fluid sampling and analysis
DESCRIPTION
Reservoir oil and gas fluid sampling and lab analysisTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Fluid Sampling & Analysis
Graeme DavidsonFluid Sampling and Analysis InstructorWCP Europe Learning Centre
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Course ObjectivesyIntroduction to Fluid Sampling and AnalysisyFluid & Phase Behaviour ySampling FundamentalsySampling TechnologyyIntroduction to Wellsite Fluid Analysis
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Course OutlineMorning:
yCourse IntroductionyIntroduction to Fluid Sampling and AnalysisyCased Hole Sampling techniquesyOpen Hole sampling techniquesyLunch 12.15 13.45
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Course OutlineAfternoon:
yLook at sampling equipment in the workshopyLaboratory PVT AnalysisyWellsite PVT AnalysisyOther wellsite AnalysisyLook at PVT Express in workshop
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Fluid Sampling and Analysis (FSA)
The Reservoir Fluid Sampling & Analysis Specialists of Schlumberger
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Our Vision - From Reservoir to Results
To be recognised as the market leader in reservoir fluid sampling and analysis by offering outstanding service
and differentiating technology
To combine our phase behaviour and sampling skills to provide our clients with solutions where others offer data
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What Does Fluid Sampling and Analysis Do?
yReservoir Fluid SamplingyWellsite Fluid AnalysisyPVT Laboratory AnalysisyAdvanced Fluid ResearchyPVT SoftwareySampling and PVT Equipment manufactureySample Management
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Schlumberger Private19931990 1998 1999
Open Hole Bottomhole Sampling
Wellsite Analysis
PVT Laboratory Aberdeen
Hg FreePVT Lab
1997 20004 14 30 160 195
Co-operationAgreement
AcquisitionAgreement
2001 2002228195
SOOA
ISO 9001
PVT Laboratory Global
Corpro
SCAR - A
Fluid Sampling and Analysis (FSA) Timeline
DBR Acquisition
WCP Restructure
2003
Geomarket Integration
PVT-ExpressTraining
School
1989 1996
Cased Hole Bottomhole Sampling
Surface Sampling
Support Services
Core Analysis
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DBR and Fluid AnalysisThe company was formed by Dr Donald B. Robinson in 1980. It is well respected in the fluid community. Known for;yPeng-Robinson Equation:
yLaboratory PVT and advanced fluids /solids studiesyManufacture HT/HP Mercury free PVT equipmentyPVT software
Acquired in 2002 to support our drive to be the best in the Fluid Sampling and Analysis business.
b)V(Vb)V(Va
bVRTp T ++=
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Fluid Sampling and Analysis Locations
Edmonton, Canada
Houston, USA
Belle Chasse, USA
Villahermosa, Mexico
Quito, Ecuador
El Tigre, Venezuela
Macae, Brazil
Aberdeen, UK
Stavanger, Norway
Baku, Azerbaijan
Aktobe, Kazakhstan
Moscow, Russia
Hassi-Messaoud, Algeria
Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Port Gentil, Gabon
Luanda, Angola
Dubai, UAE
Doha, Qatar
Kuwait
Tehran, Iran
Tripoli, Libya
Mumbai, India
Perth, Australia
Jakarta, Indonesia
Labuan, Malaysia
Tanguu, China
Vung Tau, Vietnam
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Before Fluid Sampling and Analysis....yBottomhole & surface samples were collected by the Well Test crew in addition to running the well test
yLimited training in sampling equipment and techniques
yLittle or no analysis was performed in the field
ySamples were shipped to the lab for analysis
yToo late to rectify mistakes or re-sample as the well had been shut in & the rig moved.
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Fluid Sampling and Analysis Field Specialist/Engineer
Fluid Sampling and Analysis Field Specialists / Engineers are now experts in :yOpen Hole Bottomhole SamplingyCased Hole Bottomhole SamplingySurface and Wellhead SamplingyDangerous Goods
Xpert Fluid Sampling
yPVT ExpressyReservoir Fluid Phase BehaviouryPVT Lab and Compositional Analysis
Specialised Courses
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Why Do We Sample?Fluid property data is needed to:
yHelp describe the reservoir
yPredict reservoir fluid behavior
yAssist in development planning
yAssess the environmental impact
yEvaluate economic potential
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The Big Picture
yObtaining accurate PVT and fluid property data an important component of well testing campaign
yData must be representative of the reservoir fluid
yQuality of the data is highly dependent on the quality of the samples
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Sample QualitySample Quality is dependent on:
yThe reservoiryWell conditioningySampling methods, equipment & operating proceduresyHuman factors
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What Type of Sample Do We Need ?
A reservoir fluid sample that is representative of zone of interest or as close as possible
This means:
A pressurized fluid Oil with all the gas in solution Gas with heavy ends in the vapor phase
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When Do We Need to Sample ?
As early in the life of the reservoir as possible
Before depletion below saturation pressure has occurred
Why?yFor oil gas breaks outyFor gas liquid drops outyThe GOR and compositions are not representative of the true reservoir fluid
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Where Should We Sample From ?
Downhole, as close to the formation as possible, wherever reservoir and well conditions permit
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Completion/production Engineer Completion design Material specification Artificial lift calculations Production log interpretation Production facilities design Production forecasts
Geologist Reservoir
correlation Geochemical
studies Hydrocarbon
source studies
Facilities/flow assurance engineer Flow assurance Separation Treatment Metering Transport
Reservoir Engineer Reserve estimation Material-balance calculation Natural drive mechanism Reservoir simulation Well test interpretation
Reservoir Fluid
Properties
Reservoir Fluid
Properties
Environmental Engineers & Scientists
Chemical / Process Engineers
Economists / Accountants
Everyone is Relying on Fluid Information
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Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 20
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Introduction to PVT and Fluid Behaviour
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Phase BehaviourWhat is a phase?ySolidyLiquid yVapour or GasChange of phase depends on Pressure & Temperature.eg.
