The following information was generated from the Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), a database of the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov) on September 8, 2010. Query: Records containing the term 16961 83 4 1 NAME: FLUOSILICIC ACID HSN: 2018 RN: 16961-83-4 HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS: HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS: /HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The substance is corrosive to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion. Inhalation of the vapor of this substance may cause lung edema. ...The symptoms of lung edema often do not become manifest until a few hours have passed and they are aggravated by physical effort. [IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Fluorosilicic acid. (October 1995). Available from, as of November 5, 2003: http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1233.htm ] **PEER REVIEWED** /HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ On the morning of September 6, 1994, a tanker truck spilling 4500 gallons of fluorosilicic acid on Interstate 4 near Deltona, Florida, covering an area 600 feet long and 60 feet wide, resulted in the evacuation of approximately 2300 people form their homes into shelters. Later in the day, fumes were detected in the Deltona Woods neighborhood; because the acid could by carried by the wind, everyone within a mile radius was evacuated. ...More than 50 people went to hospitals, complaining of skin and respiratory irritation, including burning in the throat, and headaches. An individual riding in a truck with his arm out the window experienced burning on his forearm. [Lancaster C; The Orlando Sentinel September 7 : A.1 (1994)] **PEER REVIEWED** /SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Can cause severe irritation to the lungs, nose and throat if swallowed, can cause severe damage to throat and stomach. ...Prolonged exposure could result in bone changes, corrosive effect on mucous membranes including ulceration of nose, throat and bronchial tubes, cough, shock, pulmonary edema, Fluorosis, coma and death. [LCI Ltd.Material Safety Data Sheet for Fluosilicic Acid (16961-83-4). Available from, as of November 10, 2003: http://www.lciltd.com/msds%5Cmsdshfs.htm ] **PEER REVIEWED** /CASE REPORTS/ Risk of fluorosis was studied in 50 workers engaged for approx 30 yr in production of phosphate fertilizers. Concentrations of gaseous fluoride (HF, SiF4, and H2SrF6) ranged from 0.04 to 0.17 mg/cu m. Increased bone density was found in 9 workers, but no signs of disability were detected. [Fabbri L et al; Fluorosis hazard in the production of phosphate fertilizers; Med Lav 69 (5): 594-604 (1978)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES: 4-5(?). 4= Very toxic: Probable oral lethal dose (human) 50-5000 mg/kg, between 1 tsp and 1 oz for 70 kg person (150 lb). 5= Extremely toxic:

Probable oral lethal dose (human) 5-50 mg/kg, between 7 drops and 1 teaspoon for 70 kg person (150 lb). [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-101] **PEER REVIEWED** SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS: ...Extremely corrosive by skin contact and inhalation. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 511] **PEER REVIEWED** EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT: EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT: EMT COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER: Portions of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) database have been provided here for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE OR MEDITEXT(R) DATABASE SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. The use of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases is at your sole risk. The POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases are provided "AS IS" and "as available" for use, without warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied. Micromedex makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, usefulness or completeness of any of the information contained in the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. Micromedex does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of the POISINDEX(R) or MEDITEXT(R) databases. Copyright 1974-2010 Thomson MICROMEDEX. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication, "downloading," sale, redistribution or other use for commercial purposes is a violation of Micromedex' rights and is strictly prohibited.The following Overview, *** FLUORIDE ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. LIFE SUPPORT: o This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted. CLINICAL EFFECTS: 0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE 0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) In most instances, gastrointestinal signs and symptoms predominate. Other effects include headache, numbness, carpopedal spasm, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hyperkalemia. In severe poisonings, hypotension and dysrhythmias may develop. Death usually results from cardiac failure or respiratory muscle paralysis. B) Respiratory and mucous membrane irritation may develop after inhalation. C) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE 1) Following ingestion, sodium fluoride probably reacts with gastric acid to produce highly corrosive HF which may cause the nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis reported following massive overdoses. 0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS 0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR 0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Cardiac dysrhythmias consistent with hyperkalemia may be noted. Fatal cardiac arrest occurred in several patients with renal failure exposed to fluoride during

