VGB

Pow

erTe

ch -

All

right

s re

serv

ed -

Alle

Rec

hte

vorb

ehal

ten

- ©

201

7

>>> VGB DIGITAL <<<

VGB

Pow

erTe

ch -

All

right

s res

erve

d -

Alle

Rec

hte

vorb

ehal

ten

- ©

201

7

59

VGB PowerTech 3 l 2018 Flue gas flow rate calculation for mass emissions reporting

Authors

Kurzfassung

Rauchgas-Volumen-Berechnung für die Emissions-Berichterstattung Teil 1: Von DIN 1942 zu EN 12952-15 zu EN-ISO 16911-1

Betreiber von Feuerungsanlagen müssen den Rauchgasdurchsatz ihrer Anlagen bestimmen, um Massenströme von Emissionen berechnen zu können. Für viele Standardbrennstoffe lie-fert die Berechnung des Rauchgasdurchsatzes zuverlässige Ergebnisse mit definierter Unsi-cherheit und mit einem relativ einfachen Ver-fahren. Das berechnete trockene Rauchgasvolu-men wird mit Emissionskonzentrationen kom-biniert, die dann auf Basis trockener Mas- senströme gemeldet werden. Werden Konzent-rationen zudem auf Basis trockener Massen-ströme gemessen, wie es bei Großfeuerungsan-lagen häufig der Fall ist, vermeidet dies die an-sonsten erforderliche Messung von Wasser- dampf und damit eine zusätzliche Unsicherheit. Diese Publikation ist die erste (VGB-For-schungsprojekt Nr. 338) aus einer Reihe von drei zu VGB-Forschungsprojekten mit dem Titel „Berechnung des Rauchgasdurchsatzes für die Berichterstattung über Massenemissionen“. Die beiden folgenden erscheinen innerhalb eines Jahres in dieser Zeitschrift mit denfolgenden Untertiteln:Teil 2: Überprüfung der Rauchgasdurchflussbe-rechnung mittels Schornsteinprüfung und Da-tenauswertung nach EN-ISO 16911:2013 (VGB-Forschungsprojekt Nr. 379)Teil 3: Bewertung der Anlagenleistung mit Hilfe der Datenbanken Großfeuerungsanlage und E-PRTR (VGB-Forschungsprojekt Nr. 400) l

Flue gas flow rate calculation for mass emissions reporting.Part 1: The pathway from DIN 1942, to EN 12952-15, to EN-ISO 16911-1Frans Blank, David Graham and Henrik Harnevie

M.Sc. Frans BlankConsultant DNV GL – Energy Arnhem, The NetherlandsM.Sc. David GrahamTechnical Consultant Gas Turbines Uniper Technologies Ltd. Nottingham, United KingdomM.Sc. Henrik HarnevieSenior Research Engineer; Process & Chemistry Vattenfall Asset Development Stenungsund, Sweden

Flue gas flow rate calculation for mass emissions reporting

Introduction

Operators of combustion plant need to know the flue gas flow rate to calculate the mass release of pollutant emissions. For many standard fuels, the calculation of flue gas flow rate gives reliable results, with a defined uncertainty, using relatively simple procedures. The calculated dry flue gas volume is combined with emission concen-trations that are reported on a dry basis. When concentrations are also measured on a dry basis, as is often the case for large combustion plants, this avoids the meas-urement of water vapour and hence an ad-ditional uncertainty. This publication is the first (VGB Research Project No. 338) of a series of three VGB Re-search projects on “Flue gas flow rate calcu-lation for mass emissions reporting”. The other two will appear within a year in this journal, having the following sub-titles:

– Part 2: Verifying flue gas flow rate calcu-lation, by means of stack testing and data evaluation, to EN-ISO 16911:2013 (VGB Research Project No. 379).

– Part 3: Plant performance assessment using the Large Combustion Plant and E-PRTR databases (VGB Research Project No. 400).

The authors wish to thank the VGB Re-search Foundation for their financial con-tributions, the members of the VGB Techni-cal Group “Emissions Monitoring”, who formed the project oversight committee, and especially Mr. Volker Hamacher (sec-retary of the group at the time) for his con-tinuous enthusiasm for our work.

