland restoration techniques, includingthe design of a stormwater pond, con-structed treatment marshes, wetlandrestoration, upland plantings and passiverecreational park facilities, and a 232-m2

(2,500-sq-ft) environmental education fa-cility. Siting Freedom Park in urban Naplesrequired new access roads and modificationsto improve site stormwater conveyance.

The treatment system consists of a 1.9-ha (4.7-acres) pond for stormwater storage,followed by 2.7 ha (6.7 acres) of constructedmarshes designed to enhance stormwaterpolishing by submerged aquatic vegetationand native herbaceous marshes that removeharmful pollutants from the stormwater andriver water prior to discharge to the on-sitenatural wetlands (Figure 3). The shallow(15-30 cm; 0.5-1.0 ft) marshes are populatedwith native emergent marsh species, includ-ing pickerelweed, spikerush, sawgrass, duckpotato, and fireflag (Figure 4). Deep marshes(1.3 m; 4 ft) include white water lily, as wellas native species of submersed aquatic vege-tation, and are interspersed within each wet-land for hydraulic, habitat, and solidsstorage benefits.

Borrowing Everglades-type passivestormwater treatment technologies, the ter-minal marsh zone of Wetland Cell C is builton a shallow layer of limestone to encour-age periphyton growth for enhanced phos-

Table 1. Gordon River Watershed Land Use Composition(Source: Collier County Growth Management Division)

Figure 3. Freedom Park Wetlands in Naples Continued on page 48


phorus removal by a passive periphytonmarsh (Bays et al, 2001).

Water is pumped from contributingditches during the wet season using a 3,785-Lpm, or 1,000-gal-per-min (gpm), pump

station to the pond, which is sized to storeover 14 megaliters (ML), or 3.7 mgal, equiv-alent to the volume captured during a once-in-25-year storm event. Water flowsthrough the pond by gravity to and through2.7 ha (6.7 acres) of constructed wetlands.

Flow from the constructed wetlands dis-charges passively to 5.8 ha (14.35 acres) ofrestored cypress floodplain swamp contigu-ous to the Gordon River.

A second 946-Lpm (250-gpm) pumpstation takes water from the Gordon Riverduring periods of low flow to the wetlandsfor additional treatment, and as a hydrationsource. This second mode of treatment isdesigned to contribute to reduction of baseflow loads to Naples Bay and support year-round use of the site.

Hydraulic Operation

The natural seasonal variation inrunoff from the watershed drives the hy-draulic operation of the constructed wet-land system. Figure 5 illustrates the typicalseasonal operation of the Freedom Parkwetlands.

Consistent measurement of flows at theinflow pump station began in 2009, and thedata from 2010-2011 are considered to begood estimates of pump-station flows, ingeneral. Inflow meter values compared di-rectly in 2011 to separate meter measure-ments made by strapping a NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology(NIST) flow meter onto the inflow pipe inthe pump, and were found to be within anerror range of at least 10 percent (T. Deni-son, pers. comm., 2012).

In 2010, during the rainy-seasonmonths of July to November, nearly 568 ML(150 mgal) of stormwater runoff werepumped into Lake A to be treated by thewetland cells. During the same period in2011, almost 681 ML (180 mgal) ofstormwater runoff were pumped into LakeA. Only about 76 ML (20 mgal) of stormwa-ter runoff were pumped into Lake A duringthe dry season months of December toJune, for a total of about 757 ML (200 mgal)of stormwater runoff pumped in for theyear.

Flow measurements from the GordonRiver pump station are preliminary, giventhe limited time the system has been in op-eration, but the amount of water beingpumped into the constructed wetland sys-tem from Gordon River is minor comparedto the substantial amount of stormwaterrunoff inflow described. Only about 23 ML(6 mgal) of water were pumped into theconstructed wetland system from the Gor-don River pump station during the 2011calendar year, with about 15 ML (4 mgal) ofthat being pumped in during the Julythrough November rainy season.

Representative flow data are summa-

Figure 4. Typical View of Freedom Park Wetland Vegetation. Deep zones arefringed by floating-leaved aquatics, such as water lily (upper part of photo). Emer-gent marsh zones are vegetated with native freshwater marsh species, includingfireflag, pickerelweed, spikerush, sawgrass, and duck potato (lower part of photo).


rized in Table 2. Hydraulic loading to thewetland system ranged from 8.1-9.7 cm/d(3-4 in./day) to <1 cm/d (<0.4 in./day) dur-ing the dry season. Over 2011, the weightedaverage hydraulic loading rate was 4.5 cm/d,a rate greater than recent average hydraulicloading to the Everglades stormwater treat-ment areas (STAs), which ranged from 0.6to 2.6 cm/d (0.2-1.0 in./d) across the differ-ent STAs (SFWMD, 2014).