hemodialysis. QT prolongation secondary to hypocalcemia can occur following fluoride toxicity. 0.2.6 RESPIRATORY 0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Respirations are first stimulated then depressed. Death is usually from respiratory muscle paralysis. Following inhalation, coughing and choking may be noted. 0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC 0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Hyperactive reflexes, painful muscle spasms, weakness and tetanic contractures may be noted due to fluoride induced hypocalcemia. 0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL 0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Epigastric pain, nausea, dysphagia, salivation, hematemesis, and diarrhea can occur. These effects may be delayed for several hours following oral exposure. GI symptoms can develop following fluoride ingestions of 3 mg/kg or more. 0.2.9 HEPATIC 0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) An increase of hepatic enzymes have been reported following sodium fluoride toxicity. 0.2.12 FLUID-ELECTROLYTE 0.2.12.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Hyperkalemia and hypomagnesemia may occur following fluoride toxicity. Hypocalcemia is likely to develop with acute exposure. 0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC 0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Urticaria and pruritus have been reported following dermal exposure to fluoride. 0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS A) Prenatal fluoride supplementation (2.2 mg NaF or 1 mg fluoride daily) during the last two trimesters of pregnancy has been reported to be safe. 0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY 0.2.21.1 IARC CATEGORY A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS16984-48-8 (IARC, 2004): 1) IARC Classification a) Listed as: Fluorides (inorganic, used in drinking-water) b) Carcinogen Rating: 3 1) The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category. 0.2.23 OTHER

0.2.23.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) CHRONIC EXPOSURE - Prolonged exposure to fluorinated water may cause fluorosis. Signs and symptoms of fluorosis include brittle bones, calcified ligaments, and other crippling changes. LABORATORY: A) Monitor serum calcium, potassium, and magnesium levels closely in symptomatic patients or those with significant ingestions. B) No other specific lab work (CBC, electrolyte, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise indicated. C) Monitor ECG in significant intoxications. Electrolyte abnormalities (e.g., hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia) secondary to fluoride toxicity can result in cardiac dysrhythmias. TREATMENT OVERVIEW: 0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE A) ADMINISTER milk (1 to 2 glassfuls), calcium gluconate, or calcium lactate to bind fluoride ion in the gastrointestinal tract. B) ANTACIDS (aluminum and/or magnesium based) should be administered. BAD IDEA TO MIX Al with FLUORIDES(mf) IV calcium (gluconate or chloride) and magnesium may be necessary to correct serum deficits of these divalent metals in serious overdosage. D) Monitor ECG and vital signs closely. 0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. 0.4.4 EYE EXPOSURE A) DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility. 0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE A) OVERVIEW 1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. RANGE OF TOXICITY: A) The average daily dietary fluoride intake for an adult ranges from 0.5 to 5 milligrams as the anion. B) The estimated toxic dose is 5 to 10 mg/kg of elemental fluoride (not sodium fluoride). C) Gastrointestinal symptoms have occurred following ingestions of 3 to 5 mg/kg of fluoride. Death has been reported following ingestion of 16 mg/kg of fluoride. D) Accidental ingestion of sodium fluoride by children usually does not present a serious risk if the amount of fluoride ingested is less than 5 mg/kg. Fluoride toothpaste typically contains a maximum of 1 milligram of fluoride per gram of toothpaste. C)