Motivation and historicalcontext

Flue gas flow rate is calculated from the plant net Thermal Input (MWth) and a Fuel Factor which defines the volume of dry stack gas produced from a unit of use-ful thermal input (m3/MJth):

Flue Gas Flow Rate (m3/s) = Thermal Input (MJth/s) * Fuel Factor (m3/MJth)

In turn, the Thermal Input is calculated from either the rate of fuel consumption and the net calorific value (NCV) of the fuel

(the lower heating value), typically the case for gaseous and liquid fuels:

Thermal Input (MJth/s) = Fuel Flow (m3/s or kg/s) * NCV (MJth/m3 or MJ/kg)

or the electrical/thermal output of the plant and the thermal efficiency, typically the case for solid fuels:

Thermal Input (MJth/s) = Energy Output (MJout/s) ÷ Thermal Efficiency (MJout/MJth)

EN-ISO 16911-1 now defines reference Fuel Factors for fossil fuels in m3/MJth at 0 % O2, dry, 273.15 K, 101.325 kPa. These factors are then corrected to the required reference oxygen condition. There is little variation between these specified Fuel Factors since there is a close correlation between the en-ergy content of the fuel and the released volume of combustion products. That is, only the combustible material within the fuel has both a heating value and produces gaseous combustion products. The combus-tible material within the fuel is principally Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) and the small variation between Fuel Factors is caused by differences in the C:H ratio when moving through the range of fossil fuels from natu-ral gas to coal. The historic development of the range of Fuel Factors given in EN-ISO 16911-1 is described below within the context of the VGB Research Project 338.

As already mentioned, the Fuel Factor, ‘S’, specified in m3/MJth at 0 % O2, dry, defines the amount of flue gas released per unit of input energy. ‘S’ varies somewhat depend-ing on the type of fuel, net calorific value, moisture and ash content. Initially, within our VGB Research Project, it appeared that there were no clear references to interna-tional standards available for the Fuel Fac-tor. For example, the Fuel Factors applied in the Netherlands came from DIN 1942:1979, the standard for acceptance tests [1]. The Fuel Factor was calculated from the com-bustion formulas in that standard.

The revised DIN 1942:1994 standard [2] provided formulas for direct calculation of the flue gas flow rate. However, the Nether-lands and many other European countries continued to use their own historic Fuel Factors.

VGB

Pow

erTe

ch -

All

right

s re

serv

ed -

Alle

Rec

hte

vorb

ehal

ten

- ©

201

7

>>> VGB DIGITAL <<<

VGB

Pow

erTe

ch -

All

right

s res

erve

d -

Alle

Rec

hte

vorb

ehal

ten

- ©

201

7

60

Flue gas flow rate calculation for mass emissions reporting VGB PowerTech 3 l 2018

In 2003, the DIN 1942 standard was super-seded by the European standard EN 12952-15:2003  [3]. That standard describes the same basic principles relating to plant per-formance assessment and provides empiri-cal formulas for flue gas flow rate calcula-tion that are similar to the latest DIN stand-ard. However, this is not at all apparent from the title: ‘Water-tube boilers and aux-iliary installations – Part 15: Acceptance tests’; the relevant formulas are summa-rised in the closing Annex of that standard (pages 85-86).In 2010 the second version of the VGB/EU-RELECTRIC guidance document for mass emissions reporting was released [4]. For flue gas flow calculation, this guidance document contains a few fixed factors, with reference to a 1997 International En-ergy Agency handbook. For lignite or bio-mass no dedicated calculation formulas were provided. At that time, neither the DIN nor EN standard formulas had been as-sessed by the authors of the guidance doc-ument.Meanwhile, for many years, there had been a NOx-fee system in Sweden. For reporting the annual NOx mass emission, the flue gas volume needs to be accurately known. The use of biomass, with a fuel water content up to 60 percent and low heating values, is common in Sweden. Most plants weigh fuel samples and check for major variations in the moisture content used for the stack gas flow and the annual average. The wetter the fuel, the higher the Fuel Factor, since more fuel needs to be combusted simply in order to evaporate the water that is supplied with that fuel. The Fuel Factor therefore increas-es by about 20 %, in relative terms, as the fuel moisture content increases from 20 to 60 % as described later (Ta b l e 3 ). It was therefore apparent that biomass fuels need-ed to be incorporated into the VGB Re-search Project in addition to fossil fuels. It should be noted that the uncertainty of the flue gas flow rate also depends on the uncertainty of the thermal input. For solid fuels, the thermal input is usually deter-mined indirectly – from the plant output and the thermal efficiency. In this case, the uncertainty needs to be determined on a case-by-case basis, at least for a given plant type and calculation approach. In many cases, the Fuel Factor uncertainty then only has a small share in the total flue gas flow rate uncertainty.The authors completed the VGB Research project 338 “Determination of Flue Gas Flow” in January 2012 [5]. In the mean-time, the EN-ISO 16911-1:2013 standard for flow manual reference methods was under development [6]. As a direct conse-quence of the technical assessments con-ducted within VGB Research Project 338, which demonstrated the ease of applicabil-ity of the calculation methods and their low uncertainty, the project results were incorporated as a normative Annex E in the

