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Atteia, Ariane; Adrait, Annie; Brugière, Sabine; Tardif, Marianne; van Lis, Robert; Deusch, Oliver et al. (2009): Aproteomic survey of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mitochondria sheds new light on the metabolic plasticity of theorganelle and on the nature of the {alpha}-proteobacterial mitochondrial ancestor. In: Molecular biology andevolution. Online verfügbar unter doi:10.1093/molbev/msp068.Abstract Mitochondria play a key role in the life and death of eukaryotic cells, yet the full

spectrum of mitochondrial functions is far from being fully understood, especially inphotosynthetic organisms. To advance our understanding of mitochondrial functionsin a photosynthetic cell, an extensive proteomic survey of Percoll-purifiedmitochondria from the metabolically versatile, hydrogen-producing green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii was performed. Different fractions of purifiedmitochondria from Chlamydomonas cells grown under aerobic conditions wereanalyzed by nano-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry(MS) after protein separation on SDS-PAGE or on blue-native (BN)-PAGE. Of the496 non-redundant proteins identified, 149 are known or predicted to reside in othercellular compartments and were thus excluded from the molecular and evolutionaryanalyses of the Chlamydomonas proteome. The mitochondrial proteome of thephotosynthetic alga reveals important lineage-specific differences with othermitochondrial proteomes, reflecting the high metabolic diversity of the organelle.Some mitochondrial metabolic pathways in Chlamydomonas appear to combinetypical mitochondrial enzymes and bacterial-type ones whereas others are unknownamong mitochondriate eukaryotes. The comparison of the Chlamydomonasproteins to their identifiable homologs predicted from 354 sequenced genomesindicated that Arabidopsis is the most closely related non-algal eukaryote.Furthermore, this phylogenomic analysis shows that free-living alpha-proteobacteriafrom the metabolically versatile orders Rhizobiales and Rhodobacterales betterreflect the gene content of the ancestor of the chlorophyte mitochondria thanparasitic alpha-proteobacteria with reduced and specialized genomes.

Bubenheim, D. L.; Sargis, R.; Wilson, D. (1995): Spectral changes in metal halide and high-pressure sodiumlamps equipped with electronic dimming. In: HortScience : a publication of the American Society for HorticulturalScience, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 1086–1089.Abstract Electronic dimming of high-intensity discharge lamps offers control of

photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) but is often characterized as causing significantspectral changes. Growth chambers with 400-W metal halide (MH) and high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps were equipped with a dimmer system using silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR) as high-speed switches. Phase control operation turnedthe line power off for some period of the alternating current cycle. At full power, theelectrical input to HPS and MH lamps was 480 W (root mean squared) and could bedecreased to 267 W and 428 W, respectively, before the arc was extinguished.Concomitant with this decrease in input power, PPF decreased by 60% in HPS and50% in MH. The HPS lamp has characteristic spectral peaks at 589 and 595 nm. Aspower to the HPS lamps was decreased, the 589-nm peak remained constant whilethe 595-nm peak decreased, equaling the 589-nm peak at 345-W input, and the589-nm peak was almost absent at 270-W input. The MH lamp has a broaderspectral output but also has a peak at 589 nm and another smaller peak at 545 nm.As input power to the MH lamps decreased, the peak at 589 diminished to equal the545-nm peak. As input power approached 428 W, the 589-nm peak shifted to 570nm. While the spectrum changed as input power was decreased in the MH andHPS lamps, the phytochrome equilibrium ratio (Pfr : Ptot) remains unchanged forboth lamp types.

Schlagwörter Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Environment, Controlled; Light;Lightingmethods; Photons; Photosynthesis; Phytochrome; Plant PhysiologicalPhenomena; Plantsgrowth & developmentmetabolismradiation effects

Dilsaver, S. C.: Neurobiologic effects of bright artificial light. In: Brain research. Brain research reviews, Jg. 14,

Fluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviH. 4, S. 311–333.Abstract Bright light is an effective treatment of winter depression. Study of the effects of this

treatment on mechanisms thought to be involved in the pathophysiology ofdepressive disorders is reviewed. Measurement of a physiological parameter,namely the change in core temperature using an intraperitoneally implanted radiotransmitter sensitive to temperature in freely moving rats, indicates that treatmentwith bright light under various experimental conditions tends to powerfullysubsensitize muscarinic and nicotinic mechanisms. Pulses of bright light during thephase delay portions of the PRC blunt sensitivity to clonidine. Our studies withbright light are consistent with those indicating that heterocyclic antidepressantsand a monoamine oxidase inhibitor produce subsensitivity to the thermic effects ofnicotine. Reports of the influences of full-spectrum bright light and its impact ontargeted neurotransmitter mechanisms call attention to the anatomical substratummediating its effects. Possible receptor changes are measurable using receptorbinding techniques and quantitative autoradiography. The physiological effects ofthis interesting treatment raises questions of its impact on coupling mechanismsand second messengers.

Schlagwörter Amitriptylinepharmacology; Animals; Antidepressive Agentspharmacology;Braindrug effectsphysiology; Clonidinepharmacology; Darkness; DepressiveDisordertherapy; Humans; Light; Lighting; Nicotinepharmacology;Oxotremorinepharmacology; Phototherapy; Rats; Reference Values; Stress,Psychological

Eames, Matthew E.; Wang, Jia; Pogue, Brian W.; Dehghani, Hamid: Wavelength band optimization in spectralnear-infrared optical tomography improves accuracy while reducing data acquisition and computational burden.In: Journal of biomedical optics, Jg. 13, H. 5, S. 54037. Online verfügbar unter doi:10.1117/1.2976425.Abstract Multispectral near-infrared (NIR) tomographic imaging has the potential to provide

information about molecules absorbing light in tissue, as well as subcellularstructures scattering light, based on transmission measurements. However, thechoice of possible wavelengths used is crucial for the accurate separation of theseparameters, as well as for diminishing crosstalk between the contributingchromophores. While multispectral systems are often restricted by the wavelengthsof laser diodes available, continuous-wave broadband systems exist that have theadvantage of providing broadband NIR spectroscopy data, albeit without the benefitof the temporal data. In this work, the use of large spectral NIR datasets isanalyzed, and an objective function to find optimal spectral ranges (windows) isexamined. The optimally identified wavelength bands derived from this method aretested using both simulations and experimental data. It is found that the proposedmethod achieves images as qualitatively accurate as using the full spectrum, butimproves crosstalk between parameters. Additionally, the judicious use of thesespectral windows reduces the amount of data needed for full spectral tomographicimaging by 50%, therefore increasing computation time dramatically.