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT: EMT COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER: Portions of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) database have been provided here for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE OR MEDITEXT(R) DATABASE SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. The use of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases is at your sole risk. The POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases are provided "AS IS" and "as available" for use, without warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied. Micromedex makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, usefulness or completeness of any of the information contained in the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. Micromedex does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of the POISINDEX(R) or MEDITEXT(R) databases. Copyright 1974-2010 Thomson MICROMEDEX. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication, "downloading," sale, redistribution or other use for commercial purposes is a violation of Micromedex' rights and is strictly prohibited.The following Overview, *** ACIDS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. LIFE SUPPORT: o This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted. CLINICAL EFFECTS: 0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE 0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) USES: Household uses include toilet, metal and drain cleaners, rust remover, in batteries, and as a primer for artificial nails. Used in clandestine methamphetamine labs (ie, hydrochloric and sulfuric acid). Industrial uses include: metal refining, plumbing, bleaching, engraving, plating, photography, disinfection, munitions, fertilizer manufacture, metal cleaning, and rust removal. B) TOXICOLOGY: Acids cause coagulation necrosis. Hydrogen ions desiccate epithelial cells, causing edema, erythema, tissue sloughing and necrosis, with formation of ulcers and eschars. C) EPIDEMIOLOGY: Inadvertent ingestions occur with moderate frequency in children, and are less common than alkaline exposures. Serious exposures are rare in the developed world (generally only seen with deliberate ingestions), largely because only low concentration acids are available in the home. Serious effects are more common in developing countries. D) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE 1) MILD TO MODERATE ORAL TOXICITY: Patients with mild ingestions may only develop irritation or Grade I (superficial hyperemia and edema) burns of the oropharynx, esophagus or stomach; acute or chronic complications are unlikely. Patients with moderate toxicity may develop Grade II burns (superficial blisters, erosions and ulcerations) are at risk for subsequent stricture formation, particularly gastric outlet and esophageal. Some patients (particularly young children) may develop upper airway edema. 2) SEVERE ORAL TOXICITY: May develop deep burns and necrosis of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Complications often include perforation (esophageal, gastric, rarely

duodenal), fistula formation (tracheoesophageal, aortoesophageal), and gastrointestinal bleeding. Upper airway edema is common and often life threatening. Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea and, rarely, fever may develop. Other rare complications include metabolic acidosis, hemolysis, renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, elevated liver enzymes, and cardiovascular collapse. Stricture formation (primarily gastric outlet and esophageal, less often oral) is likely to develop long term. Esophageal carcinoma is another long term complication. Severe toxicity is generally limited to deliberate ingestions in adults in the US, because acidic products available in the home are generally of low concentration. a) PREDICTIVE: The grade of mucosal injury at endoscopy is the strongest predictive factor for the occurrence of systemic and GI complications and mortality. Initial signs and symptoms may not reliably predict the extent of GI burns. 3) INHALATION EXPOSURE: Mild exposure may cause dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, cough and bronchospasm. Severe inhalation may cause upper airway edema and burns, hypoxia, stridor, pneumonitis, tracheobronchitis, and rarely acute lung injury or persistent pulmonary function abnormalities. Pulmonary dysfunction similar to asthma has been reported. 4) OCULAR EXPOSURE: Ocular exposure can produce severe conjunctival irritation and chemosis, corneal epithelial defects, limbal ischemia, permanent vision loss and in severe cases perforation. 5) DERMAL EXPOSURE: A minor exposure can cause irritation and partial thickness burns. More prolonged or a high concentration exposure can cause full thickness burns. Complications may include cellulitis, sepsis, contractures, osteomyelitis, and systemic toxicity. 0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS 0.2.3.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE 1) Shortness of breath may develop following inhalation of acid vapors, mists or aerosols. 0.2.4 HEENT 0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE 1) Eye exposure may result in pain, swelling, corneal erosions and blindness. 0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR 0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE 1) Cardiovascular collapse may develop soon after severe poisonings. 0.2.6 RESPIRATORY 0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE 1) Inhalation may produce dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, upper airway edema, pulmonary edema, hypoxemia, bronchospasm, pneumonitis, and persistent pulmonary function abnormalities. Airway hyperreactivity has also been reported.