EN-ISO standard. Flow calculation can therefore be used as a reference method, under certain circumstances [6]. So, even-tually, versions of the DIN equations have become a reference method in the interna-tional standard for the determination of flue gas flow rate.Whilst the calculation approach is fully de-fined in the reference methods standard, the more common application is for con-tinuous flow calculation. In that case, the standard EN-ISO 16911-2:2013: Automat-ed Measuring Systems needs to be applied [7]. This permits a calculation approach to be used for continuous flow monitoring provided that it is verified using manual ref-erence methods, i.e., by stack testing. Al-though the calculation must be initially verified and then checked annually, ‘cali-bration factors’ derived from the stack test-ing results must not be applied to the calcu-lation. The performance of the manual reference methods, and their use in the verification of calculated flue gas flow rate, will be con-sidered in Part 2 of this series (VGB Re-search Project No. 379).On a regular basis, the flue gas volume for-mulas are also used for emission perfor-mance benchmarking. When the annual energy consumption is available, the cor-responding flue gas volume can be calcu-lated easily. Combining this with the an-nual energy output, the annual concentra-tion can be estimated. In Part 3 of this series the results of VGB Research Project No. 400: “Performance assessment using the Large Combustion Plant and E-PRTR databases” will be published.

Fuel Factor calculation formulas and validation results

For solid and liquid fuels, EN 12952-15 de-fines a method to determine the mass spe-cific Fuel Factor, VGod, in m3/kg at 0 % O2

dry at 273.15 K, 101.325 kPa, from the as-received fuel composition based on an ulti-mate analysis:

VGod = 8.8930 γC + 20.9724 γH + 3.3190 γS – 2.6424 γO + 0.7997 γN (m3/kg) [1]

(Formula 8.3-60 on page 42 of EN 12952-15 and Formula E.3 of EN-ISO 16911-1)where γ is the mass fraction of an individu-al fuel component in the supplied fuel (as received) and C, H, S, O and N are the ele-ments carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen, respectively.

Coal and biomass

For solid fuels the empirical relation pro-vided in EN 12952-15 is a good approxima-tion for a wide range of solid fuels.

VGod = -0.06018 (1 – γAsh – γH2O) + 0.25437 (H(N) + 2.4425 γH2O) (m3/kg) [2]

(Formula A.5N on page 85 of EN 12952-15)

Where γAsh and γH2O are the mass fraction of ash and water and H(N) is the net calo-rific value of the as-received fuel.

In the project report, which is publicly available at the VGB web site, the emphasis of the validation was on hard coal and bio-mass. Two participants had extensive coal and biomass databases. Vattenfall per-formed their tests on 163 fuels from the ECN Phyllis database for biomass and waste, also including lignite, peat, and plastics. F i g u r e 1 and F i g u r e 2 show the calculated Fuel Factors with formula [1] and formula [2], respectively. The lat-ter procedure gives almost identical results for nearly all dry solid fuels. A further very interesting result is that it also does not matter if the heating value is measured or calculated.

Fuel

fact

or in

m3 /

MJ th

0.350

0.300

0.250

0.200

0.150

FF analysis (bark)FF analysis (char from food industry)FF analysis (industrial sludge)FF analysis (brown coal)FF analysis (municipal waste)FF analysis (peat)FF analysis (recovered wood)FF analysis (straws and grass)FF analysis (untreated wood)

FF milne (bark)FF milne (char from food industry)FF milne (industrial sludge)FF milne (brown coal)FF milne (municipal waste)FF milne (peat)FF milne (recovered wood)FF milne (straws and grass)FF milne (untreated wood)

Fig. 1. Fuel factor for 163 fuels using formula 1 with measured (analysis) and calculated (milne) net calorific value.

