Are modified twigs adapted primarily for reproduction, which ultimately forms the fruit and the seed.

Flowers

Parts of a Complete Flower

Stigma

Style

Ovary

Pistil:Stamen:

Anther

Filament

Floral envelope or Perianth:

Sepal (calyx)Petal (corolla)Receptacle

(torus)

Peduncle

Floral stalk:

Stigma – slightly enlarged tip of the style on which pollen is deposited at pollination

Style – a long and thin filament that serves as a passageway for pollen grains to move from the stigma to the ovary

Ovary – a swollen basal part of a pistil which carries the ovule or eggs (yellow); where fertilized eggs develop

CARPEL (Gynoecium) The female reproductive part of a flower. It is collectively

known as the Pistil.

Types of Carpels (Gynoecium)

If a gynoecium has a single carpel, it is called Monocarpous or Unicarpellate Gynoecium

Avocado (Persea sp.)

Types of Carpels (Gynoecium)

If a gynoecium has multiple, distinct (free, unfused) carpels, it is apocarpous.

Unfused Carpels

Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)

Types of Carpels (Gynoecium)

If a gynoecium has multiple carpels fused (connate) into a single structure, it is syncarpous.

Fused Carpels

Tulip (Tulipa sp.)

Anther – where pollens are formed

Filament – a stalk holding the pollen at its tip

STAMEN (Androecium)The male reproductive

part of a flower

Sepal (calyx ) – usually a green leaf-like structure that forms the outermost floral whorl; it protects the inner parts of the flower before it opens.

Petal (corolla) – the innermost whorl surrounding the flowers reproductive parts. It is usually brightly colored to attract pollinators

FLORAL ENVELOPE or PERIANTH

Receptacle (torus) – thickened part of a stem from which the flower grows

Peduncle – a stalk supporting the flower

FLORAL STALK

Variable Features and

Structures of

Flowers

Color

Day-blooming flowers are generally brightly colored

Night-blooming flowers are usually white, creamy or yellowish

Gerbera daisies (Gerbera sp.) Dutchman's Pipe (Epiphyllum oxypetalum)

Odor

Ilang-ilang (Cananga odorata) Corpse flower (Amorphophallus titanum)

Flower with fragrant odor Flower with stinky odor

Complete Flowers flowers are said to be complete

when the four main parts (petal, sepal, stamen and carpel) are present

Incomplete Flower flowers are incomplete when one

or more of the main parts are not present

Parts Present

Sexuality Flowers with both stamen and carpel are

called Perfect Flowers. These flowers can also be called bisexual or hermaphroditicflowers.

Flowers that have only either stamen or carpel are called Imperfect Flowers. This flowers can also be called Unisexualflowers. An imperfect flower with only the carpel or pistil is called Pistillate flower. One with the stamen only is a Staminateflower.

Gumamela (Hibiscus sp.) Chichirica (Catharanthus roseus)

Perfect Flower

Corn (Zea mays)

Staminate flowerPistillate flower

Imperfect Flower - MonoeciousBoth male and female flowers are found on the same plant.

Papaya (Carica papaya)

Staminate flower Pistillate flower

Imperfect Flower - DioeciousImperfect flowers are borne on separate plants

Imperfect Flower - Polygamous

Perfect and imperfect flowers are found in a single plant.

Canadian Burnet (Sanguisorba sp.)

Nature of flowers

Bleeding heart (Dicentra Spectabilis)

Flowers are Regular when the members of each set of organs (sepals, petals, stamen and carpels) are of the same size and shape

Flowers are Irregular when some members of one or more sets of organs are different in size or shape or both.

Regular flower

Members of each set of organs are of the same size and shape

Cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus )Rose (Rosa sp.)

Irregular flower - Papilionaceous

Chicharo (Pisum sativum)

Keels or Carinae Two innermost and

smallest petal.

Standard petal or Banner Outermost and the

largest part of the flower

Wings or Alae Two lateral petals

Irregular flower - Caesalpinaceous

Caballero (Caesalpinia pulcherrima)

Banner Innermost and smallest

petal

Wings Two upper lateral petals

Keel Two lower lateral petals

Irregular flower - Bilabiate

Snap Dragon (Antirrhinum majus)

Upper Lip

Lower Lip

Sage (salvia officinalis)

Irregular flower - Orchidaceous

Sepals Three outermost whorl

Petals Two innermost whorl

Lip or Labellum Also a petal but with

different shape and size

Cattleya (Cattleya sp.)