The onset of respiratory symptoms may be delayed for several hours. 2) Life threatening upper airway obstruction may develop after ingestion of concentrated acid. 0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC 0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE 1) Abnormal neuropsychologic function has been reported following hydrochloric acid exposure from a leaking tanker truck. 0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL 0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE 1) Ingestion of acids may result in burns, gastrointestinal bleeding, gastritis, perforations, dilation, edema, necrosis, vomiting, stenosis, fistula, and duodenal/jejunal injury. 0.2.9 HEPATIC 0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE 1) Systemic toxicity may result in acute hepatic injury. Hepatic injury has been reported following chronic exposure to chromic acid. 0.2.10 GENITOURINARY 0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE 1) Renal failure is a rare complication of severe poisonings. Hemoglobinuria may develop secondary to hemolysis. Nephritis may develop after hydrochloric acid ingestion. 0.2.11 ACID-BASE 0.2.11.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE 1) Metabolic acidosis may develop following significant acid ingestion. 0.2.12 FLUID-ELECTROLYTE 0.2.12.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE 1) Massive fluid and electrolyte shifts may occur with extensive dermal or gastrointestinal burns. Hyperkalemia may occur with hemolysis. Hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and hyperchloremia have been reported. 0.2.13 HEMATOLOGIC 0.2.13.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE 1) Hemolysis may occur following significant acid ingestion. Disseminated intravascular coagulation has been reported. 0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC 0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE 1) Chemical burns to the skin are often associated with concurrent thermal burns and trauma. Complications seen with thermal burns including cellulitis, sepsis, contractures, osteomyelitis, may occur as well as systemic toxicity from absorbed acid. Deep or extensive burns may require grafting. 2) Alopecia was reported following application of an

a)

acidic formulation of a hair-relaxing product. Arterial injection of hydrochloric acid into the right inguinal area resulted in ischemia and ecchymosis of the right lower extremity as well as severe necrosis of the muscles. 0.2.14.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE A) Prolonged or repeated exposure to chromic acid mist can result in dermatitis. Ulcerations may also occur. 0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS A) Single doses of dibromoacetic acid has resulted in reductions of sperm and serum testosterone in experimental animals. Repeated or single oral administration of monobromoacetic acid did not produce effects on male rat reproductive organs or sperm. LABORATORY: A) Obtain a complete blood count and electrolytes in all patients with significant burns after acid ingestion. B) In patients with signs and symptoms suggesting severe burns, perforation, or bleeding (or adults with deliberate, high volume or high concentration ingestions), obtain renal function tests, liver enzymes, serial CBC, INR, PT, PTT, fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products, type and crossmatch for blood, and monitor urine output and urinalysis. Serum lactate and base deficit may also be useful in these patients. C) Monitor pulse oximetry or arterial blood gases in patients with signs and symptoms suggestive of upper airway edema or burns. D) Obtain an upright chest x-ray in patients with signs and symptoms suggesting severe burns, perforation, or bleeding (or adults with deliberate, high volume or high concentration ingestions) to evaluate for pneumomediastinum or free air under the diaphragm. The absence of these findings DOES NOT rule out the possibility of necrosis or perforation of the esophagus or stomach. Obtain a chest radiograph in patients with pulmonary signs or symptoms. E) Several weeks after ingestion, barium contrast radiographs of the upper GI tract are useful in patients who sustained grade 2 or 3 burns, to evaluate for strictures. TREATMENT OVERVIEW: 0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE A) DILUTION 1) Dilute with 4 to 8 ounces of water may be useful if it can be performed shortly after ingestion in patients who are able to swallow, with no vomiting or respiratory distress; then the patient should be NPO until assessed for the need for endoscopy. Neutralization, activated charcoal, ipecac and gastric lavage are all contraindicated. B) MILD TO MODERATE ORAL TOXICITY 1) Within the first 12 hours of exposure, if burns are absent or grade I severity, patient may be discharged when able to tolerate liquids and soft foods by mouth. If mild grade II burns, admit for intravenous fluids, slowly advance diet as tolerated. Perform barium swallow or repeat endoscopy several weeks after ingestion (sooner if difficulty swallowing) to evaluate 3)