VGB

Pow

erTe

ch -

All

right

s re

serv

ed -

Alle

Rec

hte

vorb

ehal

ten

- ©

201

7

>>> VGB DIGITAL <<<

VGB

Pow

erTe

ch -

All

right

s res

erve

d -

Alle

Rec

hte

vorb

ehal

ten

- ©

201

7

61

VGB PowerTech 3 l 2018 Flue gas flow rate calculation for mass emissions reporting

The same conclusions were drawn for both hard coal and biomass fuels. It is generally better to base a flue gas flow calculation on net calorific value, rather than fuel compo-sition. For bituminous and sub-bituminous coal the EN formula also showed very good agreement with the US EPA factors that were originally based on Gross Calorific Values. In the VGB report [5] there is a de-tailed explanation of how to then use the Fuel Factor to calculate flue gas flow rate when the total thermal input is calculated from the energy output and thermal effi-ciency of the plant.

Gas and oil fuel

For liquid fuels, the empirical calcula-tion of the mass specific Fuel Factor is given as:

VGod = 1.76435 + 0.20060 H(N) (m3/kg) [3]

(Formula A.10N on page 86 of EN 12952-15)In the validation, it showed very good agreement with calculation from compo-sition and close agreement with US EPA calculation. There was a distinct dif-ference in the fuel factor from Gas oil and Fuel oil.For gaseous fuels, the empirical relation provided in EN 12952-15 is applicable to a wide range of natural gas compositions and process fuel gases (but not low calo-rific value fuel gas):

VGod = 0.64972 + 0.22553 H(N) (m3/kg) [4]

(Formula A.15N on page 86 of EN 12952-15)This formula was validated with an exact calculation from a molar combustion bal-ance which was also used to verify a volu-metric equation for the flue gas volume (described below).

Fuel Factors in ISO 16911-1:2013 and their calculated uncertainty

In the VGB project a set of fixed Fuel Factors for commercially traded fuels, and their associated uncertainties, was es-tablished and incorporated into the EN-ISO 16911-1 standard as shown in Ta -b l e   1 .

A wider range of fuels may be considered, and a lower uncertainty can be achieved, by applying a correction for the NCV of the as-received fuel. “As-received” indicates that the fuel heating value is reported on the basis that all moisture and ash-forming minerals are present. Note that the NCV is referred to as the Net Specific Energy (NSE) in the standard. However, uncer-tainties for these alternative approaches are not pre-defined and need to be speci-fied by the plant operator.

The NSE correction (Ta b l e 2 ) is derived from the Annex of EN 12952-15 formulas [2], [3] and [4]:

S = a / e (N) + b

where e (N) is the Net Specific Energy of the as received fuel in MJ/kg (=H(N)).For gaseous fuels, it may be more conveni-ent to employ the volumetric Net Specific Energy (MJ/m3 at 0 °C) in which case a = 0.2 and b = 0.234. This approach is not suitable for low specific energy fuel gases for which the Fuel Factor shall be deter-mined from the gas composition according to EN 12952-15 Section 8.For liquid fuels, this approach is suitable only for light petroleum fractions. Other liquid fuels should be assessed using the measured composition and heating value.For solid fuels, the mass fractions of ash and moisture in the as-received fuel need to be taken into account using the dry, ash free, fuel mass fraction, γF, where: γF = 1 – γAsh – γH2O

Fixed Fuel Factors for wet biomass were de-rived in accordance with EN 12952-15 as shown in Ta b l e 3 . The uncertainty re-lates to a moisture content variation of ±10 % in each case, e.g., a moisture con-tent of 30 % mass fraction covering a range of moisture contents from 20 % to 40 %. The uncertainty increases nonlinearly at high moisture contents.

