flued mechanics & machinery

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Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Opposite Amul Dairy, Civil Court Road, Post Box No. 65, ANAND 388 001 IndiaTelephone: (02692) 256237, Fax: (02692) 240089, e-mail: [email protected], Website: www.cphbooks.com

By

Dr. N. Kumara Swamy

` 125.00

FLUID MECHANICSAND MACHINERY

LABORATORY MANUAL

1 : INTRODUCTIONTOFLUIDMECHANICS2 : PRACTICALAPPLICATIONOFFLUID

MECHANICSINVARIOUSFIELDS

3 : FUNDAMENTALCONCEPTSOFFLUID

MECHANICSANDTHEIRSIGNIFICANCE

4 : MEASUREMENTOFHYDRAULICPARAMETERS

5 : PERFORMANCEOFHYDRAULICMACHINES

6 : EXPERIMENTSONFLUIDMECHANICS

7 : EXPERIMENTSONFLUIDMACHINERY

8 : VIVAQUESTIONSONFLUIDMECHANICS

9 : VIVAQUESTIONSONFLUIDMACHINERY

10 : PLANNING,OPERATIONANDMAINTENANCEOF

LABORATORY

APPENDIX:AtoAPPENDIX:I

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

Edition :1stEdition:2008

ISBN :978-81-85594-76-7

Size :170mmx240mm

Binding :PaperBackwithfourcolorjacketcover

Pages :272+16

The aim to prepare this manual to understand fundamental principles, concepts andsignicance of various experiments as per existing laboratory experimental practice andevaluationprocedureinthesubjectuidmechanicsanduidmachinery.

Themanualexplainstheprocedureforvariousexperimentsincludingprinciple,apparatus,experimental set up,handlingof apparatus, range andaccuracyof observations,modelcalculation, engineering signicance, practical applications for each experiment in uidmechanicsanduidmachinery.

Thismanualalsogivescomprehensiveviewabouthowtoperformvariousexperiments,howtopresentationofexperimentresultsintheformoflaboratoryreportandhowtoevaluateperformanceofastudentinthelaboratoryandhowtoimplementexperimentresultsineld.Alsoitprovidestothestudentstheessentialinformationrequiredtounderstandfundamentalconcepts,tocarryouttheexperimentandtoimplementtheexperimentresultsintheeld.

Itimprovesskillsinexperimentation,presentationandimplementofexperimentalresultsintheeld.

It willhelp to takeaccurateobservations andanalysisof experimental results.Questionbankgiveninseparatechapterisusefultostudentsforbetterunderstandingconceptsandansweringvivaquestions.

This manual also provides necessary valuable information regarding planning andmaintenance of Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Laboratory, which helps to the facultymembersinsettingtheirownuidmechanicsandmachinerylaboratory.

Thisbookalsocontainssomeotherusefulinformationlike,SIandconversiontable,physicalpropertiesunitsofwater,airandcommonliquids,dimensionlessnumberandvariousgraphsrelatedtoviscosity,frictionfactorsanddischarge.

Studentsperformanceevaluationprocedurehasalsobeendiscussedinaseparatechapter,whichisveryusefulforteachers.

ItishopedthatthebookwillsatisfytheneedsoftheEngineeringstudentspreparingfortheDegreeexaminationsofalmostalltheIndianUniversities,DiplomaexaminationsconductedbyvariousBoardsofTechnicalEducation,CerticatecoursesaswellasfortheA.M.I.E.,U.P.S.C., G.A.T.E., I.E.S. andother similarcompetitive andprofessionalExaminations. ItshouldalsobeofanimmensehelptothepracticingEngineers.

About the book CoNteNt

Checklist


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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