for stricture formation. C) SEVERE ORAL TOXICITY 1) Resuscitate with 0.9% saline; blood products may be necessary. Early airway management in patients with upper airway edema or respiratory distress. Early (within 12 hours) gastrointestinal endoscopy to evaluate for burns. Early bronchoscopy in patients with respiratory distress or upper airway edema. Early surgical consultation for patients with severe grade II or grade III burns, large deliberate ingestions, or signs, symptoms or laboratory findings concerning for tissue necrosis or perforation. D) ENDOSCOPY 1) Should be performed as soon as possible (preferably within 12 hours, not more than 24 hours) in any patient with acid ingestion. The grade of mucosal injury at endoscopy is the strongest predictive factor for the occurrence of systemic and GI complications and mortality. The absence of visible oral burns does NOT reliably exclude the presence of esophageal burns. E) AIRWAY MANAGEMENT 1) Aggressive airway management in patients with deliberate ingestions or any indication of upper airway injury. Severe edema may make intubation difficult; be prepared for surgical airway management (cricothyroidotomy) in patients with severe upper airway edema. F) BRONCHOSPASM 1) Treat with oxygen, inhaled beta agonists and consider systemic corticosteroids G) CORTICOSTEROIDS 1) The use of corticosteroids to prevent stricture formation is controversial. Corticosteroids should not be used in patients with grade I or grade III injury, as there is no evidence that it is effective. Evidence for grade II burns is conflicting, and the risk of perforation and infection is increased with steroid use, so routine use is not recommended. H) STRICTURE 1) A barium swallow or repeat endoscopy should be performed several weeks after ingestion in any patient with grade II or III burns or with difficulty swallowing to evaluate for stricture formation. Recurrent dilation may be required. Some authors advocate early stent placement in these patients to prevent stricture formation. I) SURGICAL MANAGEMENT 1) Immediate surgical consultation should be obtained on any patient with grade III or severe grade II burns on endoscopy, significant abdominal pain, metabolic acidosis, hypotension, coagulopathy, or a history of large ingestion. Early laparotomy can identify tissue necrosis and impending or unrecognized perforation, early resection and repair in these patients is associated with improved outcome. J) PATIENT DISPOSITION 1) OBSERVATION CRITERIA: Patients with an acid ingestion should be sent to a health care facility for evaluation. Patients with an endoscopic evaluation that

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demonstrates no burns or only minor grade I burns and who can tolerate oral intake can be discharged to home. ADMISSION CRITERIA: Symptomatic patients, and those with endoscopically demonstrated grade II or higher burns should be admitted. Patients with respiratory distress, grade III burns, or extensive grade II burns, acidosis, hemodynamic instability, gastrointestinal bleeding, or large ingestions should be admitted to an intensive care setting. PITFALLS The absence of oral burns does NOT reliably exclude the possibility of significant esophageal burns. Patients may have severe tissue necrosis and impending perforation requiring early surgical intervention without having severe hypotension, rigid abdomen, or radiographic evidence of intraperitoneal air. Patients with any evidence of upper airway involvement require early airway management before airway edema progresses. The extent of eye injury (degree of corneal opacification and perilimbal whitening) may not be apparent for 48 to 72 hours after the burn. All patients with acidic eye injury should be evaluated by an ophthalmologist. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Alkaline corrosive ingestion, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or perforated viscus. INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. INHALATION: Administer oxygen. If respiratory symptoms develop obtain chest x-ray, monitor pulse oximetry and/or blood gases. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta agonists. If acute lung injury develops, consider PEEP. Evaluate for esophageal, dermal and eye burns as indicated. EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility. MEDICAL FACILITY: Irrigate with sterile 0.9% saline for at least an hour or until the cul-de-sacs are free of particulate matter and returned to neutrality (confirm with pH paper). EYE ASSESSMENT: The extent of eye injury (degree of corneal opacification and perilimbal whitening) may not be apparent for 48 to 72 hours after the burn. DERMAL EXPOSURE OVERVIEW DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry; wash exposed area with copious amounts of water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists.