Schlagwörter Algorithms; Image Enhancementmethods; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assistedmethods; Information Storage and Retrievalmethods; InfraredRaysdiagnostic use; Phantoms, Imaging; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity andSpecificity; Spectroscopy, Near-Infraredinstrumentationmethods; Tomography,Opticalinstrumentationmethods

Hall, John L. (2006): Defining and measuring optical frequencies: the optical clock opportunity--and more (Nobellecture). In: Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry, Jg. 7, H. 11, S.2242–2258. Online verfügbar unter doi:10.1002/cphc.200600457.Abstract Four long-running currents in laser technology met and merged in 1999-2000. Two

of these were the quest toward a stable repetitive sequence of ever-shorter opticalpulses and, on the other hand, the quest for the most time-stable, unvarying opticalfrequency possible. The marriage of ultrafast- and ultrastable lasers was brokeredmainly by two international teams and became exciting when a special "designer"

Fluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - Citavimicrostructure optical fiber was shown to be nonlinear enough to produce "whitelight" from the femtosecond laser pulses, such that the output spectrum embraced afull optical octave. Then, for the first time, one could realize an optical frequencyinterval equal to the comb's lowest frequency, and count out this interval as amultiple of the repetition rate of the femtosecond pulse laser. This "gear-box"connection between the radiofrequency standard and any/all optical frequencystandards came just as sensitivity-enhancing ideas were maturing. The four-wayunion empowered an explosion of accurate frequency measurement results in thestandards field and prepared the way for refined tests of some of our cherishedphysical principles, such as the time-stability of some of the basic numbers inphysics (e.g. the "fine-structure" constant, the speed of light, certain atomic massratios), and the equivalence of time-keeping by clocks based on different physics.The stable laser technology also allows time-synchronization between twoindependent femtosecond lasers so exact they can be made to appear as if thesource were a single laser. By improving pump-probe experiments, one importantapplication will be in bond-specific spatial scanning of biological samples. This nextdecade in optical physics should be a blast!

Hargreaves, J. A.; Thompson, G. W. (1989): Ultraviolet light and dental caries in children. In: Caries research,Jg. 23, H. 5, S. 389–392.Abstract Animal experimental work has suggested that ultraviolet radiation reduces dental

caries incidence. The opportunity to complete a study on children in the 1-ppmwater fluoridated community of Wetaskiwin, Alberta, Canada, through anexperimental school design study, became possible between 1982 and 1984 as inwinter children have to travel to and from school during hours of darkness. Twoclassrooms at the four primary schools in the city had full spectrum lightingintroduced and the 102 children entering grade 5 spent 22 months of study in thesame classrooms; 83 (81%) remained in the trial. Each child had DMFT, DMFS,including degree of caries involvement, gingivitis and oral hygiene indices recorded.Results showed that children receiving the full spectrum light had very low or noincrease in caries incidence over the 22-month period compared with controls.DMFS findings, excluding 'sticky fissures' over the 22-month period, increased from2.67 to 3.23 in the group receiving full spectrum light, compared with an increase of2.32 to 4.46 in the control group (p less than 0.001).

Schlagwörter Alberta; Child; DMF Index; Dental Cariesepidemiologyprevention & control; Female;Humans; Lighting; Male; Ultraviolet Rays

Hofstetter, John R.; Hofstetter, Amelia R.; Hughes, Amanda M.; Mayeda, Aimee R. (2005): Intermittent long-wavelength red light increases the period of daily locomotor activity in mice. In: Journal of circadian rhythms, Jg.3, S. 8. Online verfügbar unter doi:10.1186/1740-3391-3-8.Abstract BACKGROUND: We observed that a dim, red light-emitting diode (LED) triggered

by activity increased the circadian periods of lab mice compared to constantdarkness. It is known that the circadian period of rats increases when vigorouswheel-running triggers full-spectrum lighting; however, spectral sensitivity ofphotoreceptors in mice suggests little or no response to red light. Thus, we decidedto test the following hypotheses: dim red light illumination triggered by activity(LEDfb) increases the circadian period of mice compared to constant dark (DD);covering the LED prevents the effect on period; and DBA2/J mice have a differentresponse to LEDfb than C57BL6/J mice. METHODS: The irradiance spectra of theLEDs were determined by spectrophotometer. Locomotor activity of C57BL/6J andDBA/2J mice was monitored by passive-infrared sensors and circadian period wascalculated from the last 10 days under each light condition. For constant dark (DD),LEDs were switched off. For LED feedback (LEDfb), the red LED came on when themouse was active and switched off seconds after activity stopped. For taped LEDthe red LED was switched on but covered with black tape. Single and multifactorialANOVAs and post-hoc t-tests were done. RESULTS: The circadian period of mice

Fluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - Citaviwas longer under LEDfb than under DD. Blocking the light eliminated the effect.There was no difference in period change in response to LEDfb between C57BL/6and DBA/2 mice. CONCLUSION: An increase in mouse circadian period due to dimfar-red light (1 lux at 652 nm) exposure was unexpected. Since blocking the lightstopped the response, sound from the sensor's electronics was not the impetus ofthe response. The results suggest that red light as background illumination shouldbe avoided, and indicator diodes on passive infrared motion sensors should beswitched off.

James, Francine O.; Walker, Claire D.; Boivin, Diane B. (2004): Controlled exposure to light and darknessrealigns the salivary cortisol rhythm in night shift workers. In: Chronobiology international, Jg. 21, H. 6, S.961–972.Abstract The efficacy of a light/darkness intervention designed to promote circadian

adaptation to night shift work was tested in this combined field and laboratory study.Six full-time night shift workers (mean age+/-SD:37.1+/-8.1yrs) were provided anintervention consisting of an intermittent exposure to full-spectrum bright white light(approximately 2000 lux) in the first 6h of their 8 h shift, shielding from morning lightby tinted lenses (neutral gray density, 15% visual light transmission), and regularsleep/darkness episodes in darkened quarters beginning 2h after the end of eachshift. Five control group workers (41.1+/-9.9 yrs) were observed in the presence ofa regular sleep/darkness schedule only. Constant routines (CR) performed beforeand after a sequence of approximately 12 night shifts over 3 weeks revealed thattreatment group workers displayed significant shifts in the time of peak cortisolexpression and realignment of the rhythm with the night-oriented schedule. Smallerphase shifts, suggesting an incomplete adaptation to the shift work schedule, wereobserved in the control group. Our observations support the careful control of thepattern of light and darkness exposure for the adaptation of physiological rhythms tonight shift work.