Fusion of flowers

Morning Glory (Ipomea sp.) Blue eye grass (Sisyrinchium atlanticum)

Connation – when like parts are fused or united

Fused petals forming a cone Fused filaments

Angels trumpet (Datura wrightii) Crucifix Orchid (Epidendrum secundum)

Adnation – when unlike parts are fused

Stamen is adnate to petals

Lip is adnate to stamen

Number of flowers parts

Giant Spiderwort (Tradescantia gigantea)

Benguet Lily (Liliaceae sp.)

MonocotFlower parts are in 3’s or in multiple of 3’s

Monkey-flower (Mimulus lewisii) Rosal (Gardenia jasminoides)

DicotFlower parts are in 4’s or 5’s or in multiple of 4’s or 5’s

Symmetry

Actinomorphic radial symmetry flowers can be divided into 2

equal halves along any plane

Zygomorphic bilateral symmetry divided into 2 equal halves only

by a medial cut through the central axis

Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa)

Actinomorphic

Water Lily (Nymphaea sp.)

Dancing ladies (Oncidium altissimum)

Sword Lily (Gladiolus sp.)

Zygomorphic

Ovary Position

Kalamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

The sepals and petals are attached

below the ovary

Superior or Hypogynous

ovary

Golasiman(Portulaca oleracea)

Half-Superior /Half-Inferior or Perigynous

The sepals and petals are attached at the side of the ovary

ovary

Ground Orchid (Spathoglottis plicata)

Squash (Cucurbita sp.)

Inferior or Epigynous

The sepals and petals are attached above the ovary

ovary

ovary

Placentation

The places where the ovules are attached in the ovary are known as placentae. The arrangement of the placentae inside the

ovary is called placentation

Axile

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

The placentae are found at the central axis of a compound ovary

ovaries with ovules

ParietalThe placentae are found on the

wall of a compound ovary .

ovaries with ovulesCucumber (Cucumis sativus)

MarginalThe placentae are located on the

wall of a single ovary. A single ovary has one chamber or locule.

ovary with ovules

String Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

BasalThe placentae with a single ovule is found more or less at the base

of the ovary

Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemums indicum)

ovaries with ovules

InflorescenceFlower clusters are

called inflorescence. These may differ in the

number of flowers borne, the sequence of flower maturation, the length of flower stalks,

the number and arrangement of the floral branches or

peduncles.

Bottle brush (Callistemon lanceolatus)

Pancit-pancita (Peperomia pellucida)

SpikeAn inflorescence has an

elongated axis with sessile (without pedicel) florets

Golden Shower (Laburnum anagyroides)

Raceme

The elongated axis is unbranched. The flowers are provided with stalks or pedicles of equal lengths and are called pedicellate flowers.

Aloe vera(Aloe vera)

Panicle

The elongated axis is branched. Flowers are

pedicellate, opening all at the same time

Rice(Oriza sativa)

Tigbi(Coix lachryma-jobi)

Yarrow(Achillea millefolium)

Corymb

It has a more or less flat convex top because of the pedicels bearing the outer, older flowers are longer than the younger flowers at the center.

Caballero(Caesalpinia pulcherrima)

Japanese bamboo (Dracaena surculosa)

Queen Anne’s Lace (Daucus carota)

Umbel

Simple

Compound

The axis is short so that

all the pedicellate

flowers radiate from the apex of

the axis.

CymeThis inflorescence is similar to a corymb

except that the inner pedicelled flowers open first

Santan (Ixora sp.) Shanghai beauty (Jatropha pandurifolia)

Calla Lily (Zantedeschia sp.)Anthurium (Anthurium andreanum)

SpadixA fleshy spike (spadix) bearing both male and female flowers, surrounded by a petaloid bract

called the spathe.

spadix

spathe

Belembe Silvestre (Xanthosoma helleborifolium)

Syngonium(Syngonium schottianum)

male florets

female florets

Cat’s Tail (Acalypha hispida)

Copper plant (Acalypha wilkesiana)

Catkin/ Ament

This inflorescence is a special type of spike which is hanging or drooping . The flowers are usually unisexual.

Deerweed (Lotus scoparius)

Birds of Paradise (Strelitzia sp.)

The pedicelled or sessile flowers are crowded at

one side of the stem

Fascicle

Head/ Capitate

It is similar to umbel but the flowers are sessile. Usually the flowers are of two kinds: the disc flower at the center and the ray flowers at the margin

ray flowers

disc flowers

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii)

Head of Sunflower family