RANGE OF TOXICITY: A) TOXICITY: Serious burns are less likely if the pH > 3. Injury is usually greater with either a large ingestion (usually deliberate), or a high concentration acid (usually not a household product). With highly concentrated liquids (eg, 20N), severe burns may occur in up to 100% of all patients. B) In a case series of unintentional caustic ingestions (mixed liquid and solid, acids and bases) among children, the incidence of significant esophageal or gastric burns was 5% to 35%. However, adults with deliberate acid ingestions are more likely to develop significant esophageal and/or gastric burns (40% to 95%). ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES: NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS: /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rats given fluorosilicic acid (430 mg/kg), somnolence and/or general depressed activity was observed. [CDC/NIOSH; The Registry for Toxic Effects of Chemical SubstancesSilicate (2-), hexafluoro-, dihydrogen (16961-83-4). Available from, as of November 10, 2003: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/vv7d80e8.html ] **PEER REVIEWED** /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Fluoride (F) is known to affect mineralizing tissues, but effects upon the developing brain have not been previously considered. This study in Sprague-Dawley rats compares behavior, body weight, plasma and brain F levels after exposures during late gestation, at weaning or in adults. For prenatal exposures, dams received injections (SC) of 0.13 mg/kg /sodium fluoride/ (NaF) or saline on gestational days 14-18 or 17-19. Weanlings received drinking water containing 0, 75, 100, or 125 ppm F for 6 or 20 weeks, and 3 month-old adults received water containing 100 ppm F for 6 weeks. Behavior was tested in a computer pattern recognition system that classified acts in a novel environment and quantified act initiations, total times and time structures. Fluoride exposures caused sex- and dose-specific behavioral deficits with a common pattern. Males were most sensitive to prenatal day 17-19 exposure, whereas females were more sensitive to weanling and adult exposures. After fluoride ingestion, the severity of the effect on behavior increased directly with plasma F levels and F concentrations in specific brain regions. Such association is important considering that plasma levels in this rat model (0.059 to 0.640 ppm F) are similar to those reported in humans exposed to high levels of fluoride. /Fluoride in drinking water/ [Mullenix PJ et al; Neurotoxicol Teratol 17 (2): 169-77 (1995)] **PEER REVIEWED** PubMed Abstract NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES: LD50 Rat oral 430 mg/kg [CDC/NIOSH; The Registry for Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances- Silicate (2-), hexafluoro-, dihydrogen (16961-83-4). Available from, as of November 10, 2003: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/vv7d80e8.html ] **PEER REVIEWED** LD50 Guinea pig oral 200 mg/kg (1.39 mmol/kg) [LCI Ltd.Material Safety Data Sheet for Fluosilicic Acid (16961-83-4). Available from, as of

November 10, 2003: http://www.lciltd.com/msds%5Cmsdshfs.htm ] **PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/PHARMACOKINETICS: ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION & EXCRETION: In humans, the dominating route of fluoride absorption is via the gastrointestinal tract. Airborne fluoride may also be inhaled. Fluoride ions are released from readily soluble fluoride compounds, such as sodium fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, fluorosilicic acid and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F), and almost completely absorbed. ...The absorptive process occurs by passive diffusion, and fluoride is absorbed principally from both the stomach and the intestine. There is no convincing evidence that active transport processes are involved. The mechanism and the rate of gastric absorption of fluoride are related to gastric acidity. Fluoride is mainly absorbed in the form of hydrogen fluoride, which has a pKa of 3.45. That is, when ionic fluoride enters the acidic environment of the stomach lumen, it is largely converted into hydrogen fluoride. Most of the fluoride that is not absorbed from the stomach will be rapidly absorbed from the small intestine. ...Fluoride compounds that occur naturally or are added to drinking-water yield fluoride ions, which are almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, fluoride in drinking-water is generally bioavailable. [WHO; Environ Health Criteria 227: Fluorides (2000). Available from, as of November 5, 2003: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc227.htm ] **PEER REVIEWED** In workers exposed to gaseous fluoride (HF, SiF4, and H2SiF6) /at/ air concentrations which ranged from 0.04 to 0.17 mg/cu m, urine fluoride excretion ranged from 1.0 to 9.6 mg fluoride ion/L (controls 0.3-1.2). [Fabbri L et al; Fluorosis hazard in the production of phosphate fertilizers; Med Lav 69 (5): 594-604 (1978)] **PEER REVIEWED** INTERACTIONS: Morphological changes in the skin of animals were studied after application of concentrated hydrofluoric and hexafluorosilicic acid. The intact skin was not generally affected by these acids. Areas injured before application of the acid showed, however, a continuous spreading of necrosis in the deeper regions. The first histological changes were noticed 1 hr after the application. Such early histological findings could be seen long before any macroscopic reaction. The main characteristic findings were the hypocellular necrosis and edema reaching as far as the subcutis. The necrosis showed sharp leukocyte demarcations. [Alhassan A et al; Z Rechtsmed 88 (4): 239-47 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** PubMed Abstract PHARMACOLOGY: INTERACTIONS: Morphological changes in the skin of animals were studied after application of concentrated hydrofluoric and hexafluorosilicic acid. The intact skin was not generally affected by these acids. Areas injured before application of the acid showed, however, a continuous spreading of