Schlagwörter Adaptation, Physiological; Adult; Biological Clocksphysiology; CircadianRhythmphysiology; Darkness; Employment; Female; Humans;Hydrocortisonemetabolism; Light; Male; Middle Aged; Phototherapy;Salivachemistry; Work Schedule Tolerance

Kligman, L. H. (1987): Full spectrum solar radiation as a cause of dermal photodamage: UVB to infrared. In:Acta dermato-venereologica. Supplementum, Jg. 134, S. 53–61.Schlagwörter Agingpathology; Animals; Humans; Infrared Raysadverse effects; Skinradiation

effects; Sunlightadverse effects; Sunscreening Agentstherapeutic use; UltravioletRaysadverse effects

Lam, R. W.; Buchanan, A.; Clark, C. M.; Remick, R. A. (1991): Ultraviolet versus non-ultraviolet light therapy forseasonal affective disorder. In: The Journal of clinical psychiatry, Jg. 52, H. 5, S. 213–216.Abstract Although light therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of seasonal

affective disorder (SAD), little research has been done to determine which lightwavelengths affect treatment outcome. In this triple crossover study the authorscompared 1 week of light therapy in which bright (2500 lux), full-spectrumfluorescent light, with and without blockade of the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum, wasused with a dim (500 lux) light control in 11 SAD patients. The dim light conditionhad no significant antidepressant effects as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scalefor Depression (HAM-D), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and an atypicaldepressive symptom (ATYP) score. The UV-light condition significantly reducedHAM-D, BDI, and ATYP scores, whereas the UV-blocked condition significantlyreduced only the ATYP score. These results suggest that the UV-spectrum in lighttherapy may have a differential effect on typical and atypical symptoms in SAD.

Schlagwörter Depressive Disorderpsychologytherapy; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female;Humans; Light; Male; Personality Inventory; Phototherapymethods; PsychiatricStatus Rating Scales; Research Design; Seasons; Ultraviolet Rays; Ultraviolet

Fluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviTherapy

London, W. P. (1987): Full-spectrum classroom light and sickness in pupils. In: Lancet, Jg. 2, H. 8569, S.1205–1206.Schlagwörter Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Lightadverse effects; Morbidity; Schools

Martin, J. L.; Migus, A.; Poyart, C.; Lecarpentier, Y.; Astier, R.; Antonetti, A. (1983): Spectral evidence for sub-picosecond iron displacement after ligand detachment from hemoproteins by femtosecond light pulses. In: TheEMBO journal, Jg. 2, H. 10, S. 1815–1819.Abstract We have measured spectral and kinetic differences in protoheme, sperm whale or

horse heart myoglobin and human hemoglobin following photodissociation inducedby optical pulses of 80 fs duration. Full ligation was performed with oxygen orcarbon monoxide. Femtosecond kinetics and transient difference spectra revealedthe appearance of a deoxy species with tau approximately equal to 250-300 fs. Thetransient deoxy species in myoglobin and hemoglobin evidenced a 3-4 nm red shiftof their delta A spectra compared with the equilibrium delta A spectrum. This shiftwas not observed after photodissociation of the carbon monoxide ligandedprotoheme. We proposed that the 250 fs time constant corresponding to theappearance of the deoxy-like species is related to the displacement of the ferrousiron out of the heme plane. Consequently, the small red shift of the delta A spectraobserved in photodissociated hemoproteins may be tentatively attributed tochanges in the vibrational modes of either the proximal histidine-Fe2+ bond and/orof the N4 porph-Fe-N epsilon His (F8) bent.

Schlagwörter Animals; Hemeproteinsmetabolism; Hemoglobinsmetabolism; Horses; Humans;Kinetics; Myocardiummetabolism; Myoglobinmetabolism; Photolysis;Spectrophotometry; Time Factors

Mayeda, A.; Mannon, S.; Hofstetter, J.; Adkins, M.; Baker, R.; Hu, K.; Nurnberger, J. (1998): Effects of indirectlight and propranolol on melatonin levels in normal human subjects. In: Psychiatry research, Jg. 81, H. 1, S.9–17.Abstract An indirect lighting protocol was developed to measure nocturnal melatonin

suppression by light in normal human subjects. Goals were to minimize bothdiscomfort due to staring intensely at a bright light source, and behavioral variationdue to wandering gaze. Subjects sat with a bank of five full-spectrum light sourcesplaced behind them. Lights reflecting off the surfaces before each subject produceda hemisphere of light that measured 500 lx +/- 5%. Subjects retired to bed indarkness by midnight and then sat in the hemisphere of light from 02.00 h to 04.00h. Blood for melatonin was drawn at 20-30-min intervals from midnight to 06.00 h.Plasma melatonin was measured by radioimmunoassay. The indirect lightingprotocol was used to compare the effects of 500 lx light to dark (21 subjects) and tostudy varying light intensities from 300 to 2000 lx (7 subjects). We studied theeffects of the sitting posture in very dim light of 20-30 lx (6 subjects). We alsostudied the effects of propranolol plus dark and propranolol plus 500 lx light onmelatonin levels. Subjects received placebo, 10 mg propranolol or 40 mgpropranolol orally at 23.00 h, and were then exposed to either the dark or lightcondition. Melatonin levels obtained with the indirect lighting protocol wereconsistent with studies using direct lighting; light of 500 lx significantly suppressednocturnal melatonin and suppression was dose related between 300 and 2000 lx.Sitting in dim light had no significant effect on melatonin suppression whencompared with the supine posture in the dark in six subjects. Propranolol caused adose-dependent decrease in melatonin levels in both the dark and the light. Therewas no relationship between suppression of melatonin by propranolol andsuppression by light.

Schlagwörter Adolescent; Adrenergic beta-Antagonistspharmacology; Adult; Dose-ResponseRelationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Light; Male; Melatoninmetabolism; MiddleAged; Propranololpharmacology

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McColl, S. L.; Veitch, J. A. (2001): Full-spectrum fluorescent lighting: a review of its effects on physiology andhealth. In: Psychological medicine, Jg. 31, H. 6, S. 949–964.Abstract BACKGROUND: Full-spectrum fluorescent lighting (FSFL) has been credited with

causing dramatic beneficial effects on a wide variety of behaviours, mental healthoutcomes and physical health effects, as compared to other fluorescent lamp types.These effects are hypothesized to occur because of similarity between FSFLemissions and daylight, which is said to have evolutionary superiority over otherlight sources. METHOD: This review, covering the period 1941-1999, criticallyconsiders the evidence for direct effects of FSFL through skin absorption as well asindirect effects on hormonal and neural processes. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, theevidence does not show dramatic effects of fluorescent lamp type on behaviour orhealth, neither does it support the evolutionary hypothesis.

Schlagwörter Arousalphysiology; Brainphysiology; Calciummetabolism; Evolution; Female;Fluorescence; Health Status; Humans; Hydrocortisoneurine;Hyperbilirubinemiatherapy; Light; Male; Melatoninurine; Phototherapy; PsychomotorPerformancephysiology; Seasonal Affective Disordertherapy; Skinradiation effects;Stress, Psychologicalmetabolism; Sympathetic Nervous Systemphysiology; VitaminDmetabolism

Midwinter, M. J.; Arendt, J. (1991): Adaptation of the melatonin rhythm in human subjects following night-shiftwork in Antarctica. In: Neuroscience letters, Jg. 122, H. 2, S. 195–198.Abstract Different environmental conditions, particularly daylength and intensity of natural

light, may influence the ability of shiftworkers to adapt to the abrupt phase-shifts of24 h time cues imposed by the nature of their work. We have investigated thisproblem in terms of the circadian rhythm of the pineal hormone melatonin innightshift workers on the British Antarctic Survey Base at Halley (75 degreesSouth). Melatonin production was assessed by measurement of its major urinarymetabolite 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) by radio-immunoassay in sequentialurine samples collected for 48 h at weekly intervals. The acrophase of themelatonin rhythm was significantly delayed from 5.22 h. min to 14.54 h. min(summer) and 8.73 h.min to 13.23 h.min (winter) during a week of night-shift work.Readaptation of the rhythm following night-shift work was markedly slower duringthe Antarctic winter taking 3 weeks compared to summer where the baseline phaseposition was re-established after 1 week. Morning and evening treatment (08.00-09.00 h, 16.00-17.00 h) with bright (greater than 2500 lux) full spectrum white lightdid not significantly modify this phenomenon in summer, but a trend to fasteradaptation with light treatment was seen in winter. These observations are likely tobe of importance to shift-workers in temperate zones. Further investigations ofphase-shifting techniques, such as appropriately timed bright light andadministration of melatonin itself, are indicated, particularly in relation toperformance at work.