1-1. Introduction to FluidMechanics

1-2. Technologicaldevelopmentsin fluidmechanics

1-3. ObjectivesofFluidMechanicsandMachineryLaboratory

1-4. Purposeandorganizationof laboratorymanual

1-5. Guidelines forstudents

1-6. Guidelinesforthepreparationoflaboratoryobservation

book

1-7. Guidelinesfor the preparationof alaboratoryreport

Organization and contents

Title or cover page of reports

Contents ofLaboratoryReports

(1)Aim

(2)Principle or Concept

(3)Formulae

(4)Apparatus

(5)Experimental setup

(6)Procedure

(7)Observations andCalculations

(i) Observations (ii) SampleCalculations

(8)Graphicalpresentationof theexperimentalresults

(9)Results andDiscussions

(10)Comments

1-8. Evaluation Procedure for s tudents performance in

laboratory

1-9. Nomenclature offluidmechanics andmachinery

Chapter 2 PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF FLUID

MECHANICS IN VARIOUS FIELDS

2-1. Introduction

2-2. DailyLife

2-3. Applications ofFluidMechanics inCivilEngineering

2-4. Applications of Fluid Mechanics in Environmental

Engineering

2-5. App lica tions o f F lu id Mechanics in B iomedica l

Engineering

2-6. App lica tions o f F lu id Mechanics in Automobile

engineering andAero-spaceengineering

UniversityExaminationquestions

Chapter 3 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF FLUID

MECHANICS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE

3-1. Fluid properties and their significance in Engineering

practice3-1-1. Specificweightand mass density

3-1-2. Specificgravityor Relativedensity

3-1-3. Viscosity

(1) Causes of viscosity

(2) Dynamicviscosityandkinematicv iscosity

(3) Effectsof temperatureandpressureonviscosity

(4) Effectsof l iquidconstituentsonviscosity

(5) Newtons law of viscosity

(6) Practical applicationo fv iscosity

3-1-4. Surface tension

(1) Effect of temperature

(2) Practical applications

3-1-5. Capillarity

Practical examples

3-1-6. Vapour pressure

(1) Cavitation and its impacts

(2) Remedialmeasures for cavitation

3-2. Buoyancyand flotation

3-2-1. BuoyancyandBuoyantforce

3-2-2. Archimedes principle(287B.C. 212B.C)

3-2-3. Stabilityof submergedand floatingbodies

(1) Submerged bodies

3-2-4. Stabilityoffloatingbodies,metacentreandmetacentric

height Significanceo fmetacentricheight

3-2-5. Stabilitycriteriafor floatingbodies

(1) Stable equilibrium

(2) Unstable equilibrium

(3) Neutral equilibrium

3-3. Differenttypesof fluids

Classification of fluids

(1) Viscosity

(i) Ideal fluids

(ii) Real fluids (Practical fluids)

(2) Newtons law of viscosity

(i) Newtonian fluids (ii) Non-Newtonian fluids

(3) Angleofcontactand forcesamongmolecules

(i) Wetting fluids

(ii) Non-wetting fluids

(4) Compressibility

(i) Compressible fluids

(ii) Incompressible fluids

(5) Various types of non-Newtonian fluids and their

properties

3-4. Differenttypesofflow

(1) Steady and unsteady flow

(2) Uniform and non-uniform flow

(3) Laminar flow and turbulent flow

(4) Compressible f lowand incompressible f low

(5) Ideal fluid flow and real fluid flow

(6) Rotational f lowand I rrotational f low

(7) Pressure flow and gravity flow

(8) Freevortex f lowand forcedvortex f low

3-5. Basiclawsoffluidmechanicsandtheirapplications

3-5-1. Conservationof mass

3-5-2. Newtonssecondlaw ofmotion

ApplicationofNewtonssecondlawofmotioninfluid

mechanics

3-5-3. Principleof conservation of angularmomentum:

(lawofconservationofmomentofmomentum)

3-5-4. Firstlawof thermodynamics

Conservationo f energyp rinciple

3-5-5. Second lawof thermodynamics

3-5-6. PascalsLaw forpressureat rest

3-5-7. Pascalslaw of hydrostatic fluidpressure distribution

3-6. Fundamentalequationsof fluidmechanics

3-6-1. Continuity equation

3-6-2. Energy equation

(1) Bernoullis theorem

(2) Bernoullis equation for real f luid f low

(3) Bernoullisequation for f luidmachinery

(i) Turbines

(ii) Pumps

(iii) Pumps and turbine

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LABORATORY MANUAL

DETAILED CONTENTS


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(4) Limitationso fBernoullis equation

(5) Applicationo fBernoullis equation

3-6-3. LinearMomentumequation

(1) Statement

(2) Application ofmomentum equation

3-6-4. Angularmomentumequation

Application

Chapter 4 MEASUREMENT OF HYDRAULIC

PARAMETERS4-1. Introduction

4-2. Measurementoffluidproperties

4-2-1. Specificgravityand specificweightof a fluid

4-2-2. Capillarity andsurfacetension

4-2-3. Viscosity

4-3. Measurementofwater surfacelevel

4-3-1. Pointer gauge

4-3-2. Floatgauge

4-4. Measurement of Pressure, pressure head and pressure

gradient

4-4-1. Pressureat a point

(1) Absolute pressure

(2) Gauge pressure(3) Atmospheric pressure

4-4-2. Pressurehead of a fluid

(1) Piezometric head of a fluid

(2) Pressure gradient

4-4-3. Measurementofpressureintensity

4-4-4. Manometer

(1) Manometric liquid

(2) Limitations ofmanometer

4-4-5. MechanicalGauges

(1) Bourdon tube pressure gauge

(2) Diaphragm pressure gauge

(3) Deadweight pressure gauge(4) Pressure transducer

4-4-6. Precautions inpressuremeasurement

4-5. Velocitymeasurement

4-5-1. Floats

4-5-2. PitotTube

Principle

4-5-3. Pitotstatictube

4-5-4. Currentmeter

4-5-5. Hot-wireanemometer andHot filmanemometer

4-5-6. LaserDopplerAnemometer

4-5-7. Thesalt velocitymethod

4-6. Measurementofdischarge

4-6-1. Gravity flow(1) Tanks and reservoirs

(2) Gravimetricmethod(weightmeasurement)