The hydroperiod of the constructedwetlands are highly seasonal, with standingwater present and only predominating dur-ing pumping in the summer wet season.Continuous water-level records during 2012in Wetland C indicated an inundation du-ration of 111 days, or approximately 30 per-cent, with an average marsh depth of 60 cmduring inundation. Standing water waspresent continuously from mid-Junethrough the end of October, with periods ofstanding water averaging two weeks in De-cember, March, and April in response toseasonal frontal storms.

In the restored wetlands, hydroperiodmeasurements for 2012 showed a similarduration from June through October, butaverage water depths were shallower (15cm; 0.5 ft), with frequent peaks of 45 cm(1.5 ft).

Water Quality Performance

The project was designed to reducephosphorus and nitrogen concentrations instormwater and pumped river base flow.Figures 6 and 7 show time series of inflow-outflow data collected between 2008-2013for total phosphorus (TP) and total nitro-gen (TN), respectively. Water samples havebeen typically collected during the summerrainy season when water is being pumpedthrough the wetland, and are representativeof normal operating conditions. Medianconcentrations of TP have been reduced 84percent from 0.210 mg/L in the watershedstormwater to a wetland outflow of 0.033mg/L. Outflow TP concentrations haveranged from 0.011 mg/L to 0.090 mg/L, incontrast to inflow TP, which has rangedfrom four to 10 times greater, from 0.10mg/L to 0.33 mg/L, with one spike up to1.77 mg/L. This performance range is con-sistent with the Everglades STAs, where pe-riod of record inflow averageconcentrations have been reduced by 74percent from 0.140 mg/L to 0.037 mg/L(SFWMD, 2014).

The TN showed a 41 percent reductionin median concentrations from 1.47 mg/L

Figure 5. Seasonal Modes of Operation. Stormwater from the watershed drainageprovides the primary source of water through the wet season (June-November) andas significant rainfall occurs during the remainder of the year. For the dry season(December-May), a lesser amount is pumped from the Gordon River to the lake.

Table 2.Pumped Flow Summary,2010-2011

Florida Water Resources Journal • July 2014 49Continued on page 50

to 0.87 mg/L. Outflow nitrogen concentra-tions are predominantly organic nitrogen,and represent the attainable background.Outflow concentrations ranged from 0.53mg/L to 1.27 mg/L, consistent with the con-cept that constructed wetland TN reduc-tions are constrained to an irreducible

background of organic nitrogen con-tributed by internal cycling (Kadlec andWallace, 2009). In contrast, stormwater in-flow concentrations ranged approximatelytwo times more from 1.11 mg/L to 2.31mg/L.

When sampled in 2011 and 2012, themedian TP concentration in the Gordon

River downstream of the discharge from thewetland was significantly lower in the river(0.10+0.03 mg/L) than in the stormwater(0.21+0.05 mg/L; p<0.05). Medianstormwater TN concentrations of 1.58+0.35mg/L were significantly greater than theriver TN of 1.21+0.31 mg/L difference(p<0.05). Given that the stormwater histor-ically was conveyed directly to the riverwithout the benefit of treatment, and thatboth East and West watersheds contributingto the Gordon River are similar in land use,the relatively lower TN and TP concentra-tions in the river suggest that the treatmentwetland discharge is contributing to a cu-mulative reduction in river nutrient load tothe bay.

These performance values are consis-tent with other treatment wetlands receiv-ing similar inflow mass loading with similarinflow concentrations (Kadlec and Wallace,2009). The TP removal rate for 2012 aver-aged 1.34 g/m2·yr for 2012, consistent withEverglades STAs TP removal rates of 0.3 to1.7 g/m2·yr (SFWMD, 2014). The TN re-moval rate of 9.4 g/m2·yr is consistent withremoval rates for similarly loaded wetlands;wetlands receiving urban stormwater at anaverage hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 5.4cm/d achieved a 45 percent reduction onaverage (Kadlec and Wallace, 2009).

Inflow stormwater concentrations didnot exceed state water quality standards forcommon metal contaminants in stormwa-ter, but significant reductions were ob-served through the wetland. Measuredreductions in median inflow concentrationsfor arsenic, copper, iron, and zinc have av-eraged 39, 35, 75, and 60 percent, respec-tively; median outflow concentrations were5.16, 1.44, 51.3, and 5.05 µg/L, respectively.The final concentrations of all nutrientsand metals are consistent with expectationsof “background” concentrations for con-structed marshes in this region, and wellbelow observed ecological effects thresh-olds.

Other parameters monitored simulta-neously with the nutrient parameters in-clude dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a.Table 3 provides an overview of representa-tive samples taken during 2011. Dissolvedoxygen is typically greater discharging fromthe wetland system than entering, and wellabove the state water quality standard. Thisdifference can be attributed to the loss ofoxygen demanding materials from the in-flow, the passive aeration occurring in ex-tensive open deep water zones, and theabundance of periphyton and submersedaquatic vegetation near the outlet. The re-


Figure 6. Total Phosphorus Inflow and Outflow Concentrations: 2008-2013

Figure 7. Total Nitrogen Inflow and Outflow Concentrations: 2008-2013



duction in chlorophyll a is attributable towetland reduction of nutrients.