Schlagwörter Adult; Analysis of Variance; Antarctic Regions; Circadian Rhythm; Darkness;Humans; Light; Male; Melatoninbloodsecretion; Seasons; Work Schedule Tolerance

Moyal, Dominique D.; Fourtanier, Anny M. (2008): Broad-spectrum sunscreens provide better protection fromsolar ultraviolet-simulated radiation and natural sunlight-induced immunosuppression in human beings. In:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Jg. 58, H. 5 Suppl 2, S. S149-54. Online verfügbar unterdoi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.035.Abstract BACKGROUND: It is well established that ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces

immunomodulatory effects that may be involved in skin cancer. Recent studieshave shown that UVA (320-400 nm) and UVB (290-320 nm) radiation areimmunosuppressive. As a result, sunscreens, which mainly absorb UVB, may beless effective in preventing UV radiation-induced immunosuppression than broad-spectrum products. OBJECTIVE: We sought to study the effects of UVA exposureon human delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and compare the efficacy

Fluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - Citaviof sunscreens having different levels of sun-protection factor (SPF) and UVAprotection against both solar-simulated radiation and outdoor real-life sunlightexposure conditions. METHODS: DTH was assessed using a kit which includes 7recall antigens that most of the participants encountered during childhoodimmunization. Evaluation of DTH test response was made 48 hours after testapplication before and after UV exposure with or without sunscreens. RESULTS: Inunprotected participants, the response to DTH tests was significantly reducedirrespective of UV types of exposure (full-spectrum UVA, long UVA, solar-simulatedradiation). A UVB sunscreen failed to protect from solar-simulated radiation-inducedimmunosuppression. In contrast, a broad-spectrum sunscreen with the same SPFbut providing a high protection in the UVA range significantly reduced local UV-induced immunosuppression and prevented the distant effects. In the outdoorstudy, as compared with DTH responses obtained before sun exposure, noalteration of immune response was detected when the skin was protected by abroad-spectrum sunscreen having a high protection level in the UVA (SPF 25, UVAprotection factor 14). Conversely a broad-spectrum sunscreen with lower protectionagainst UVA (SPF 25, UVA protection factor 6) failed to prevent UV-impairedresponse. LIMITATIONS: These results have been obtained after repeatedexposure. Additional experiments obtained under acute exposure are in progress.CONCLUSION: These findings clearly demonstrated the role of UVA in theinduction of photoimmunosuppression together with the need for sunscreenproducts providing efficient photoprotection throughout the entire UV spectrum.

Schlagwörter Absorption; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity,Delayedimmunologyprevention & control; Immune Toleranceimmunology; Male;Radiation Dosage; Skinradiation effects; Skin Neoplasmsprevention & control;Sunlightadverse effects; Sunscreening Agentspharmacologytherapeutic use;Ultraviolet Raysadverse effects

Owen, J.; Arendt, J. (1992): Melatonin suppression in human subjects by bright and dim light in antarctica: timeand season-dependent effects. In: Neuroscience letters, Jg. 137, H. 2, S. 181–184.Abstract Full-spectrum light, of sufficiently high intensity, will suppress the secretion of

melatonin at night in humans. Individual sensitivity to such suppression is variable,and the factors determining such sensitivity are largely unknown. By analogy withanimal work previous short or long-term exposure to different light intensities maybe an important determinant. We exploited the Antarctic environment to investigatethese possibilities. Groups of healthy men, living on the British Antarctic SurveyBase at Halley (75 degrees South) were exposed to dim (range 290-310 lux) andbright (range 2100-2300 lux) light either from 01.00-02.00 h or 05.00-0.600 h, bothin winter and in summer. Plasma melatonin concentrations were determined byradioimmunoassay in serial blood samples taken before, during and after lighttreatment, and in control (darkness) conditions. Light suppression of melatonin wasmore effective in the latter part of the night in winter and this was particularly well-differentiated for dim light.

Schlagwörter Adult; Antarctic Regions; Humans; Light; Male; Melatoninblood; Seasons; TimeFactors

Pascal, Andrew A.; Liu, Zhenfeng; Broess, Koen; van Oort, Bart; van Amerongen, Herbert; Wang, Chao et al.(2005): Molecular basis of photoprotection and control of photosynthetic light-harvesting. In: Nature, Jg. 436, H.7047, S. 134–137. Online verfügbar unter doi:10.1038/nature03795.Abstract In order to maximize their use of light energy in photosynthesis, plants have

molecules that act as light-harvesting antennae, which collect light quanta anddeliver them to the reaction centres, where energy conversion into a chemical formtakes place. The functioning of the antenna responds to the extreme changes in theintensity of sunlight encountered in nature. In shade, light is efficiently harvested inphotosynthesis. However, in full sunlight, much of the energy absorbed is notneeded and there are vitally important switches to specific antenna states, which

Fluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - Citavisafely dissipate the excess energy as heat. This is essential for plant survival,because it provides protection against the potential photo-damage of thephotosynthetic membrane. But whereas the features that establish highphotosynthetic efficiency have been highlighted, almost nothing is known about themolecular nature of the dissipative states. Recently, the atomic structure of themajor plant light-harvesting antenna protein, LHCII, has been determined by X-raycrystallography. Here we demonstrate that this is the structure of a dissipative stateof LHCII. We present a spectroscopic analysis of this crystal form, and identify thespecific changes in configuration of its pigment population that give LHCII theintrinsic capability to regulate energy flow. This provides a molecular basis forunderstanding the control of photosynthetic light-harvesting.

