fluids mechanics lab preface

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PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

PROGRAMME

ENGINEERING LABORATORY MANUAL

FLUID MECHANIC 1 LAB - MCB 2013

SEMESTER MAY 2014

Universiti Teknologi Petronas

Bandar Seri Iskandar

31750 Tronoh

Perak Darul Ridzuan


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PREFACE

This manual comprises of four sets of laboratory experiments. They provide relevant but briefinformation on the principles, set-up procedures, theories, and instructions that act as guidelines forstudents to carry out the experiments properly.

Each experiment will be carried out in the groups assigned. Students must record the relevant data and

findings, which will be compiled into a lab report to be submitted prior to the next experiment.

Read the manual thoroughly prior to attending the lab. Upon entering the lab, students are expected to

fully observe the laboratory Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) regulations. Complete literatureof the HSE regulations is given in the following pages. Students will also be briefed by the labdemonstrator on the HSE aspects at the beginning of the coursework.

CONTENTS

Preface .................................................................................................................................................... ii

Course Outline ....................................................................................................................................... iii

Report Format ......................................................................................................................................... v

Tables and Plotting Graphs for Lab Reports ......................................................................................... vi

Health, Safety, and Environment Regulations in the Mechanics Laboratory ........................................ vi

Sample Title Page ................................................................................................................................. ix

Air Flow Bench (Bernoullis Principle)...1

Flowmeter... .9

Impact of Jet...14

Air Flow Rig...17


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COURSE OUTLINE

Subject : MCB 2013FLUIDS MECHANICS LAB (2 credit hours)

Lecturer : Mior Azman B Meor Said Tel : 368 7159 (Block 18)Dr . Mohammad S Nasif Tel : 368 (Block 17)

Learning Mode : Laboratory Experiments (2 hrs/slot)

Lab Sessions : Session : Mon. 9 am11 pm ; 11 am1 pmTues. 8 am10 am

Thurs. 12 pm2 pmFri. 8 am10 am ; 3 pm5 pm

Learning Outcomes: :

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

gain experience in data collecting, analysis and engineering report writing

integrate practice and theory into the course curriculum

enhance the understanding of these topics through the practical session

Assessment : The lab works carry 20% of the total course mark. It further breakdownsinto report and individual viva assessment as follows :

PRACTICAL + LAB REPORTS 70 %

INDIVIDUAL VIVA 30%

Note

Students will be divided into pre-assigned groups of 5 students. Each group will consist of the same

members for the rest of the semester. The experiments for each session are assigned as per the labscheduling, thus each group is responsible to check the schedule and make preparation accordingly.Lab experiments will start at the third week of the semester. The laboratory sessions for the second

week will consist of briefings related to the course.


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TOPICS

The 4 experiments to be conducted:

NO EXPERIMENT

1 EXP 1 : AIR FLOW BENCH(Bernoullis )

2 EXP 2 : FLOWMETER

3 EXP 3 : IMPACT OF JET

4 EXP 4 : AIR FLOW RIG

ALLOCATION OF MARKS

For group lab report, the breakdown of the total marks as follows :

INTRODUCTION : 5 pointsTHEORY : 5 points

PROCEDURE : 5 pointsRESULTS : 15 pointsDISCUSSIONS : 15 pointsFORMAT : 5 points

TOTAL: 50 points = 100 %

PENALTIES

Lab Attendance : deduct 15 point for every 15 minutes late (31 minutes late -25

points)Late reports : deadline is 1 week after the session; deduct 10 points per day lateConduct / Safety Violations : deduct 5 points

HOW TO BE SUCCESSFUL IN THIS SUBJECT

Attend and be punctual for the lab sessions.

Prepare in advance by reading the lab manual and bring the textbook as reference.

As you read, ask yourself questions, and try to determine the answers on your own.

Pay close attention to any briefings or instructions given by the demonstrator or lab staff.

Do all the required lab work carefully and efficiently, and record all notes and data precisely.

Prepare lab reports promptly and follow the given format.

