FLUORIDE REMOVAL FROM DRINKING WATER USING SHALE: A MINE WASTE

MANJARI KUMARIDEPARTMENT OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DURGAPUR

DR. KALYAN ADHIKARIDEPARTMENT OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DURGAPUR

DR. SUSMITA DUTTA

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DURGAPUR

S9: DOMESTIC WATER QUALITY: ISSUES AND MITIGATION

INTRODUCTION

• 13th most abundant element on earth• Naturally occurring compound, found in rocks, soil and fresh and ocean

water• Also added anthropogenically to the environment• It has a dual influence on human beings <0.5 mg/L- intensify the risk of tooth decay >1.5 mg/L – pose a risk of dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis and

osteoporosis, cancer and in extreme cases even death• Occurrence : higher -in plains(dry zones) lower- in highlands and areas with high rainfall.• Around 260 million people worldwide (in 30 countries) are drinking water

with fluoride content more than 1.0 mg/L• Permissible limit of fluoride WHO (2006) : 1.5 mg/L ICMR : 1 mg/L US EPA : 2 mg/L

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Aim of work

Aim of the present work is to provide poor people with fluoride free water by developing a cheap adsorbent for a better and healthy tomorrow

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Objective

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A) Collection and preparation of shale

Shale was collected from Mahabir Colliery under Raniganj

Coalfield of West Bengal on 7th July at 2:30 pm Latitude : 23º37'05

" Longitude:87º06'19

Collected shale was broken using a hammer

Further small pieces were done in a jaw crusher

Grounded in a ball mill

Sieved to required sizes

Dried and used in adsorption study

Shale was collected from Mahabir Colliery under Raniganj

Coalfield of West Bengal on 7th July at 2:30 pm Latitude : 23º37'05

" Longitude:87º06'19

Collected shale was broken using a hammer

Further small pieces were done in a jaw crusher

Grounded in a ball mill

Sieved to required sizes

Heat activated in a muffle furnace

Used in adsorption study

B) Physical Characterization of Native and Heat Activated Shale

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AdsorbentsSpecific gravity

Bulk density(g/cc)

Moisture content

(%)

Total organic

carbon (%)NS 2.1507 0.7633 2.1793 1.0702

HAS350 2.3906 0.8333 0.1001 5.0637HAS450 2.3908 0.8333 0.0199 4.7778HAS550 2.4692 0.7633 0.0099 2.4093

SEM photograph of HAS550 SEM photograph of Fluoride loaded HAS550

C) Removal Study Using Native Shale

Adsorbent dose = 2.5 g pH of solution = 3

6Volume of solution = 50 mL, Size of particle = 90 µ, Time = 24 h, Initial

fluoride concentration = 10 ppm

Volume of solution = 50 mL Initial fluoride concentration = 10 ppm Adsorbent dose = 2.5 mg

0102030405060708090

100

0 1 2 3 4 5

% R

emov

al

Adsorbent dose

Effect of adsorbent dose on fluoride removal

Effect of initial fluoride concentration on fluoride removal

D) Removal Study Using Heat Activated Shale

Effect of different pH of fluoride solution

Comparison between NS & HAS

Kinetic study Using HAS550

Kinetic study at different initial fluoride concentration Kinetic study at different sizes of particle

Conclusion

Fluoride removal using heat activated shale has been found to be efficient.

Maximum removal of 95.46% has been observed for an initial fluoride concentration of 2.5 mg/L at an adsorbent dose of 3.5g at pH 3 and contact time of 24 h

Fluoride adsorption data has been found to fit best to Freundlich adsorption isotherm indicating multilayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface.

Adsorption capacity has been found to be 0.358 mg/g. Utilization of shale for abatement of fluoride serves both the purpose

of solid waste management as well as pollution control. Detailed parametric study with real fluoride contaminated ground

water is required.

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