(3) Volumetric method

(4) Open channel

4-6-2. PressureFlow

(1) Bernoulli type devices

4-7. Measurementofheadlosses

4-7-1.Major energy losses

(1) Darcy-Weisbach equation

(2) Evaluation of friction factor

Moodys diagram

4-7-2.Minor loss of energy

Chapter 5 PERFORMANCE OF HYDRAULICMACHINES

5-1. HydraulicMachines

5-2. Turbines

Classification of turbines

5-2-1. Peltonwheel

Working of Peltonwheel

5-2-2. Francis turbine

Operation of Francis turbine

5-2-3. KaplanTurbine

Working ofKaplan turbine

5-2-4. Turbinesperformance andselection

(1) Specific speed

(2) Significance of specific speed

(3) Unitquantitiesandcharacteristicscurves

(4) Main or constant head or var iable speed

characteristicscurves

(5) Operatingo r constant speedcurves

(6) Constant efficiency curves

5-2-5. Selectionof Turbine

5-3. Hydraulicpumps

5-3-1. Reciprocatingpump

(1) Workingp rincipleo f reciprocatingpump

(2) Performanceo f reciprocatingpumps

(i) Operating characteristic curves

(ii) Variable speed characteristics curves

5-3-2. Centrifugal pump (1) Working of a centrifugal pump

(2) Characteristicscurvesofcentrifugalpump

(i) Main characteristics

(ii) Operating speed performance

(iii) Constant efficiency curves

5-3-3. Multi-stage centrifugal pump

Chapter 6 EXPERIMENTS ON FLUID MECHANICS

6-1. Specificweight andspecificgravity

6-2. Metacentricheightoffloating bodies

6-3. Viscosityofliquid

6-4. Verification of bernoullisequation

6-5. Coefficients of orifice

6-6. Coefficients of externalmouthpiece

6-7. Coefficient ofdischargeof rectangularnotch

6-8. Coefficient ofdischargeof triangularnotch

6-9. Coefficient ofdischargeof trapezoidalnotch

6-10. Coefficientof discharge ofcippoletti notch

6-11. Coefficientof discharge ofventurimeter

6-12. Coefficientof discharge oforificemeter

6-13. Reynoldsnumberandcritical velocity

6-14. Majorlosses(Frictionfactor)

6-15. Minorlosses I

6-16. Minorlosses II

6-17. Componentsof hydraulic jump

Chapter 7 EXPERIMENTS ON FLUID MACHINERY7-1. Impactofjeton vanes

7-2. Performance studiesofpeltonwheel

7-3. Performance studiesoffrancis turbine

7-4. Performance studiesofkaplanturbine

7-5. Performance studiesofcentrifugal pump

7-6. Performancestudies ofreciprocating pump

7-7. Performance of submersiblepumptestrig

7-8. Performancestudiesofmultistagecentrifugalpump

Chapter 8 VIVA QUESTIONS ON FLUID

MECHANICS

8-1. Specific Gravityand SpecificWeight

8-2. MetacentricheightandBuoyancy8-3. Viscosity

8-4. Pressuremeasurement

8-5. BernoullisEquation

8-6. Pitot tube


DETAILED CONTENTS


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8-7. Mouthpiece

8-8. Orifice

8-9. Triangular andRectangular Notch

8-10. TrapezoidalandCippoletti notch

8-11. Venturimeter

8-12. Nozzlemeter

8-13. Elbowmeter

8-14. Rotameter

8-15. Venturiflume and Standingwave flume

8-16. Orificemeter

8-17. MajorLosses(FrictionFactor)

8-18. Minorlosses

8-19. Reynoldsnumberandcritical velocity

8-20. Hydraulic jumpin rectangularopen channel

Chapter 9 VIVA QUESTIONS ON FLUID MACHINERY

9-1. Impactof Jet

9-2. Pelton turbine(impulseturbine)

9-3. Francisturbine

9-4. Kaplantrubine

9-5. Centrifugalpump

9-6. Reciprocatingpump

9-7. Jetpump9-8. Hydraulicram andhydraulic press

Chapter 10 PL AN NI NG , OP ER ATIO N AN D

MAINTENANCE OF LABORATORY

10-1. BasicEquipmentandtheirspecificationsforundergraduate

coursesin Engineering programme

10-2. Groupingof experiments


DETAILED CONTENTS

10-3. Planning aspects of fluid mechanics and machinery

laboratory

(1) Location

(2) Size

(3) Spacing between equipment

(4) Door and window

(5) Display boards

(6) Safety measures

10-4. Operation andMaintenance code10-5. Precautionsto betakenin the laboratory

10-6. RelevantIS codes

10-7. Reputed Laboratory Equipment and models suppliers

andtheirdetails

Appendix A to Appendix I

Appendix A Unitconversionratios

Appendix B Properties of water at standerd atmospheric

pressure

Appendix C Physical Properties of Fluids

Appendix D Variationofdynamicviscosityofvariousfluids

withtemperature

Appendix E Variation of kinematic viscosity of variousfluids withtemperature

Appendix F Moodysdiagram forfriction factors

Appendix G Determination of p ipe diameter for g iven

discharge

Appendix H Dimensionlessnumbers

Appendix I Properties of some common liquids at 20C

andatmosphericpressure

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