GROUND RULES

Students who are absent without a valid MC will be scored a zero for the respective lab report. Non-emergency or non-medical leaves must be pre-approved by the lecturer. No "make-up" labs will be allowed. Tardiness or lack of discipline during lab will be penalized. Lab reports are due 1 week after the attended lab session. Late reports will be penalized.

Observe all the HSE guidelines, in addition to other instructions from the lab staff ordemonstrator.


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REPORT FORMAT

The lab reports must be a group effort. The entire report (texts, figures, graphs, equations, etc)must be hand writing. These basic requirements apply to all reports:

Each page must be numbered at the bottom center of the pages, and the report must be stapled or

firmly bound by other means (no paper clips or strings).

Lab reports should follow the generic format given below:

(a) COVER PAGE

title of experiment, group name, group members, lab section etc. (follow format of thecover page for this manual)

(b) INTRODUCTION

brief overview of experiment, objectives, applications

(c) THEORY

discussion on theory / formula related to the experiment, applicable test standards

(d) PROCEDURE In you own words, Write out the actual experimental procedure followed (which might

differ slightly from the standard procedure mentioned in the manual). List the

equipment/apparatus employed, test specimen details, step by step summary ofprocedure

(e) RESULTS

All tables, figures should include a brief description indicating from where the data came,what they show and how they compare to theoretical results. Also to include comparisonto theory (% error).

(f) DISCUSSIONS & CONCLUSIONS In this section, the results presented are analyzed and interpreted individually from the

context of strength of materials. (Try to explain WHY you get those results!) The logicshould support the conclusion section. Also discuss the implications of those results andhow do the results fit into a broader context. Pay attention to the errors existed in theexperiment, both where they originated and what is their significance in interpreting thereliability of conclusion.The conclusion highlights the major findings in the context of the

entire experiment; the objectives mentioned are revisited/examined to determine whether

the experiment succeeded.

All results must be explained and discussed - this means you should answer the

question "are these results what one expects or predicts?" with a complete

answer.


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Conclusion

In this section you should write about the concepts that you learned in the laboratory and how

they relate to other aspects of the course or digital design in general. If you experienced

problems or obtained data that was incorrect, here is where you might elaborate on the causes

and ideas for solutions.

(g) REFERENCES list of reference used.

The texts of the report must be in your own words. Reproducing texts from the lab manual orother sources is not acceptable. Figures or other items reproduced from other sources must be

properly cited. Lab report must not exceed twelve (12) pages in length (including cover page andreferences).

TABLE AND PLOTTING GRAPHS FOR LAB REPORTS

Each Table and Figure should have an associated caption that provides a short description of thetable and figure. In a figure each axis must be labeled together with the symbol and the proper

units must be included, example length, (cm). The independent variable is always plottedalong the abscissa (x-axis), and the dependent variable on the ordinate (y- axis). If more than

one curve is to be plotted or data of different observation is to be included in the same figure,usedifferent symbols like squares, triangles etc to differentiate the different sets of data. Do

provide legend for the symbols. Use symbols only for experimental data. Theoretical

data/results should be presented with lines instead of symbols. Be sure to include all figures,

equations, and tables necessary.

Other hints

Remember that you are reporting on what has already been done - the past tense should beused. Avoid using first person unless absolutely necessary.

Technical reports include only "figures" and "tables". Do not use terms like "picture","appendix", or "code" to label illustrations or tables. All figures and tables must be numbered

and titled immediately after the figure or table, centered on the page. Include figures and

titles WITH the text as much as possible.

Number all pages, including appendices.


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vii

HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT REGULATIONS IN THE MECHANICS

LABORATORY

1. Introduction

The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 cover all persons at work except the arm forces, and

workers aboard ships who are covered by different acts. The OSH Act 1994 puts the primaryresponsibility of safety and health on employers and employees.

WHY? WHAT FOR? FOR WHOM?To ensure the safety and health of individuals who may be exposed to risks arising from work

activities.

HOW?