Schlagwörter Chlorophyllmetabolism; Crystallization; Crystallography, X-Ray; Fluorescence;Light; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexeschemistrymetabolismradiation effects;Models, Molecular; Photosynthesisphysiologyradiation effects; Photosystem IIProtein Complexchemistrymetabolismradiation effects; Pigments,Biologicalchemistrymetabolism; Plantschemistrymetabolismradiation effects;Protein Structure, Tertiary; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Structure-ActivityRelationship

Pathak, M. A.; Fanselow, D. L. (1983): Photobiology of melanin pigmentation: dose/response of skin to sunlightand its contents. In: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Jg. 9, H. 5, S. 724–733.Abstract A randomized double-blind clinical trial involving twenty-two volunteers was

conducted in two locations (Orlando, FL, and St. Paul, MN) to test the efficacy ofthe newly designed ultraviolet monitor badges (Sun Timers), described in anotherpaper by us in this issue of the Journal, 1 and to establish the relationship betweenspectral band exposure dose and the biologic responses of erythema andpigmentation. Individuals with skin types II, III, and IV, exhibiting differences inreactivity to solar radiation, were exposed to varying doses of full-spectrum sunlightthrough templates mounted on the lower portion of the back. Simultaneously, on theupper portion of the back, the same volunteers were exposed through two differenttypes of polyester filters that transmitted ultraviolet A (UVA) and visible radiation.Using templates with windows, exposures to full-spectrum sunlight, UVA, andvisible radiation were carried out to 1, 2, 3, 6, and 9 sunburn units (approximately30-270 millijoules/cm2 between 10:30 A.M. and 3:30 P.M. daylight time in midsummer), measured with the aid of a Robertson-Berger meter and an IL700International Light radiometer. Erythema and pigmentation resulting from theseexposures were graded (double-blind) immediately after exposure, at 24 hours, andafter 5 days. Numerical skin response ratings at each exposure dose for differentspectral bands were then averaged and plotted. It was found that the UVB monitorresponse was predictive of a 24-hour erythema response and 5-day pigmentationresponse within 30% of the biologic average for skin types II, III, and IV. UVAradiation stimulated melanogenesis. The minimal melanogenic dose (MMD) for skintype II was the same as the minimal erythemogenic dose (MED). The MMD forindividuals of skin types III and IV was distinctly less than their MED. Thus,melanogenesis can be stimulated with a suberythemal dose of UVB or UVAradiation. The sun protection factor values of melanin for melanized skin have beenestimated to vary from 1.0 (skin type II) to 4.3 (skin types V and VI).

Schlagwörter Clinical Trials as Topic; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Double-BlindMethod; Humans; Melaninsbiosynthesis; Random Allocation; SkinPigmentationradiation effects; Sunburnetiology; Sunlight; Time Factors

Pitts, D. G.; Cullen, A. P. (1981): Determination of infrared radiation levels for acute ocular cataractogenesis. In:Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie. Albrecht von Graefe's archive forclinical and experimental ophthalmology, Jg. 217, H. 4, S. 285–297.Abstract One hundred pigmented rabbit eyes and ten primate eyes were exposed to infrared

(IR) radiation in the 715 to 1,400 nm wavelength range and to the full spectrum

Fluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - Citavioutput from a 5,000 W Xenon high-pressure source. The ocular exposures wereevaluated independently with a slitlamp by two researchers and classified for oculardamage. The primary ocular lesions resulting from exposure to IR radiation werecorneal, iritic, and lenticular. Corneal damage varied from epithelial haze toepithelial erosion but no endothelial damage was found. The iris showed stromalhaze and swelling. Lenticular changes showed small white dots that, occur at thelevel of the anterior cortex. All lens damage depended on iris involvement. Oculardamage was related to the rate of delivery of the IR radiation since the data showthat as the irradiance level increases, the radiant exposure threshold decreases.Exposures for the full spectrum were found to be additive for irradiance levels at 4W.cm-2 and above. The threshold radiant exposures for the full spectrum of 750J.cm-2 for the cornea, 1,000 J.cm-2 for the iris, and 2,000 J.cm-2 for the lens wereessentially identical to the IR exposure thresholds for the same irradiance levels.The primate threshold radiant exposure was a factor of six above the respectiverabbit thresholds.

Schlagwörter Animals; Cataractetiology; Corneal Diseasesetiology; Dose-Response Relationship,Radiation; Infrared Raysadverse effects; Iris Diseasesetiology; Macaca fascicularis;Rabbits; Radiobiologyinstrumentation; Xenon

Reichow, Alan W.; Citek, Karl; Edlich, Richard F. (2006): Ultraviolet and short wavelength visible light exposure:why ultraviolet protection alone is not adequate. In: Journal of long-term effects of medical implants, Jg. 16, H. 4,S. 315–325.Abstract The danger of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in both the natural environment

and artificial occupational settings has long been recognized by national andinternational standards committees and worker safety agencies. There is anincreasing body of literature that suggests that protection from UV exposure is notenough. Unprotected exposure to the short wavelengths of the visible spectrum,termed the "blue light hazard", is gaining acceptance as a true risk to long-termvisual health. Global standards and experts in the field are now warning that thoseindividuals who spend considerable time outdoors should seek sun filter eyewearwith high impact resistant lenses that provide 100% UV filtration, high levels of bluelight filtration, and full visual field lens/frame coverage as provided by high wrapeyewear. The Skin Cancer Foundation has endorsed certain sunglasses as"product[s]...effective [as] UV filter[s] for the eyes and surrounding skin". However,such endorsement does not necessarily mean that the eyewear meets all theprotective needs for outdoor use. There are several brands that offer products withsuch protective characteristics. Performance sun eyewear by Nike Vision, availablein both corrective and plano (nonprescription) forms, is one such brandincorporating these protective features.

Schlagwörter Environmental Exposure; Eyeradiation effects; Eye Protective Devicesstandards;Humans; Radiation Protectionstandards; Ultraviolet Raysadverse effects

Rice, J.; Mayor, J.; Tucker, H. A.; Bielski, R. J. (1995): Effect of light therapy on salivary melatonin in seasonalaffective disorder. In: Psychiatry research, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 221–228.Abstract To investigate the role of a light-induced advance in the timing of the melatonin

rhythm in seasonal affective disorder, 11 depressed patients underwent 2 weeks oflight therapy with full spectrum or cool white light. Evening saliva samples werecollected before and after each week of treatment and assayed for melatonin todetermine the time of onset of nocturnal secretion. Both treatments reduceddepression scores, advanced the timing of the melatonin rhythm, and increasedmelatonin concentrations. Time of onset of the nocturnal increase in melatonin didnot differ between clinical responders and nonresponders, suggesting that a phaseadvance in the onset of nocturnal melatonin secretion is not sufficient to induceclinical remission in seasonal affective disorder.

