fluorescence yield of cosmic rays at various altitudes
DESCRIPTION
Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes. Melissa May Maestas Riverton High School March 7, 2003. Cosmic Rays. Mostly charged particles from outer space Two predominant components protons Iron nuclei. 2. 3. Cosmic Ray Detector. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes
Melissa May Maestas
Riverton High School
March 7, 2003
![Page 2: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cosmic Rays
Mostly charged particles from outer space
Two predominant components protons Iron nuclei
2
![Page 3: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
![Page 4: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cosmic Ray Detector
Fluorescence light from particle shower can be detected by fast, sensitive cameras (“eyes”) on clear, moonless nightsSchematic of twin “eyes”
imaging an air shower
4
![Page 5: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
HiRes
HiRes: High Resolution Fly’s Eye Group A collaboration of eight universities Mission: measure Ultra-High Energy Cosmic
Rays
Photons are detected with photo-multiplier tubes (PMTs)
5
![Page 6: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
HiRes Detector
66 detector units each consisting of 2m diameter mirror and 256 PMTs
Each PMT views 1 degree cone of sky
6
![Page 7: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A 25 Microsecond Movie of An Air ShowerA 25 Microsecond Movie of An Air Shower
(playback at 1/500,000 speed)
7
![Page 8: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
FLASH
FLASH: Fluorescence from Air in Showers Experiment to measure more precisely the
fluorescence yield Calibration of HiRes technique
Energy measured from amount of light detected
Beam pulses of ~billion electrons sent through chamber of gas
– Various pressures– PMT signal measured
8
![Page 9: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center2-mile accelerator3x1010 eV electrons in pulses of
~109 particlesSite of FLASH experiment
9
![Page 10: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
![Page 11: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Chamber
11
![Page 12: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Experiment
Experiment involved 30 people including two month preparation period between April-June, 2002
Data collected during 3 week “run” in June, 2002 at SLAC
Additional calibration analysis still in progress to this date
My part in this effort included PMT calibration, data analysis and preparation for next FLASH run
12
![Page 13: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Experiment / Hypothesis
FLASH experiment simulated particle showers from cosmic rays
Hypothesis: Fluorescence yield would: Increase as pressure increases Decrease as altitude increases
Shower particles/electrons likely to interact more if more molecules present
13
![Page 14: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Analysis Procedure
Data selections made for pressure dependence analysis
Plotted: Full pressure range to find settings used Each pressure distribution to find its mean Digitized PMT signal at each pressure Mean PMT signals vs. mean pressures
Converted pressure to altitude P(z)=Poe-mgz/KT
14
![Page 15: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pressure - Torr
Number of electron pulses
Pressure
15
![Page 16: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Number of electron pulses
Lowest Pressure Range
Pressure - Torr 16
![Page 17: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Signal at Lowest Pressure Range
PMT Signal - ADC Counts
Number of electron pulses
17
![Page 18: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
![Page 19: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
![Page 20: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Discussion
Result: Yield increases at low pressures but levels off at higher pressures
Hypothesis supported at low pressures Higher yield - more molecules per unit length for
shower particles/electrons to interact with
Hypothesis not supported at higher pressures Maybe: At low pressures, only amount of gas
affects signal Maybe: At higher pressures, gas molecules interact
with each other, interfering with electrons
20
![Page 21: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Future Improvements & Experiments
Convert ADC counts to number of photons per electron
– Calibration project currently underway
Examine Various Beam charge ranges Higher beam charge - higher yield, same
relationship?? Part 2 of FLASH: Summer of 2003
wavelength dependence shower depth dependence
21
![Page 22: Fluorescence Yield of Cosmic Rays at Various Altitudes](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813584550346895d9ce2c1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Acknowledgments
Dr. Charles Jui Dr. John N. Matthews Dr. Petra Huentemeyer John Hinton Justin Findlay Cigdem Ozkan The HiRes Collaboration
22