Conclusions

The calculation of flue gas flow rate, for the purpose of mass emissions reporting, gives reliable results, with a defined uncertainty, using relatively simple procedures. The flue gas flow rate calculations within the German standard DIN 1942:1994 had his-torically been used by many countries and individual companies for these purposes. The present VGB validation study demon-

Fuel

fact

or in

m3 /

MJ th

0.270

0.260

0.250

0.240

0.230

FF analysis (bark)FF analysis (char from food industry)FF analysis (industrial sludge)FF analysis (brown coal)FF analysis (municipal waste)FF analysis (peat)FF analysis (recovered wood)FF analysis (straws and grass)FF analysis (untreated wood)

FF milne (bark)FF milne (char from food industry)FF milne (industrial sludge)FF milne (brown coal)FF milne (municipal waste)FF milne (peat)FF milne (recovered wood)FF milne (straws and grass)FF milne (untreated wood)

Fig. 2. Fuel factor for 163 fuels using formula 2 with measured (analysis) and calculated (milne) net calorific value.

Tab. 1. Fossil fuel factors (Table E.1 of EN-ISO 16911-1).

Fuel Factor S

Fuel type

Natural gas Gas oil Fuel oil Hard coal

m3/MJ at 0 % O2 dry 273,15 K & 101,325 kPa 0.240 0.244 0.248 0.256

Urel,95%, % ±0.7 ±1.0 ±1.0 ±2.0

Tab. 2. NSE correction factors (Table E.3 of EN-ISO 16911-1).

ParameterFuel type

Gas Liquid Solid

a 0.64972 1.76435 -0.06018 γF

b 0.22553 0.20060 0.25437 (1+ 2.4425 γH2O / e(N))

Tab. 3. Biomass fuel factors (Table E.2 of EN-ISO 16911-1).

Fuel moisture (% mass fraction) 20 30 40 50 60

Fuel factor, S, m3/MJ at 0 % O2 dry 0.260 0.267 0.276 0.290 0.314

Uncertainty, Urel,95%, % (±10 % mass fraction moisture) 2.8 3.6 5.0 7.7 13.9

VGB

Pow

erTe

ch -

All

right

s re

serv

ed -

Alle

Rec

hte

vorb

ehal

ten

- ©

201

7

>>> VGB DIGITAL <<<

VGB

Pow

erTe

ch -

All

right

s res

erve

d -

Alle

Rec

hte

vorb

ehal

ten

- ©

201

7

62

Flue gas flow rate calculation for mass emissions reporting VGB PowerTech 3 l 2018

strates the low calculation uncertainty that  can be achieved when deriving Fuel Factors from the net calorific value of the fuel. A range of fixed Fuel Factors, with de-fined uncertainties, was developed for commercially traded fossil fuels and wet biomass. More detailed estimation meth-ods, based on the net calorific value and/or the fuel composition were also derived us-ing formulas given in EN 12952-15:2003 (the successor to DIN 1942).In 2013, the VGB project results were suc-cessfully incorporated into Annex E of EN-ISO 16911 ”Manual and automatic deter-mination of velocity and volume flow rate in ducts – Part 1: Manual reference meth-od” and this is applicable to a wide range of

gaseous, liquid and solid fuels. Conse-quently, flue gas flow rate calculation was approved for continuous monitoring, un-der Part 2 of the same standard, subject to verification using manual reference meth-ods which is the subject of our next paper. The calculation approach can therefore continue to provide a cost effective and ac-curate means of continuously monitoring the flue gas volume flow rate.

References[1] DIN 1942: 1979 Abnahmeversuche an Damp-

ferzeugern (VDI – Dampferzeugerregeln).[2] DIN 1942: 1994 Acceptance test code for

steam generators (VDI-rules for steam genera-tors).

[3] EN 12952-15:2003 Water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations – Part 15: Acceptance tests.

[4] VGB/EURELECTRIC, 2010: European Wide Sector Specific Calculation Method for Report-ing to the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register – 2nd Edition.

[5] David Graham, Henrik Harnevie, Rob van Beek and Frans Blank, Validated methods for flue gas flow rate calculation with reference to EN 12952-15, KEMA, 2012.

[6] EN-ISO 16911-1: 2013 Stationary source emissions – Manual and automatic determi-nation of velocity and volume flow rate in ducts – Part 1: Manual reference method.