Site Wetland Restoration Progress

As part of the conceptual intent of theproject, existing wetlands on the propertywould be restored through removal of non-native plant species, and planting with na-tive species would supplement sitebiodiversity. As a specific requirement ofthe Environmental Resource Permit issuedby SFWMD, the minor impact necessary to0.2 ha (51 acres) of altered wetlands on-sitewould be mitigated by the restoration of 5.1ha (12.5 acres) of on-site habitat, including4.25 ha (10.5 acres) of wetland and 0.8 ha(2.0 acres) of uplands. The restored areawould be placed under a conservation ease-ment and managed in perpetuity. Water dis-charged from the treatment wetlandsdiffuses through the restored wetland, pro-viding a supplemental source of hydrationon a rainfall-driven schedule.

Six transects are monitored at repre-sentative locations within the natural wet-land habitats on-site (Johnson Engineering,2008). Non-native plant removal activitiesperformed after each annual report targetednon-native species with an objective of sup-pression of regrowth.

Following the initial baseline charac-terization monitoring, non-native specieswere manually removed, follow-up controlefforts were implemented, and supplemen-tal plantings completed. By the third year,the canopy composition had returned to anassemblage of native wetland trees, includ-ing cypress, cabbage palm, red maple, whitemangrove, and Carolina willow, and shrubssuch as wax myrtle and groundsel, com-pletely replacing the non-native cover ofBrazilian pepper, earleaf acacia, downy rosemyrtle, and other species once abundant inthe area (Johnson Engineering, 2011).

In response to the extensive non-nativeplant control activities during the siterestoration, median total canopy cover de-clined from 91 to 43.5 percent. With thecanopy opened, and additional saplingsplanted, the median total cover has steadilyincreased since the time zero monitoring toapproximately 65 percent. Similarly, the re-duction in non-native species in the over-story canopy opened up the groundcover toa more natural light environment. Ground-cover was variable, but generally low duringthe baseline monitoring. Median ground-cover values have increased from 37 percentduring baseline to 76 percent. The total

number of groundcover species rangedfrom 25 to 36 by transect during the third-year monitoring.

Operation and Maintenance

Operating costs totaled $54,580 for2011; of this, the power cost to operate thepond and wetland pumps totaled $10,600.The remainder of the cost is attributableprimarily to vegetation management tocontrol non-native species colonization ofthe constructed and natural wetlands, acommon recommendation in subtropicalFlorida and one that is necessary to meetstate wetland permit requirements.

A Vital, Growing Resource to the Community

The education facility includes rest-rooms, six lookout pavilions, water foun-tains, and walking trails (Figure 5).Educational and information signage isavailable throughout the park. Workshopswere conducted with the public during thedesign process to capture community input.The proximity of the project to other sig-nificant environmental centers on the Gor-

don River, such as the Conservancy ofSouthwest Florida, provides a cumulativeregional benefit.

The project combines wetlands, habi-tats, trails, boardwalks, observation gaze-bos, educational facilities, and extensiveindigenous landscaping within a passivepark setting. The sustainably designed 232-m2 (2,500-sq-ft) educational center pro-vides a center of activity to the park and isboth an origin and destination to site visi-tors. The park hosts 1,158 m (3,800 ft) ofboardwalks and 3.2 km (2 mi) of walkingtrails. Elevated forest boardwalks allow vis-itors easy access to the restored cypressfloodplain habitats. Multiple pavilions arelocated throughout the restored wetland forshade, resting, and birding.

Public use of the park is extensive andincreasing. Annual total visitor counts haveincreases steadily from 18,540 in 2010 toover 24,000 in 2013. These values are pre-sumed to be underestimates, as tallies arefor a 40-hour staff work week and do notinclude after-hour totals. The number ofusers can vary six-fold daily, from 50 perday in the summer to 300 per day in thewinter.

Figure 8. Interpretive Center, Freedom Park

Table 3. Dissolved Oxygen and Chlorophyll a in 2011 (Average + St. Error)



Collier County Parks and Recreationoffers over 40 programs with over 1000 par-ticipants in the educational facility. Thepark supports volunteer efforts, andarrangements can be made to utilize the ed-ucational facility by the public for meetingsafter dusk. A farmer’s market is held at theinterpretive facility on weekends. High-quality interpretive signs are located alongall trails and wildlife observations are keptby volunteer interpretive staff.

As measures of the value of the site to thepublic and the stormwater treatment commu-nity, Freedom Park received “Design of theYear” in 2009 from Southeast Constructionmagazine, “Project of the Year” in 2010 fromthe Florida Association of County Engineers,and the “Stormwater Excellence” award in2011 from the Florida Stormwater Association.