Through effective safety management systems suited to the nature of work activity at the workplace.This regulation is intended to draw the guidelines for students with regard to the health, safety, andenvironment in the Mechanics Laboratory. It is expected that students will fully observe the

guidelines as a measure to prevent the risk of injuries, health hazards, and damage to the properties inthe laboratory.

2. Major Potential Hazard In Fluids Mechanic Lab

Listed below are the major potential hazards occurs in Fluids Mechanic Lab:

injury through misuse of equipment,

injury from electrical shocks,

injury from rotating components,

injury from heavy components,

injury from sharp objects or edges,

injury from hot surfaces.

injury from chemical usage.

FLUIDS MECHANIC LABORATORY GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS

i) SAFETY

a) A proper attire and dress code shall be worn at all times. This includes the wearing of lab coat, lab

jacket, apron, safety shoes or whichever is applicable. NO wearing of slippers / sandals exposingthe toes is allowed. (Please consult the laboratory personnel for the requirements).

b) Eating, and storing food are strictly prohibited in the lab working area at all times.

c) Gloves, safety goggles and other protective equipment MUST be worn as required.(Please consult the laboratory personnel for the requirements) .

d) Handling of toxic, hazardous chemicals, solvent, and acids should only be done in theFume hood.

e) Spilled chemicals and other substances should be cleaned up immediately and disposed properly.

(Please consult the Lab personnel if you are not sure how to do so)f) Waste chemicals should be disposed off into proper waste container at the designated location.

NO chemicals should be discharged into the sink


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g) All broken glass should be disposed separately into proper sharp binsh) Ensure that all equipment, gasses, and power utilities are properly off or shutdown upon

completion of work. .i) Playful or prankish behavior will not be tolerated in the laboratory

ii) SECURITY

a) NO one is allowed to enter the lab without notification from the lab personnel.

b) All activities have to be supervised by the lab personnelc) NO Outsiders / Unauthorized personnel are allowed into the labs unless approved or

on official matters. .d) NO lab equipments or items should be transported out without notification and

approval from the Lab personnel

iii) HOUSEKEEPING

a) Work areas MUST be clean up following the completion of any operation .

b) All equipments MUST be cleaned and restored to its original condition as before theworks started.

c) All containers and chemicals or materials or samples in use MUST be clearly labeled

and stored properly; any unidentified / unlabelled containers and samples will bedisposed off.

d) All personnel belongings should be placed at designated area.

iv) MATERIALS HANDLING

a) Use carts, hand trucks and mobile racks when moving materials. Use suitable carrier when moving

chemicals.b) Instead of carrying heavyweights, divide them into smaller lightweight packages, containers or

trays.c) Use lifting devices or lift-trucks for lifting heavy materials


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---- SAMPLE FRONT PAGE----

FLUIDS MECHANIC (MCB 2013)Semester May, 2011

LAB REPORT

EXP 2 : FLOWMETER

GROUP 2 (Mon 11-1 pm)

Members : ____________________ ID: ______

___________________ ID: ______

____________________ ID: ______

____________________ ID: ______

____________________ ID: ______

Lab Session : Monday 11-1pm, 17 Jan, 2011

Submission Date : Wednesday, 24 Jan, 2011


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FLUID MECHANICS I

MCB 2013

LABORATORY MANUAL SHEET

EXP 1: AIR FLOW BENCH

(BERNOULLIS)

MAY 2014


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Measurementsection from top

y (mm)

Length of the ductL (mm)

Height of watercolumn in pitot tube

measuring totalpressurey1 (mm)

Height of watercolumn in pitot tube

measuring staticpressurey

2(mm)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250


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1. What are the conditions and assumptions required for Bernoulli equation to remain

valid?

2. Tabulate the velocity and mass flow rate for each run.

3. In one figure, plot the velocity and the mass flow rate vs. y

4. In one figure, plot the total pressure, the static pressure and the dynamic pressure

vs. h

5. Discuss the trends and relationships among the properties that you have observed

in Question 4. Does this comply with the Bernoullis equation?


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FLUID MECHANICS I

MCB 2013


EXP 2: FLOWMETER

MEASUREMENT APPARATUS

JAN 2013


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4. RESULTS1. When calculating (p1- p2) for the venturi meter, why is the reading for p2is taken at the

venturi throat and not at the tapping after the throat?