[7] EN-ISO 16911-2: 2013 Stationary source emissions – Manual and automatic determina-tion of velocity and volume flow rate in ducts – Part 2: Automated measuring systems. l

VGB-Standard

VGB PowerTech Service GmbH Deilbachtal 173 | 45257 Essen | P.O. Box 10 39 32 | Germany Verlag technisch-wissenschaftlicher Schriften Fon: +49 201 8128-200 | Fax: +49 201 8128-302 | E-Mail: mark@vgb.org | www.vgb.org/shop

Preservation of Steam andGas Turbo-Generator Sets (2nd edition)Edition 2017 – VGB-S-036-00-2017-04-EN

DIN A4, 42 Pa ges, Pri ce for VGB mem bers* € 190.–, for non mem bers € 280.–, + VAT, ship ping and hand ling DIN A4, 42 Seiten, Preis für VGB-Mit glie der* € 190,–, für Nicht mit glie der € 280,–, + Ver sand kos ten und MwSt.

The present VGB-Standard covers all aspects of preservation. This standard provides operators, manufactur-ers and planners with a basic framework on how and to what extent the steam turbines, gas turbines and generators are to be treated.The editorial team has decided to take the steam turbine and the generator from the VGB-R 116 “Pres-ervation of Power Plants” (republished as VGB-S-116-00-2016-04-EN “Preservation of Power Plants”), to add a section on the gas turbine and to publish both together in this revised VGB standard “VGB-S-036-00-2017-04”.This VGB-Standard can be used analogously to protect other plant components in the power plant against corrosion. It is prepared to the best of our professional knowledge, but does not claim to be complete. By its very nature, this VGB-Standard is a recommendation and therefore cannot replace the expertise of the users.In principle, however, in addition to the recommendations and measures for protecting the assets by preser-vation as described below, the manufacturer’s instructions and the specifications from the operating manuals must also be observed.

* Access for eBooks (PDF files) is included in the membership fees for Ordinary Members of VGB PowerTech e.V.

VGB-S-036-00-2017-04-EN

VGB-StandardPreservation of Steam and Gas Turbo-Generator Sets

2nd Edition

VGB-Standard

VGB PowerTech Service GmbH Deilbachtal 173 | 45257 Essen | P.O. Box 10 39 32 | Germany Verlag technisch-wissenschaftlicher Schriften Fon: +49 201 8128-200 | Fax: +49 201 8128-302 | E-Mail: mark@vgb.org | www.vgb.org/shop

Recommendations for the Inspection and Overhaul of Steam Turbines (formerly VGB-R 121e)Ausgabe/edition 2016 – VGB-S-121-00-2016-04-EN

DIN A4, 90 Pa ges, Pri ce for VGB mem bers* € 150.–, for non mem bers € 210.–, + VAT, ship ping and hand ling DIN A4, 90 Seiten, Preis für VGB-Mit glie der* € 150,–, für Nicht mit glie der € 210,–, + Ver sand kos ten und MwSt.

Monitoring, limiting and protection devices must satisfy stringent requirements in order to afford safe and reliable operation of gas turbine units.The VGB Technical Group “Gas Turbines” considered it necessary to revise the “Guidelines for Supervision, Limiting and Protection Devices on Gas Turbine Systems” whose second, revised edition had been published in 1993. The present revision was aimed at considering the present state of the art and the current codes of practice and ISO and VDMA standards. This Standard applies to stationary gas turbines (single-shaft and multi-shaft turbines) used to drive generators and other machinery.

* Access for eBooks (PDF files) is included in the membership fees for Ordinary Members of VGB PowerTech e.V.

VGB-S-121-00-2016-04-EN

VGB-Standard

Monitoring, limitingand protection deviceson gas turbine systems

VGB PowerTech e.V.Deilbachtal 17345257 Essen | Germany

Te l : +49 201 8128 – 200Fax: +49 201 8128 – 302www.vgb.org | mark@vgb.org

International Journal for Electricity and Heat Generation

Please copy >>> fill in and return by mail or fax

Yes, I would like order a subscription of VGB PowerTech.The current price is Euro 275.– plus postage and VAT.Unless terminated with a notice period of one month to the end of the year, this subscription will be extended for a further year in each case.

Return by fax to

VGB PowerTech Service GmbHFax No. +49 201 8128-302

or access our on-line shop at www.vgb.org | MEDIA | SHOP.

Name, First Name

Street

Postal Code City Country

Phone/Fax

Date 1st Signature

Cancellation: This order may be cancelled within 14 days. A notice must be sent to to VGB PowerTech Service GmbH within this period. The deadline will be observed by due mailing. I agree to the terms with my 2nd signature.