Conclusions

Freedom Park is a successful example ofan innovative natural stormwater facility de-sign that provides multiple benefits, whileachieving new standards of wetland parklandscape design. As a stormwater treatment

system, Freedom Park detains stormwaterbefore discharge to the Gordon River, lessenschronic flooding concerns in adjacent neigh-borhoods, and improves river water qualityby wetland treatment of stormwater andbaseflow. As an ecological system, FreedomPark restores and rehydrates rare subtropicalbald cypress floodplain swamp wetlands, andconserves upland and wetland habitats forpublic open space in a developed urban area.As a community asset, the park is a valuedfacility well-suited for a range of passiverecreational uses, and serves as a state-of-the-art public center for environmental edu-cation and nature study.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge themany contributions of the staff of CollierCounty. The South Florida Water Manage-ment District provided critical projectfunding and support. Thanks go to TimDenison of Johnson Engineering for waterquality and hydrologic data reporting,Laura Herrero of Johnson Engineering forthe Wetland Mitigation reporting, andCH2M HILL project staff.

References

• Bays J.S., Knight R.L., Wenkert L., ClarkeR., and Gong S. 2001. Progress in the Re-search and Demonstration of EvergladesPeriphyton-Based Stormwater TreatmentAreas. Water Sci. Technol. 44(11-12):123-30.

• Johnson Engineering. 2008. FreedomPark Wetland Mitigation Baseline Moni-toring Report. South Florida Water Man-agement District Permit No.11-00820-S-02. Naples, Fla.

• Johnson Engineering. 2011.Freedom ParkWetland Mitigation Year 3 MonitoringReport. South Florida Water ManagementDistrict Permit No. 11-00820-S-02.Naples, Fla.

• Kadlec, R.H. and S. Wallace. 2009. Treat-ment Wetlands, Sec. Ed., CRC Press, BocaRaton, Fla.

• South Florida Water Management Dis-trict, 2014. Performance and Optimiza-tion of the Stormwater Treatment Areas.Ch.5 in 2014 Draft South Florida Envi-ronmental Report. West Palm Beach, Fla.www.sfwmd.gov. ��



FREE AWARDS LUNCHEON

� Wednesday, August 13, 11:30 a.m. �

COURSES

SCHEDULE

Florida Water & Pollution Control Operators Association

FWPCOA STATE SHORT SCHOOLAugust 11-15, 2014

Indian River State College - Main Campus

– FORT PIERCE –

Backflow Prevention Assembly Tester ..........................$375/$405

Backflow Prevention Assembly Repairer ......................$275/$305

Backflow Tester Recertification ......................................$85/$115

Basic Electrical and Instrumentation ............................$225/$255

Facility Management Module I ......................................$275/$305

Reclaimed Water Distribution C, B & A ........................$225/$255(Abbreviated Course) ................................................$125/$155

Stormwater Management C & B ...................................$260/$290

Stormwater Management A .........................................$275/$305

Utility Customer Relations I, II & III................................$260/$290

Utilities Maintenance ....................................................$225/$255

Wastewater Collection System Operator C, B & A ......$225/$255

Water Distribution System Operator Level 3, 2 & 1 ......$225/$255

Wastewater Process Control ........................................$225/$255

Wastewater Sampling for Industrial Pretreatment& Operators................................................................$160/$190

Wastewater Troubleshooting ........................................$225/$255

Water Troubleshooting ..................................................$225/$255

CHECK-IN: August 10, 2014 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m.

CLASSES: Monday – Thursday........8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.

Friday........8:00 a.m. to noon

For further information on the school, including course registration forms and hotels, download the school announcement at www.fwpcoa.org/fwpcoaFiles/upload/2014FallSchool.pdf

3209 Virginia AvenueFort Pierce, FL 34981

For more information call the

FWPCOA Training Office 321-383-9690

FWPCOA STATE SHORT SCHOOL


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�CLA-VAL produces the X144 e-FlowMe-

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�The American-BFV butterfly valve from

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�The managed SCADA system from Mis-

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�The new BioTector B3500c TOC Analyzer

from Hach Co. is specifically designed to meetthe requirements of clean water applications, in-cluding condensate return, cooling water, potablewater, pharmaceutical water, and demineralizedwater. It offers process insights, process incidentalerts, environmental monitoring, energy opti-mization, product and water loss prevention, andboiler and plant protection. Unlike other systemsthat require reagent replacement biweekly or

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�The NCMP-603 hand-held flowmeter

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New Products

News BeatFlorida residents will likely see water rate

increases in the coming years, despite the cur-rent steady incline seen since the state’s housingboom, according to Fitch Ratings. However,as Florida’s average monthly residential bill forcombined services approaches Fitch’s afford-ability marker of 2 percent of median house-hold income, water utilities may see increasedpolitical pressure around future rate hikes.