Schlagwörter Adult; Analysis of Variance; Circadian Rhythmphysiology; Female; Humans; Male;Melatoninanalysis; Middle Aged; Phototherapy; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales;

Fluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviSalivachemistry; Seasonal Affective Disorderphysiopathologypsychologytherapy

Ross, J. K.; Arendt, J.; Horne, J.; Haston, W. (1995): Night-shift work in Antarctica: sleep characteristics andbright light treatment. In: Physiology & behavior, Jg. 57, H. 6, S. 1169–1174.Abstract Changes in sleep parameters during and after night-shift and the effects of bright

white (2500-3000 1x) and dim red (> 500 1x) light treatment on re adaptation afternight-shift during winter were studied in 14 men on the British Antarctic SurveyBase of Halley (75 degrees south). Subjects kept daily sleep diaries and moodratings from one week before to three weeks after night-shift and received eitherfull-spectrum white or dim red light treatment from 1100 to 1300 h daily during thefirst week after night-shift. Plasma melatonin (for 24 h at the end of weeks 1, 2 and4), and urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s, for 48 h weekly) were measured. Asignificant (MANOVA; p < 0.05) improvement in sleep was seen during night shift(latency and duration) and with bright light treatment (latency). Melatonin andaMT6s rhythms delayed by 7-8 h during night-shift. The white light group readaptedslowly, apparently by phase delay, as assessed by aMT6s measurement. The redlight group readapted slightly, but significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.01) faster than thewhite light group.

Schlagwörter Adaptation, Psychologicalphysiology; Adult; Affectphysiology; Antarctic Regions;Body Temperaturephysiology; Humans; Male; Melatoninanalogs & derivativesurine;Phototherapy; Sleepphysiology

Rudorfer, M. V.; Skwerer, R. G.; Rosenthal, N. E. (1993): Biogenic amines in seasonal affective disorder: effectsof light therapy. In: Psychiatry research, Jg. 46, H. 1, S. 19–28.Abstract Wintertime measures of central and peripheral monoamine neurotransmitter system

activity in 17 medication-free depressed patients with seasonal affective disorder(SAD) were compared with those in eight healthy volunteers. Mean cerebrospinalfluid (CSF) concentrations of the principal metabolites of norepinephrine (NE),serotonin, and dopamine did not differ between the two groups, nor did mean basalor orthostatically stimulated plasma NE levels. Patients' pretreatment depressionratings were inversely correlated with resting plasma NE concentrations. FourteenSAD patients were clear responders to 2 weeks of full-spectrum bright lighttreatment. Neither the transmitter measures nor their interrelatedness was affectedsignificantly by phototherapy.

Schlagwörter Adult; Bipolar Disordercerebrospinal fluidpsychologytherapy; DepressiveDisordercerebrospinal fluidpsychologytherapy; Female; HomovanillicAcidcerebrospinal fluid; Humans; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acidcerebrospinal fluid;Male; Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycolcerebrospinal fluid; Middle Aged;Neurotransmitter Agentscerebrospinal fluid; Norepinephrineblood; PersonalityInventory; Phototherapy; Seasonal Affective Disordercerebrospinalfluidpsychologytherapy

Rust, Jennifer A.; Nóbrega, Joaquim A.; Calloway, Clifton P.; Jones, Bradley T. (2005): Fraunhofer effect atomicabsorption spectrometry. In: Analytical chemistry, Jg. 77, H. 4, S. 1060–1067.Abstract The dark lines in the solar spectrum were discovered by Wollaston and cataloged

by Fraunhofer in the early days of the 19th century. Some years later, Kirchhoffexplained the appearance of the dark lines: the sun was acting as a continuum lightsource and metals in the ground state in its atmosphere were absorbingcharacteristic narrow regions of the spectrum. This discovery eventually spawnedatomic absorption spectrometry, which became a routine technique for chemicalanalysis in the mid-20th century. Laboratory-based atomic absorptionspectrometers differ from the original observation of the Fraunhofer lines becausethey have always employed a separate light source and atomizer. This articledescribes a novel atomic absorption device that employs a single source, thetungsten coil, as both the generator of continuum radiation and the atomizer of theanalytes. A 25-microL aliquot of sample is placed on the tungsten filament removed

Fluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - Citavifrom a commercially available 150-W light bulb. The solution is dried and ashed byapplying low currents to the coil in a three-step procedure. Full power is thenapplied to the coil for a brief period. During this time, the coil produces white light,which may be absorbed by any metals present in the atomization cloud producedby the sample. A high-resolution spectrometer with a charge-coupled devicedetector monitors the emission spectrum of the coil, which includes the dark linesfrom the metals. Detection limits are reported for seven elements: 5 pg of Ca (422.7nm); 2 ng of Co (352.7 nm); 200 pg of Cr (425.4 nm); 7 pg of Sr (460.7 nm); 100 pgof Yb (398.8 nm); 500 pg of Mn (403.1 nm); and 500 pg of K (404.4 nm).Simultaneous multielement analyses are possible within a 4-nm spectral window.The relative standard deviations for the seven metals are below 8% for all metalsexcept for Ca (10.7%), which was present in the blank at measurable levels.Analysis of a standard reference material (drinking water) resulted in a meanpercent recovery of 91%. This report attempts to give an historical perspective onthe development of a novel atomic spectrometer based on the Fraunhofer effect.

Saltarelli, C. G.; Coppola, C. P. (1979): Influence of visible light on organ weights of mice. In: Laboratory animalscience, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 319–322.Abstract Hau:ICR mice separated by sex, were reared for 30 days under various fluorescent

lamps: pink, blue, black UV, cool white and full spectrum. Body weights andabsolute organ weights were compared. After light exposure, female body weightswere not significantly different between any groups; however, a difference in malebody weights was observed. Light affected the weights of the pituitary, adrenals,kidneys and prostate in male mice and the adrenals, thyroid and pineal glands infemales. The weight of adrenal glands of both males and females were mostsensitive to changes in lighting.

Schlagwörter Adrenal Glandsradiation effects; Animals; Body Weightradiation effects; Female;Light; Male; Micegrowth & development; Organ Sizeradiation effects; PinealGlandradiation effects; Pituitary Glandradiation effects; Sex Factors

Schramm, J. Mark; Warner, Dave; Hardesty, Robert A.; Oberg, Kerby C. (2003): A unique combination ofinfrared and microwave radiation accelerates wound healing. In: Plastic and reconstructive surgery, Jg. 111, H.1, S. 258–266. Online verfügbar unter doi:10.1097/01.PRS.0000033065.10876.2E.Abstract Light or electromagnetic radiation has been reported to enhance wound healing.

The use of selected spectra, including infrared and microwave, has been described;however, no studies to date have examined the potential benefit of combining thesespectra. In this study, a device that emits electromagnetic radiation across both theinfrared and microwave ranges was used. To test the effects of this uniqueelectromagnetic radiation spectrum on wound healing, two clinically relevantwound-healing models (i.e., tensile strength of simple incisions and survival ofMcFarlane flaps) were selected. After the creation of a simple full-thickness incision(n = 35 rats) or a caudally based McFarlane flap (n = 33 rats), animals wererandomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: untreated control, infrared, orcombined electromagnetic radiation. Treatment was administered for 30 minutes,twice daily for 18 days in animals with simple incisions, and 15 days in animals withMcFarlane flaps. The wound area or flap was harvested and analyzed, blinded tothe treatment regimens. A p value of less than 0.05 obtained by analysis of variancewas considered to be statistically significant. Animals receiving combinedelectromagnetic radiation demonstrated increased tensile strength (2.62 N/mm2)compared with animals receiving infrared radiation (2.36 N/mm2) or untreatedcontrols (1.73 N/mm2, p < 0.001). Animals with McFarlane flaps receiving combinedelectromagnetic radiation had increased flap survival (78.0 percent) compared withanimals receiving infrared radiation (69.7 percent) and untreated controls (63.1percent, p < 0.01). Thus, combined electromagnetic radiation provided a distinctadvantage in wound healing that might augment current treatment regimens.