Date 2nd Signature

Vo lu me 89/2009 · ISSN 1435-3199

K 43600

In ter na tio nal Edi ti on

Focus: Power Plants in Competiton

New Power Plant Projects of EskomQuality Assurance for New Power PlantsAdvantages of Flexible Thermal Generation

Market Overview for Imported Coal

In ter na tio nal Jour nalfor Elec tri ci ty and Heat Ge ne ra ti on

Pub li ca ti on ofVGB Po wer Tech e.V.www.vgb.org

Vo lu me 89/2009 · ISSN 1435-3199

K 43600

In ter na tio nal Edi ti on

Focus: VGB Congress

Power Plants 2009

Report on the Activities

of VGB PowerTech

2008/2009

EDF Group Reduces

its Carbon Footprint

Optimising Wind Farm

Maintenance

Concept for Solar

Hybrid Power Plants

Qualifying Power Plant Operators

In ter na tio nal Jour nal

for Elec tri ci ty and Heat Ge ne ra ti on

Pub li ca ti on of

VGB Po wer Tech e.V.

www.vgb.org

Con gress Is sue

Vo lu me 89/2009 · ISSN 1435-3199

K 43600

In ter na tio nal Edi ti on

Focus: Furnaces, Steam Generators and Steam TurbinesUSC 700 °C Power Technology

Ultra-low NOx Combustion

Replacement Strategy of a Superheater StageEconomic Post-combustion Carbon Capture Processes

In ter na tio nal Jour nalfor Elec tri ci ty and Heat Ge ne ra ti onPub li ca ti on ofVGB Po wer Tech e.V.www.vgb.org

Vo lu me 90/2010 · ISSN 1435-3199

K 43600

In ter na tio nal Edi ti on

Fo cus: Pro Quality

The Pro-quality

Approach

Quality in the

Construction

of New Power Plants

Quality Monitoring of

Steam Turbine Sets

Supply of Technical

Documentations

In ter na tio nal Jour nal

for Elec tri ci ty and Heat Ge ne ra ti on

Pub li ca ti on of

VGB Po wer Tech e.V.

www.vgb.org

V

00634 K

9913-5341 NSSI · 5002/58 emulo

International Edition

Schwerpunktthema:

Erneuerbare Energien

Hydrogen Pathways

and Scenarios

Kopswerk II –

Prevailing Conditions

and Design

Arklow Bank

Offshore Wind Park

The EU-Water

Framework Directive

International Journal

for Electricity and Heat Generation

Publication of

VGB PowerTech e.V.

www.vgb.org

Vo lu me 89/2009 · ISSN 1435-3199

K 43600

In ter na tio nal Edi ti on

Focus: Maintenance

of Power Plants

Concepts of

IGCC Power Plants

Assessment of

Generators for

Wind Power Plants

Technical Data for

Power Plants

Oxidation Properties

of Turbine Oils

In ter na tio nal Jour nal

for Elec tri ci ty and Heat Ge ne ra ti on

Pub li ca ti on of

VGB Po wer Tech e.V.

www.vgb.org

PowerTech-CD/DVD!Kontakt: Gregor Scharpey Tel: +49 201 8128-200mark@vgb.org | www.vgb.org

Ausgabe 2016: Mehr als 1.100 Seiten Daten, Fakten und Kompetenz aus der internationalen Fachzeitschrift VGB PowerTech

(einschließlich Recherchefunktion über alle Dokumente)98,- Euro (für Abonnenten der Printausgabe), 198,- Euro (ohne Abonnement), incl. 19 % MWSt. + 5,90 Euro Versand (Deutschland) / 19,90 Euro (Europa)

Jetzt auch als

Jahres-CD 2016

mit allen Ausgaben

der VGB PowerTech

des Jahres: ab 98,– €

Fachzeitschrift: 1990 bis 2016

Diese DVD und ihre Inhalte sind urheberrechtlich geschützt.© VGB PowerTech Service GmbH

Essen | Deutschland | 2016

· 1990 bis 2016 · · 1990 bis 2016 ·

© S

erge

y N

iven

s - F

otol

ia

VGB PowerTech DVD 1990 bis 2016: 27 Jahrgänge geballtes Wissen rund um die Strom- und Wärmeerzeugung Mehr als 27.000 Seiten Daten, Fakten und Kompetenz

Bestellen Sie unter www.vgb.org > shop