“For many water utilities, Florida’s rapidhousing growth led to an expansion of waterand sewer infrastructure and the debt needed

to finance it,” said Andrew DeStefano, direc-tor. “But when you build in a downturn, ratehikes become necessary to finance debt with asmaller population.”

While utilities’ finances have improvedwith the economy, rate hikes will likely con-tinue as they face increased spending fromtighter regulations on wastewater effluent dis-posal and water quality, longer-term watersupply needs, and ongoing repairs and main-tenance. Expectations for future development,as well as climatic, geographic, and ecological

nuances, present different challenges forFlorida utilities over the long term.

Overall, Florida’s water and sewer utilityratings remain strong and have benefittedfrom improving economic conditions, stablecustomer demand trends, and sound fiscalmanagement.

While rising affordability concerns areunlikely to lead to negative rating actions inthe near future, a utility’s ability to adopt andimplement rate increases may become morelimited over time. ��

ENGINEERING DIRECTORY

Tank Engineering And ManagementConsultants, Inc.

Engineering • Inspection

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ENGINEERING DIRECTORY

Showcase Your Company in the Engineering or Equipment & Services Directory

[email protected]

EQUIPMENT & SERVICES DIRECTORY

Contact Mike Delaney at 352-241-6006

Fort Lauderdale954.351.9256

Gainseville352.335.7991

West Palm Beach561.904.7400

Jacksonville904.733.9119

Key West305.294.1645

Miami305.443.6401

Navarro850.939.8300

Orlando407.423.0030

Tampa813.874.0777 813.386.1990

Naples239.596.1715


CentralFloridaControls,Inc.

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Instrumentation,Controls Specialists

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• Lift Station Rehabilitation Services, GC License # CGC1520078

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Posi t ions Avai lable

Utilities Storm Water Supervisor$53,039-$74,630/yr. Plans/directs the maintenance, construction, re-pair/tracking of stormwater infrastructure. AS in Management, Envi-ronmental studies, or related req. Min. five years’ exp. in stormwateroperations or systems. FWPCOA “A” Cert. preferred.

Utilities Treatment Plant Operator I$41,138-$57,885/yr plus $50/biweekly for “B” lic.; 100/biweekly for “A”lic. Class “C” FL DW Operator Lic. & membrane experience required.

Water Plant Mechanic$43,195 - $60,779/yr. Performs inspections and maintenance ofwater/reuse facilities, pumping stations, well fields/equipment. Strongmechanical background with electrical knowledge of equipment in-stallation and repair.Apply: 100 W. Atlantic Blvd., Pompano Beach, FL 33060. Open untilfilled. E/O/E. http://pompanobeachfl.gov for details.

The Town of Hillsboro Beach is accepting applicationsfor a Class C or higher Water Treatment Plant Oper-ator or a trainee who has completed the DEP ap-proved coursework. For application, please visit

www.townofhillsborobeach.com.

Client Services ManagerReiss Engineering, Inc., a growing consulting engineering firm special-izing in potable water and water reclamation consulting engineering, iscurrently hiring for an experienced Client Services Manager in theTampa Bay area. For more information about career opportunities orto apply for this position, please visit www.reisseng.com.

We are currently accepting employment applications for the following positions:

Water & Wastewater Licensed Operator’s – positions are available inthe following counties: Pasco, Polk, Highlands, Lee, Marathon

Maintenance Technicians – positions are available in the following lo-cations: Jacksonville, New Port Richey, Fort Myers, Lake, Marion,

Ocala, Pembroke Pines

Construction Manager – Hillsborough

Customer Service Manager - Pasco

Employment is available for F/T, P/T and Subcontract opportunitiesPlease visit our website at www.uswatercorp.com

(Employment application is available in our website)4939 Cross Bayou Blvd.

New Port Richey, FL 34652Toll Free: 1-866-753-8292

Fax: (727) 848-7701E-Mail: [email protected]

Water and Wastewater Utility Operations, Maintenance, Engineering, Management

Plant Operator - Water Waste Water at SCPSResponsibilities: Maintain and operate district’s water and wastewaterdistribution systems and treatment plants as prescribed by FloridaStatutes and DEP. Qualifications: AS/BS Degree(preferred) or HighSchool Diploma/equivalent, five years’ experience in water and waste-water systems, class C operator’s license for a water treatment plant,class D operator’s license for a wastewater treatment plant, and validdriver’s license.

http://www.scps.k12.fl.us/Portals/17/assets/doc/Plant%20Opera-tor_WaterWasteWater.pdf

C L A S S I F I E D S


CITY OF WEST PALM BEACHWATER PLANT OPERATOR II

The City of Lakeland is seeking a Water Plant Operator II. The salaryis $34,258.00 - $53,123.00. This position may be under filled with aWater Plant Operator I.