Schlagwörter Animals; Electromagnetic Fields; Equipment and Supplies; Graft Survivalradiation

Fluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - Citavieffects; Infrared Raystherapeutic use; Microwavestherapeutic use; Necrosis; Rats;Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skinsurgery; Surgical Flaps; Tensile Strength; WoundHealingradiation effects

Shedpure, M.; Pati, A. K. (1995): The pineal gland: structural and functional diversity. In: Indian journal ofexperimental biology, Jg. 33, H. 9, S. 625–640.Abstract The article reviews the work carried out on pineal structure and function in

vertebrates. The pineal has undergone striking changes in structure during thecourse of evolution from lamprey to mammals. In the primitive vertebrates, structureof the pineal is very much similar to that of the retina of the eyes and it acts as adirect photosensory organ. It acts as a photosensory and secretory organ in anumber of species. Interestingly, the pineal complex among the reptiles presentsthe full spectrum of its morphological possibilities. There is a gradual regression oflight sensitive pineal structure during the course of avian line of evolution. Further, ithas been unequivocally accepted that mammalian pineal is an endocrine organ.The pineal is a prominent secretory organ, in mammals, which synthesises andsecretes a number of exocrine and endocrine substances, such as indoles,peptides, various enzymes, amino acids and their derivatives, lipids, carbohydrates,and inorganic constituents. Pineal plays an important role in regulation of seasonalbreeding in various vertebrate species. It is also considered as one of the mostimportant components of the vertebrate circadian system and is a principal sourceof rhythmically produced melatonin. Apart from the above mentioned functions,pineal also influences thermoregulation, electrolyte metabolism, intermediarymetabolism, hemopoiesis, immune system and behaviour.

Schlagwörter Animals; Evolution; Humans; Pineal Glandanatomy &histologyinnervationphysiology; Vertebratesanatomy & histologyphysiology

Shinosaki, K.; Inouye, T.; Ukai, S.; Toi, S. (1992): Half-field sinusoidally modulated light stimulation at subject'salpha frequency. In: Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, Jg. 83, H. 6, S. 372–377.Abstract Interhemispheric responses of alpha activity were investigated by use of half-field

sinusoidally modulated light (SML) stimulation at the subject's alpha frequency. Theleft and right visual half-fields as well as full-field were separately stimulated by theSML. The power spectrum of SML responses, averaged with Wiener filtering, wasobtained at the left and the right occipital area (O1 and O2) in 11 normal subjects.Power in each hemisphere, phase difference and coherence between O1 and O2were estimated at an alpha frequency. A laterality index of power was defined as(P(l)-P(r))/(P(l) + P(r)) where P(l) is a power value at O1, and P(r) at O2. In most ofthe subjects, laterality index decreased in the order: left half-field, full-field and righthalf-field stimulation. This relationship revealed greater SML responses on theipsilateral occipital area. There were significant differences in laterality index among3 visual field conditions, thus showing that full-field responses ranged inlateralization between the left and right half-field responses in most of the subjects.This hemispheric distribution suggests that half-field SML stimulation affected alphaactivity selectively in each hemisphere, mostly in the ipsilateral hemisphere.

Schlagwörter Adult; Alpha Rhythm; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; OccipitalLobephysiology; Photic Stimulationmethods

Sigurdsson, V.; Knulst, A. C.; van Weelden, H. (1997): Phototherapy of acne vulgaris with visible light. In:Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland), Jg. 194, H. 3, S. 256–260.Abstract BACKGROUND: Sun exposure has a beneficial effect on acne vulgaris, but it is not

clear which wavelengths contribute to the favourable effect. OBJECTIVE: The aimof the study was to investigate the effect of visible light on acne vulgaris and definethe most effective wavelengths. METHODS: Thirty patients (15 men and 15women) with mild to moderate acne vulgaris, involving the face and/or the backand/or the chest, were treated with three different light sources. They were treated 3times a week, for a total of 7 weeks, each field for 20 min per session. RESULTS:

Fluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviAll the light sources using 'full spectrum', green and violet improved the acne,leading to 14% (p > 0.10), 22% (p < 0.05) and 30% (p < 0.02) improvement,respectively. No statistically significant differences between the three different lightsources were found, although there was a tendency that violet light was better thanthe other light qualities. No side-effects were observed. CONCLUSION: Visible lightis a moderately effective alternative for treatment of acne vulgaris.

Schlagwörter Acne Vulgarispathologytherapy; Adolescent; Adult; Back; Color; FacialDermatosespathologytherapy; Female; Humans; Light; Male; Patient Dropouts;Patient Satisfaction; Phototherapymethods; Radiation Dosage; RemissionInduction; Thorax

Siopes, T. D. (1984): The effect of full-spectrum fluorescent lighting on reproductive traits of caged turkey hens.In: Poultry science, Jg. 63, H. 6, S. 1122–1128.Abstract Large White turkey breeder hens were exposed to either incandescent or full-

spectrum (FS) fluorescent lighting during two 20-week reproductive cycles in closedconfinement. Data were recorded for body weights, feed intake, and reproductivetraits. Body weights and feed intake were similar between treatments in both egglaying cycles. In addition, there were no significant differences in egg production,fertility, hatchability, or poult weight between the incandescent and FS fluorescentlight treatment in either the first or second year egg laying cycle. It was concludedthat exposure of breeder turkey hens to FS fluorescent light in closed confinementresults in reproductive performance similar to that obtained with incandescentlighting.

Schlagwörter Animals; Body Weight; Eating; Female; Fluorescence; Housing, Animal; Light;Oviposition; Reproduction; Turkeysphysiology

Veitch, J. A.; McColl, S. L. (2001): A critical examination of perceptual and cognitive effects attributed to full-spectrum fluorescent lighting. In: Ergonomics, Jg. 44, H. 3, S. 255–279.Abstract Full-spectrum fluorescent lighting (FSFL) has been credited with causing dramatic

improvements in vision, perception and cognitive performance as compared withother fluorescent lamp types. These effects are hypothesized to occur because ofsimilarity between FSFL emissions and daylight, which is said to have evolutionarysuperiority over other light sources. This review, covering 1945-98, criticallyconsiders the evidence for these claims. In general, poor-quality research hasresulted in an absence of simple deterministic effects that can be confidentlyattributed to fluorescent lamp type. Promising avenues for lighting behaviourresearch include investigations of cognitive mediators of lighting-behaviourrelationships, and flicker rates and colour rendering effects on visual processing,appearance judgements and affect. Good lighting solutions are more complex thanlamp type specification.

