Fluency

Chapter 11

Introduction

Reciprocal theory– Relationship between fluency and comprehension is

reciprocal not unidirectional

Definitions– “Appropriate grouping or chunking of words into

natural phrases, demonstrated by correct intonation, stress and pauses” (Vaughn, 2000, p. 326)

– “Process of automatically, accurately and rapidly recognizing words” (Cooper & Kiger, 2001, p. 165)

Components of Fluency

Rate Automaticity

– Recognizing common words– Associating letter/letter combinations with their

sounds– Recognizing chunks/syllables within words– Recognizing the meanings of words

Components of Fluency (cont.)

Prosody/phrasing – Recognizing phrases

Understanding punctuation Expression

Poem with Natural Phrasing

Sample Poem with Marked Phrases

Informal Assessment

Checklists Running records Miscue analysis/retrospective miscue analysis Rubrics

Formal Assessment

Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test, Third Edition Gates-McKillop-Horowitz Reading Diagnostic Test,

Second Edition Gray Oral Reading Tests, Third Edition Gilmore Oral Reading Test Diagnostic Reading Scales, Revised Testing of Reading Fluency (TORF)

Instruction Given to Fluent and Disfluent Readers

Seven Principles for Fluency Instruction (Raskinski & Padak, 1994)

Modeling of fluent reading Direct instruction with feedback Support while reading Opportunities to repeat readings Specific instruction to learn phrasing Time to work on increasing rate and fluency

Research Based Instruction

Guided and repeated oral reading and repeated reading

Assisted reading at appropriate rate Dyad reading Cross-age tutoring Readers theatre Choral reading

Research Based Instruction (cont.)

Prosodic instruction Guided reading Direct instruction in focusing on semantic and syntactic

cues Direct instruction in recognizing chunks within words Instruction in self- monitoring (listening to oneself on

tape and analyzing rate, accuracy, and expression)

Strategies for Teaching Fluency

Echo reading Impress reading Preview-pause-prompt-praise (PPPP) Oral recitation lesson (ORL) Carbo Recorded Book Method Tape, Check, Chart Tape, Time, Chart Readers Theater

Strategies for Teaching Fluency (cont.)

Flashcards Fluency development lesson (FDL) Supported-reading strategy

Tape, Check, Chart Example

Tape, Time, Chart Example