2. How does the variable area meter work?3. How to calculate the volume flow rate using stop watch?

4. What sort of losses do you think would occur on the venturi meter and the orifice plate?

5. Why are the velocities at P2and P7different?6. Include error analysis (Please refer to your tabulated data in Tables 2.2-2.4)

Hint: Get the following manometer readings for the respective flow rates of the

variable area meter.

Table 2.1 Data of the experimental readingsVariable

meter flow

rate (lit/m)Manometer readings (mm H2O)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

25

10

12

15

18

20

22


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From the readings obtained on the Venturi meter and orifice plate calculate the volume flow

rate using the basic equation with relevant Cdfactor.

Calculate the actual flow rate using the volume and time measured. Compare these calculated values and thereading on the variable area meter with the actual

flow rate. Use same units.

Calculate the velocities at points 2 (venturi meter) and 7 (orifice plate) and discuss.

Also calculate the Reynolds number at these two points. VDRe

, where = absoluteviscosity = 8.937 x l0-4 Pa.s and D is the diameter of the pipe.

Table 2.2 Flow comparison table

Variable meterflow rate (lit/m)

Conversion to[m

3/m]

Venturi flowrate [m

3/s]

Orifice flowrate [m

3/s]

Flow rate usingstopwatch

[m3/s]

2

5

10

12

1518

20

22

Table 2.3 Percentage difference relative to variable area meter

Variable meter

flow rate (lit/m)

Venturi [%] Orifice [%] Stopwatch [%]

2

5

10

1215

18

20

22

Table 2.4 Velocity at p2and p7

Variable meterflow rate (lit/m)

Velocity at V2[m/s]

Velocity at V7[m/s]

Reynoldsnumber at p2

Reynoldsnumber at p2

2

5

10

12

15

18

20

22


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FLUID MECHANICS I

MCB 2013


EXP 3: IMPACT OF JET

JAN 2013


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1. What are the assumptions or approximations involved in the theoretical calculations?2. Determine the experimental and the corresponding theoretical forces. Determine the

percentage error percentage. Which one should be considered to be more accurate and

Why?

3. For each target, plot the variation of the measured and the computed force against the

linear momentum flux into the control volume )(1

Vm , i.e., each figure containing the

curve for experimental and theoretical data.


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FLUID MECHANICS I

MCB 2013


EXP 4: AIR FLOW RIG

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT FOR AN

ORIFICE PLATE

JAN 2013


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5. RESULTS

1. Discuss the functions of the nozzle and orifice meters and the difference

between the two meters.2. What is a discharge coefficient and what effects does it take into account?

3.

Calculate the CD of both the orifice plate and the 50mm nozzle for each damperopening.4. For each case, plot values of CDobtained against corresponding values of Reynolds

number (Re) and discuss the plots.

5. Plot the longitudinal pressure profile from the manometer readings (mm ofmanometer fluid SG=0.874 against tapping position) and discuss what happen as the

air flow past through the orifice plate.

6. What happen to the CDwhen you increase the damper opening?7. What happen to the manometer reading when the damper opening changes? Discuss.


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Hint:Use the following tables for your results

Table 4.1 Static pressure readings when using standard Nozzle (80mm)

Damper openings

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Points mm of manometer fluid SG=0.874

Room

pressureAfter nozzle

54mm

294mm

774mm

Before orifice

After orifice

1574mm

2534mm

Table 4.2 Static pressure readings when using small nozzle (50mm)

Damper openings

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Points mm of manometer fluid SG=0.874

Room

pressure

After nozzle

54mm

294mm

774mm

Before orifice

After orifice

1574mm

2534mm

ThenFrom Table 4.1 calculate the CD for the orifice plate for each damper opening

using the standard nozzle where its CDis assumed to be 0.97.

And from Table 4.2 data calculate the CD of the 50mm nozzle for each damper

opening using the calculated CDof the orifice plate.

fluids mechanics lab preface

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