This is skilled work at the journey level in the operation and mainte-nance of a municipal potable water treatment plant and other watersupply facilities. Requires a high school diploma from an accreditedschool or a G.E.D. and 4,160 hours of experience (including regularand overtime hours) in the initial operation of a potable water treat-ment plant. Must possess and maintain a state of Florida Class “C”Water Treatment Plant Operator Certification.

Interested applicants must complete an on-line application at:http://www.lakelandgov.net/employmentservices/EmploymentSer-vices/JobOpportunities.aspxEOE/DFWP

EXECUTIVE MANAGER OF WATER RECLAMATION SERVICES

Plans and directs the overall activities of the East Central Regional Waste-water Treatment Facility (ECRWWTF) which is operated by the City ofWest Palm Beach as managing agent for the ECRWWTF Board. The in-cumbent will be responsible for developing and maintaining a regula-tory compliance program for the ECRWWTF to ensure full compliancewith all local, state, and federal laws and regulations; will study plant op-erations and costs; prepares and recommends annual budget, and ad-ministers the expenditure funds allocated by the ECRWWTF Board;works with federal and state agencies relative to grants and loans.

QUALIFICATIONS: Five years experience in public utilities, publicworks, or waste water treatment systems and a Bachelor's degree froman accredited college or university with a major in Business/Public Ad-ministration, Engineering or closely related field, or any equivalentcombination of training and experience. Two years in a supervi-sory/managerial capacity, required.

Experience in wastewater plant operations, a State of Florida Class AWastewater Plant Operator license issued by the Department of Environ-mental Protection and Professional Engineer license, are highly desirable.

A valid Florida driver's license is required. A valid driver's license fromany state (equivalent to a State of Florida Class E) may be utilized uponapplication; with the ability to obtain the State of Florida driver's li-cense within 30 days from day of appointment.

Salary: Depending on qualifications, the hiring salary for this positioncan be within the range of $70,281 - $105,575

If interested in applying for this position, please complete the on-lineapplication by visiting our page at www.wpb.org

CITY OF WEST PALM BEACHWATER PLANT MANAGER

The Water Plant Manager plans, supervises, coordinates, and controlsthe City's 47 MGD water treatment plant and water distribution sys-tems operations. Responsible for the maintenance , construction, andrepair efforts dedicated to infrastructure and water treatment and op-erations; for developing and maintaining regulatory compliance pro-grams to ensure compliance with all local, state and federal laws, rulesand regulations; and to properly respond to citizen's questions and in-quiries on all water quality issues. It is the incumbent's responsibility tostudy plant operations and costs and make recommendations and im-plement procedures on how to optimize water plant operations, main-tenance, repair, replacement, and capital expenditures.

QUALIFICATIONS: Five years experience in public utilities, publicworks, or water treatment systems and a Bachelor's degree from an ac-credited college or university preferably with a Major in Chemistry, Bi-ology, Business or Public Administration, or closely related field, or anyequivalent combination of training and experience. Two years in a su-pervisory/managerial capacity, required.

A State of Florida Class A Water Plant Operator license issued by theDepartment of Environmental Protection is highly desirable.

A valid Florida driver's license is required. A valid driver's license fromany state (equivalent to a State of Florida Class E) may be utilized uponapplication; with the ability to obtain the State of Florida driver's li-cense within 30 days from day of appointment.

SALARY: Depending on qualifications, the hiring salary for this posi-tion can be within the range of $70,281 - $105,575

If interested in applying for this position, please complete the on-lineapplication by visiting our page at www.wpb.org

Client Services ManagerReiss Engineering, Inc., a growing consulting engineering firm special-izing in potable water and water reclamation consulting engineering, iscurrently hiring for an experienced Client Services Manager in the Ft.Lauderdale area. For more information about career opportunities orto apply for this position, please visit www.reisseng.com.

MechanicHighly skilled Mechanic for biosolids manufacturing plant. Candidatewill perform general maintenance; strong ability to trouble shoot andrepair equipment and facilities while coordinating with Operations De-partment; must have working knowledge of PLCs; SCAADA; andCMMS for preventive maintenance; will be accountable for maintain-ing spare part inventories and appropriate tools. Strong safety focusrequired, must be familiar with OSHA guidelines. High school diplomaor equivalent is mandatory; experience in welding; piping systems; ro-tating equipment; screw/belt conveyors; electric; instrumentation;fans; and pumps is a definite plus. Must have good communicationskills; work effectively in a team environment, positive attitude, workwell in a demanding industrial setting; and must be willing to work “ondemand” overtime and weekends. Valid Florida Driver’s License. Com-petitive pay w/benefits including paid vacation. Send resume to:[email protected]. M/F/V EOE


Chief Wastewater Operator Coral Springs Improvement District

Chief Wastewater Operator to oversee and direct the operation of theDistrict's wastewater treatment plan. Responsible for ensuring compli-ance with state and federal regulatory standards and all applicable Dis-trict policies, rules and regulations, budget preparations, capitalimprovements planning, staffing, performance appraisals, and trainingof personnel.