Schlagwörter Cognition; Humans; Job Satisfaction; Lighting; Task Performance and Analysis;Visual Perception; Workplace

Wallow, I. H.; Birngruber, R.; Gabel, V. P.; Hillenkamp, F.; Lund, O. I. (1975): [Retinal reactions to intense light.I. Threshold lesions. Experimental, morphological and clinical studies of pathological and therapeutic effects oflaser and white light]. In: Advances in ophthalmology = Fortschritte der Augenheilkunde = Progrès enophtalmologie, Jg. 31, S. 159–232.Abstract The effects of intense light produced by an argon laser, a helium-neon laser and a

xenon are photocoagulator in the retinas of gray chinchilla rabbits, cynomolgusmonkeys, and rhesus monkeys were studied clinically and histopathologicallyincluding electron microscopy. An improved experimental set-up was used allowinga very good consistency of the inflicted lesions. Threshold lesions were produced inchinchilla rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys by an argon laser and a helium-neonlaser. The lesions were evaluated ophthalmoscopically and histograms were drawnindicating ophthalmoscopic ED50 values. For the two lasers examined these valueswere 12 and 17 mW, respectively, for exposure durations in the range of the blink

Fluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - Citavireflex (125-150 msec). Histopathologically, ophthalmoscopic threshold lesions ofboth laser types showed evidence of thermal damage of the outer retinal half. Thisdamage was principally identical in both species involving the retinal pigmentepithelium and the full extension of the photoreceptor cells up to their synapseswithin the outer plexiform layer. The ophthalmoscopic threshold value wasassociated, therefore, with an irreversible loss of visual function within the retinalarea concerned. No evidence for primary sites of significant energy absorptionwithin the neural retina was found. The width of ophthalmoscopic threshold lesionswas determined by measuring within the histologic sections with a microscope anda calibrated graticule the extension of damage at the level of the retinal pigmentepithelium and at the level of the outer nuclear layer. In the cynomolgus monkey forophthalmoscopic argon laser threshold lesions the extension at the level of the RPEwas 70-80 mum in diameter and at the level of the outer nuclear layer it was 40-50mum in diameter. Laser lesions that had a diameter of 60 mum at the level of theRPE and of 30 mum at the level of the outer nuclear layer wereophthalmoscopically subvisible. It is concluded that probably also in man such laserlesions, as well as various other pathologic changes of this size or smaller, cannotbe evaluated by clinical ophthalmoscopy. The ophthalmoscopic threshold wascorrelated with a histopathologic threshold as defined by minimal histopathologicdamage. Very likely, such damage lies within the range of functional recovery, andthe histopathologic threshold demarcates at the same time the decisive functionalthreshold. The conversion ratio between histopathologic-functional andophthalmoscopic threshold for argon lesions in cynomolgus monkeys wassomewhat greater than 3, e.i. the ophthalmoscopic threshold was more than 3 timeshigher than the histopathologic-functional threshold. Using this data together withadditional biologic and optical considerations, a safety threshold for man for cw-lasers within the visible spectrum was estimated to be 1-2 mW.

Schlagwörter Animals; Argon; Fundus Oculi; Haplorhini; Helium; Humans; Laser Therapy;Lasersmethods; Macaca; Macaca fascicularis; Neon; Pigment Epithelium ofEyepathologyultrastructure; Rabbits; Retinapathologysurgeryultrastructure; RetinalDiseasesetiologypathology

Young, S.; Diffey, B. (1985): Influence of monochromator bandwidth on the erythema action spectrum in the UV-B region. In: Photo-dermatology, Jg. 2, H. 6, S. 383–387.Abstract The minimal erythema dose (MED) was determined in 10 subjects at wavelengths

of 300, 310 and 320 nm using an irradiation monochromator. At each of the threecentral wavelengths, three determinations of the MED were carried out using fullbandwidths at half maximum intensity of 5, 10 and 20 nm. The relative erythemaleffectiveness of the radiation for each combination of wavelength and bandwidthagreed well with that calculated assuming photoaddition, or linear additivity betweenwavelengths.

Schlagwörter Adolescent; Adult; Erythemaetiology; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged;Radiation Dosage; Ultraviolet Rays

Zane, Cristina; Capezzera, Rossana; Pedretti, Alessandra; Facchinetti, Elena; Calzavara-Pinton, Piergiacomo(2008): Non-invasive diagnostic evaluation of phototherapeutic effects of red light phototherapy of acne vulgaris.In: Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine, Jg. 24, H. 5, S. 244–248. Online verfügbar unterdoi:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2008.00368.x.Abstract BACKGROUND: During the past few years, various phototherapeutic protocols with

full-spectrum visible light or selected wavebands have been investigated in thetreatment of acne vulgaris with variable results. METHODS: Fifteen womensuffering from moderate acne vulgaris of the face were exposed to 20 J/cm(2) ofbroad-band red (lambda: 600-750 nm) light twice weekly for 4 weeks. In addition,with the aim to improve the present knowledge of the mechanisms of action ofphototherapy, we measured skin sebum, pH, hydration and trans-epidermal waterloss (TEWL). Lesions of the trunk were not irradiated and served as controls.

Fluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviFluorescent light - CitaviRESULTS: A significant improvement of acne lesions and a significant decrease ofskin sebum excretion and TEWL of the face were registered at the end of thetherapy and at the 3-month follow-up visit. The results could be related to a reducedfollicular colonization of Propionibacterium acnes, in that it was lethally damaged byphotoactivated endogenous porphyrins. CONCLUSION: The present findings seemto indicate that red light phototherapy may represent an effective, well-tolerated,safe, simple and inexpensive treatment option for moderate acne vulgaris.

Schlagwörter Acne Vulgarispathologytherapy; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-IonConcentration; Light; Phototherapy; Skinpathology; Water

Zawilska, J. B. (1996): Melatonin as a chemical indicator of environmental light-dark cycle. In: Actaneurobiologiae experimentalis, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 757–767.Abstract Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an evolutionary highly conserved

molecule that plays an important role in conveying the clock and calendarinformation to all living organisms, including man. Melatonin is synthesized in therhythmic fashion, primarily by the pineal gland, and, to a lesser degree, byextrapineal tissues-namely the retina, the Harderian gland, and the gastrointestinaltract. The rhythm of the hormone production, with maximal levels occurring at nightin darkness, is generated by an endogenous circadian clock(s) and is synchronizedwith the photoperiodic environment to which animals are exposed. This brief outlinesurveys data on the regulation of rhythmic melatonin biosynthesis by a circadianpacemaker and light (full spectrum white light and monochromatic lights withwavelengths both in the visible and invisible range). Additionally, possibleapplications of this chronobiotic compound in agriculture and in medicine in thetreatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders are discussed.

Schlagwörter Animals; Circadian Rhythmphysiology; Humans; Male;Melatoninmetabolismphysiology; Photoperiod; Seasons