Ice +Heat Water +Heat Steam
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What Is PVT Analysis?yThe study of reservoir fluid samples under varying conditions ofPressure, Volume and Temperature
yTemperature is normally held constant @ reservoir temp.
yPressure and Volume are varied
Measurement of :- physical properties- composition
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PVT Analysis Is NeededAt the initial exploration stage
Before reservoir depletion
During production when up-dated information may be required
If further development, appraisal or new recovery techniques are to be introduced
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PVT Experiment
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Terms and Definitionsused in this sectiony Bubble Point Pressure (pb): at a given temperature, the pressure
at which appears the first bubble of gas from a single phase liquid.y Dew Point Pressure (pd): at a given temperature, the pressure at
which appears the first drop of liquid from a single gas phase system.y Cricondenbar: the maximum pressure at which two phases can
exist.y Cricondentherm: the maximum temperature at which two phases
can exist.
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Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 26
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General Phase Diagram Definitions
Temperature
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
cricondentherm
cricondenbar
Dew point locus
Bubble point locus
Gas condensateOil Dry gas
Critical point
80%
40%
20%
10%
5%
Production path
example
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Classification Definition
Natural hydrocarbon reservoirs are classified arbitrarily according to observed properties during production such as:yGas-oil ratioyGas gravity (air=1)yOil API gravityyColor
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Dry gas
yRemains single phase in reservoir during pressure depletion.yNo liquid produced at surface.yMainly methane
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Dry Gas Phase Diagram
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Wet Gas
yRemains single phase in reservoir during pressure depletion.ySmall quantity of liquid produced at surface.yLight colorless liquid.
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Wet Gas Phase Diagram
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Retrograde Gas Condensate
ySome liquid is deposited in the reservoir during pressure depletion.ySignificant amount of condensate is produced at
surface.yYellowish liquid.
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Retrograde Gas Phase DiagramGas Condensate
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High Shrinkage or Volatile Oil
yExhibit a bubble point in the reservoir.yHigh GOR and formation volume factor.yRelatively low oil density.yLow oil viscosity.
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Black Oil
yExhibit a bubble point in the reservoir.yLow GOR and formation volume factor.yMedium to high oil density.yWide range of oil viscosity.
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Oil Phase Diagram
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Reservoir Fluid ClassificationFrom Reservoir and Production Fundamentals (Schlumberger 1980)
0.900.030.020.020.020.01100Bitumen
0.750.030.020.020.030.2020 - 25< 100Heavy Oil
0.430.020.030.040.040.4430 - 40100 - 2500Black Oil
0.150.030.040.050.080.6540 - 503000Volatile Oil
0.010.02.0.30.040.080.7550 - 705 - 100000Gas Condensate
0.010.010.010.030.050.9050 - 70> 100000Wet Gas
0.010.010.010.030.050.9050 - 70No liquidDry Gas
C6+C5C4C3C2C1
Typical CompositionAPI gravityGOR (scf/sbbl)
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Reservoir Fluid ClassificationFrom McCain
> 2< 2Oil FVF at Pb
< 0.7< 4< 12.520 12.5> 20C7+ mol %
No phase change
No phase change
Dew pointBubble point
Bubble point
Phase Change in Reservoir
No liquidWater white
Lightly colored
ColoredDarkStock Tank Liquid Color
No liquidUp to 70> 40< 40< 25Initial Stock Tank Liquid Gravity(API)
> 100000> 150003200 - 150001750 - 3200< 1750Initial Producing GOR (scf/sbbl)
Dry GasWet GasRetrograde Gas
Volatile OilBlack Oil
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Fluid Categories
Type GOR Oil Gravity Colour
Dry Gas No Liquids
Wet Gas 100,000 scf/bbl >50 API White
Gas Condensate(Retrograde Gas)
3000-70,000 scf/bbl
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P-T Diagram of a Low Shrinkage Oil
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Sampling Theory
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What Type of Samples Do We Collect?
1. Bottomhole
2. Wellhead
3. Separator Recombination
4. Dead oil
5. Water
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Factors Affecting Technique ChoiceyType of analysis to be conductedyVolume required for analysisyQuality of results requiredyType of fluid to be sampledyDegrees of depletionySurface facilities & well completionyEnvironmental Concerns
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What Type of Samples Do We Collect? Bottomhole Samples
Always first choice where reservoir and well conditions permit
Uncontaminated fresh reservoir fluid collected close to the perforations
Samples maintained above reservoir pressure
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What Type of Samples Do We Collect?
Wellhead Samples
yPossible when conditions allow:
Psat < WHP at WHT
yCollected Upstream of the choke manifold
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What Type of Samples Do We Collect?Surface Recombination Samples
Matched sets of equilibrated separator gas and liquid- Captured at the same time- Usually taken as back-up PVT samples- Can be used as the main PVT samples
Quality dependant on:Separator stability GOR accuracy Sampling technique
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Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 47
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What Type of Samples Do We Collect?Dead Oil and Water
Collected at Stock Tank or atmospheric conditions
Oil Samples captured from Gauge Tank or Oil line
Water samples captured from separator water line
Collected when large volumes are required