Must possess a valid State of Florida Class A Wastewater Treatment Op-erator's license, pass a pre-employment drug screen and have a validFlorida driver's license. Minimum five years supervisory experience inWastewater Treatment.

Competitive starting salary and benefit package including 401(a) de-fined benefit plan and matching 457(b) retirement plan.

Application and full job description may be obtained at the District's website:

http://www.csidfl.org/resources/employment.html

City of Coconut Creek, FL: Utility Service Worker III (Water)

Utilities & Engineering DepartmentSalary: $17.69/hour; $36,792.20 Annually

Minimum Qualifications: High school diploma or GED; supplementedby a minimum of three (3) years of experience in water distribution; anequivalent combination of education, certification, training, and / orexperience may be considered. Must have a valid Florida Class B orhigher commercial driver license, Florida Water Pollution Control Op-erators Association (FWPCOA) Water Distribution Level 2 certifica-tion and Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) Class 2license. Must obtain an ASSE Backflow Certification; Confined SpaceEntry certification; CPR certification; and intermediate level Mainte-nance of Traffic certification within 6 months of hire.Apply online at www.coconutcreek.net

City of Coconut Creek, FL:Utility Service Worker II (Wastewater)

Utilities & Engineering DepartmentSalary: $15.38/hour; $31,990.40 Annually

Minimum Qualifications: High school diploma or GED; supplementedby a minimum of two (2) years of experience in the maintenance, trou-bleshooting, and repair of wastewater collection systems; an equivalentcombination of education, certification, training, and/or experiencemay be considered. Successful completion of an electrical apprentice-ship program or equivalent training which has provided a minimum ofentry level technical knowledge of the electrical trade is preferred forpositions assigned to lift station repair and maintenance Must have avalid Florida Class B or higher commercial driver license; Florida WaterPollution Control Operators Association (FWPCOA) Wastewater li-cense “C” or higher preferred; and CPR, Maintenance of Traffic (MOT),and Confined Space Entry training must be completed within one (1)year of hire.Apply online at www.coconutcreek.net

Broward County Water and Wastewater ServicesENGINEER III - WATER/WASTEWATER

Fort Lauderdale, FL

Salary Range: $62,561.00 - $92,771.00 per year (dependent on qualifi-cations)

Go to www.broward.org/careers and then hit link "Additional CareerOpportunities" and apply as instructed.

North Springs Improvement District – Water Plant Operator

The North Springs Improvement District is searching for a licensedwater plant operator. Applicant must be licensed by the Florida De-partment Environmental Protection with either a C, B, or A water plantlicense. Please email Mireya Ortega at [email protected] with yourapplication or you can apply at www.nsidfl.gov

Electrician III (Utilities)Starting Salary $15.73 Salary Range - $15.73 - $25.67

Closing Date: ContinuousSeven years experience as an electrician; at least two years in a supervi-sory position. State of Florida or Pasco County Master Electrician’s Li-cense is required. Must possess a valid driver's license. A FloridaCommercial Driver’s License, Class “B” with Air Brakes is preferred.ADA/MF/EOE. Apply online www.pascocountyfl.net

Climate Control Technician III – UtilitiesSalary $15.73 Salary Range $15.73 - $25.67

Closing Date: ContinuousSeven years of progressively responsible experience in the installation,maintenance, and repair of commercial air conditioning/heating, re-frigeration, and heat pump equipment controls and systems. Two yearsin a supervisory position applying skills listed above.Requires State of Florida or Pasco County “B” Contractors License forair conditioning/heating. Must possess a valid driver’s license. ADA/MF/EOE Apply onlinewww.pascocountyfl.net

Maintenance Supervisor – UtilitiesStarting Salary $43,614.00, Salary Range - $43,614 - $74,039

Closing Date: continuousAssociates Degree from an accredited college or university is required.Five years of progressively responsible experience as a supervisor orequivalent in the water/wastewater construction/maintenance field.Must possess one of the licenses per the job announcement.Must possess a valid driver's license. ADA/MF/EOE. Apply onlinewww.pascocountyfl.net

Licensed Electrician - Coral SpringsThe North Springs Improvement District is searching for a licensed elec-trician. Applicant must be licensed. Instrumentation and scada experi-ence are also required. Please email Mireya Ortega at [email protected] your application or you can apply at www.nsidfl.gov.

Field Distribution CollectionThe North Springs Improvement District is searching for a water dis-tribution and wastewater collection field operator. Applicant must be li-censed by the Florida Environmental Protection Agency or obtain alevel 3 water distribution license within 24 months. Please [email protected] with your application or you can apply atwww.nsidfl.gov.

Purchase Private Utilities and Operating RoutesFlorida Corporation is interested in expanding it’s market in Florida.We would like you and your company to join us. We will buy or part-ner for your utility or operations business. Call Carl Smith at 727-835-9522. E-mail: [email protected]

Destin Water UsersWASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT SUPERINTENDENT

Destin Water Users is taking applications for a Wastewater TreatmentPlant Superintendent. Position is responsible for management and su-pervision of overall operation/preventative maintenance of our WWTP,associated equipment, and operations staff. Our 6MGD WWTP is a 24-hour operated facility. A minimum of "A" license, five (5) years of ex-perience; a valid Florida Driver's License required. Preference will begiven to those with extensive process control and management experi-ence. DWU offers a generous benefits package and compensation willbe commensurate with education and experience. The position is openuntil filled. EOE. To apply please visit www.dwuinc.com/contact-us/ca-reer-opportunities/

City of North Miami BeachPLANT SYSTEM ENGINEER

This is responsible technical work, in the operation and general main-tenance of treatment system equipment, SCADA (Supervisory Con-trols and Data Acquisition) system at the water treatment plant andrelated storage facilities, water distribution system, as well as wastewatersystem. Work involves performing difficult technical and skilled workin design, set up, programming, calibration, repair and maintenance ofinstrumentation and process control system. An incumbent in the clas-sification will apply knowledge of process control, programming, en-gineering, SCADA etc., and employ comprehensive analyses ofoperations and procedures to assist the operation and maintenance ofwater and wastewater systems. Work is performed with considerableindependence within the scope of professional methods and proceduresto accomplish objectives. Position reports to the Assistant Director ofPublic Services.

The successful candidate must possess:A bachelors degree in Industrial Systems Engineering, Computer Sci-ence, or other engineering degrees with major course work in instru-mentation and control engineering. Three (3) years of responsible experience in construction, repair andmaintenance of instrumentation and control system working withSCADA, PLC, HMI, etc. at an industrial facility.Experience in instrumentation and control engineering at a water treat-ment plant with membrane treatment process preferred.Trained in computer systems maintenance and networking.Valid Florida Driver's License.

To apply, mail resume to City Hall, Human Resources Dept. 17011 N.E. 19th Avenue, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, or fax to 305.787.6034.www.citynmb.com/jobs

Posi t ions WantetdMICHAEL WOOD – Seeking a water/wastewater Trainee position andhas passed tests but needs in plant hours to obain his licenses. PrefersVolusia or Brevard County. Contact at 298 Hickory Ave, Oak Hill, Fl.32759. 386-847-1814

JUAN McELROY – Seeking a wastewater Trainee position and passedthe test but needs plant hours to obtain license. Prefers central Floridaregion within an hours drive. Contact at 4518 Almark Dr. Orlando. Fl.32839. 407-850-9683 or 407-376-0088

Editorial CalendarJanuary . . . . .Wastewater TreatmentFebruary . . . .Water Supply; Alternative SourcesMarch . . . . . .Energy Efficiency; Environmental StewardshipApril . . . . . . .Conservation and Reuse;

Florida Water Resources ConferenceMay . . . . . . . .Operations and Utilities ManagementJune . . . . . . .Biosolids Management and Bioenergy Production;

FWRC ReviewJuly . . . . . . . .Stormwater Management; Emerging TechnologiesAugust . . . . .Disinfection; Water Quality; 65th AnniversarySeptember . .Emerging Issues; Water Resources ManagementOctober . . . . .New Facilities, Expansions and UpgradesNovember . . .Water TreatmentDecember . . .Distribution and Collection

Technical articles are usually scheduled several months inadvance and are due 60 days before the issue month (for example,January 1 for the March issue).

The closing date for display ad and directory card reservations,notices, announcements, upcoming events, and everything elseincluding classified ads, is 30 days before the issue month (forexample, September 1 for the October issue).

For further information on submittal requirements, guidelinesfor writers, advertising rates and conditions, and ad dimensions, aswell as the most recent notices, announcements, and classifiedadvertisements, go to www.fwrj.com or call 352-241-6006.


CEU Challenge ....................45CH2MHill ............................48Crom ..................................32Data Flow............................33FSAWWA Conference ....21-23FWPCOA Short School ......53FWPCOA Training ..............35FWRC Call 4 Papers ............38Garney .................................5Heyward..............................52

Hudson Pump ....................13ISA Symposium ..................55Permaform..........................27Rangeline ............................63Reiss Engineering..................7Stacon ...................................2TREEO ................................42USA Bluebook ....................43US Water .............................19Xylem .................................64

Display Advertiser Index

70- Wade trim71- Stantec FWEA 1/4 page

72 - Move directories

C- factor start on 70 & jump

ad log arcadis and ISA

florida water resources journal - july 2014

Documents

state of florida

executive manager

issue trademark names

fwpcoa operators

trademark owner

email changes

emerald lakesdrive

post office