necrosis in the deeper regions. The first histological changes were noticed 1 hr after the application. Such early histological findings could be seen long before any macroscopic reaction. The main characteristic findings were the hypocellular necrosis and edema reaching as far as the subcutis. The necrosis showed sharp leukocyte demarcations. [Alhassan A et al; Z Rechtsmed 88 (4): 239-47 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** PubMed Abstract ENVIRONMENTAL FATE & EXPOSURE:

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS & REGULATIONS: FDA REQUIREMENTS: Fluosilicic acid is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. For use only as bonding agent for aluminum foil, stabilizer, or preservative. Total fluoride from all sources not to exceed 1 percent by weight of the finished adhesisve. [21 CFR 175.105; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of November 10, 2003: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr/ ] **PEER REVIEWED** CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: MOLECULAR FORMULA: F6-Si.2H **PEER REVIEWED** MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 144.11 [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 10th ed. Volumes 1-3 New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1999., p. V3 3208] **PEER REVIEWED** COLOR/FORM: Transparent, colorless, fuming liquid [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 10th ed. Volumes 1-3 New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1999., p. V3 3208] **PEER REVIEWED** ODOR: Sour, pungent [O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 740] **PEER REVIEWED** CORROSIVITY: Attacks glass and stoneware [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 511] **PEER REVIEWED** SPECTRAL PROPERTIES: INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.3465 AT 25 DEG C/D [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 64th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1983-84., p. B-93] **PEER REVIEWED**

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: When anhydrous dissociates almost instantly into SiF4 and HF; a 60-70% solution solidifies around 19 deg C forming crystalline dihydrate; may be distilled without decomposition only as 13.3% aqueous solution; fairly strong acid; the more concentrated solutions (but not the anhydrous liquid) can be stored in glass, although some etching will take place around the surface; usually stored in iron containers. [O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 740] **PEER REVIEWED** Density @ 17.5 deg C: 5% solution, 1.0407; 10% solution, 1.0834; 15% solution, 1.1281; 20% solution, 1.1748; 25% solution, 1.2235; 30% solution, 1.2742; 34% solution, 1.3162. [O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 740] **PEER REVIEWED** CORROSIVE; DENSITY: 1.4634 AT 25 DEG C; DECOMP AT BP /60.97% SOLN/ [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 64th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1983-84., p. B-93] **PEER REVIEWED** DECOMP AT MP; DELIQUESCENT; WHITE CRYSTALS; SOL IN ALKALI; SOL IN COLD AND HOT WATER /DIHYDRATE/ [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 64th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1983-84., p. B-93] **PEER REVIEWED** SOL IN COLD & HOT WATER; SLIGHTLY IN ALKALI /60.97% SOLN/ [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 64th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1983-84., p. B-93] **PEER REVIEWED** CHEMICAL SAFETY & HANDLING: DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES: /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED** /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED** /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate

precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED** /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED** /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED** /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED** /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Spill or Leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED** /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ First Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer

oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED** SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS: ...Extremely corrosive by skin contact and inhalation. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 511] **PEER REVIEWED** FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES: In case of fire in the surroundings: all extinguishing agents allowed. [IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Fluorosilicic acid. (October 1995). Available from, as of November 5, 2003: http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1233.htm ] **PEER REVIEWED** TOXIC COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. [IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Fluorosilicic acid. (October 1995). Available from, as of November 5, 2003: http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1233.htm ] **PEER REVIEWED** HAZARDOUS REACTIVITIES & INCOMPATIBILITIES: Will react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 2926] **PEER REVIEWED** The solution in water is a strong acid, it reacts violently with bases and is corrosive. ...Attacks glass and stoneware. This substance (anhydrous form) dissociates almost instantly into silicon tetrafluoride and corrosive and toxic hydrogen fluoride. [IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Fluorosilicic acid. (October 1995). Available from, as of November 5, 2003: http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1233.htm ] **PEER REVIEWED** HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION: When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /fluorides/. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 2926] **PEER REVIEWED** PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING: Workers handling dangerous substances should be supplied with eye and face protection, respiratory protective equipment, protective clothing /as well as/ foot and leg protection. Additional protection may be provided by use of lanolin as barrier cream. /fluorine & compounds/ [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 894] **PEER REVIEWED** PREVENTIVE MEASURES: SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry

is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place. **PEER REVIEWED** Processes in which there is potential exposure hazard should be equipped with local exhaust ventilation and should, where possible, be mechanized. Workers should not consume food or beverages in workplace and rigorous personal hygiene should be observed before meals are taken. /fluorine & compounds/ [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 894] **PEER REVIEWED** STABILITY/SHELF LIFE: Fumes in air /dihydrate/. [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 64th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1983-84., p. B-93] **PEER REVIEWED** Fumes in air /60.97% solution/ [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 64th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1983-84., p. B-93] **PEER REVIEWED** SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS: No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./ [49 CFR 171.2; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 22, 2002: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr/ ] **PEER REVIEWED** The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. [International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations 44th ed. 2003. International Air Transport Association, Montreal, Canada., p. 189] **PEER REVIEWED** STORAGE CONDITIONS: The more concentrated solution (but not the anhydrous liquid) can be stored in glass, although some etching will take place around the surface. Usually stored in iron containers. [O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 740] **PEER REVIEWED** /Store/ separated from strong bases, food and feedstuffs. Well closed. [IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Fluorosilicic acid. (October 1995). Available from, as of November 5, 2003: http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1233.htm ] **PEER REVIEWED** CLEANUP METHODS:

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable iron containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent and remove to safe place (extra personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus). [IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Fluorosilicic acid. (October 1995). Available from, as of November 5, 2003: http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1233.htm ] **PEER REVIEWED** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS:

MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION: MAJOR USES: For fluosilicic acid (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 075305) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./ [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's Chemical Ingredients Database on Fluosilicic Acid (16961-83-4). Available from, as of November 10, 2003: http://ppis.ceris.purdue.edu/htbin/epachem.com ] **PEER REVIEWED** Agent in water fluoridation, in preliminary treatment of hides and skins, and to reduce reflectivity in glass surfaces; disinfectant for copper and brass vessels; impregnating ingredient to preserve wood and to harden masonary; chem intermediate for aluminum trifluoride, cryolite, and fluorsilicates; electroplating agent for chromium. [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED** 1-2% solution is used widely for sterilizing equipment in brewing and bottling establishments. Other concentrations are used in electrolytic refining of lead, in electroplating, for hardening cement, crumbling lime or brick work, for the removal of lime from hides during the tanning process, to remove molds, as preservative for timber. [O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 740] **PEER REVIEWED** Water fluoridation, ceramics (to increase the hardness), disinfecting copper and brass vessels,hardening cement, wood perservative and impregnating compounds, electroplating, manufacture of aluminum fluoride, synthetic cryolite and hydrogen flouride, sterilizing bottling and brewing equipment (1-2% solution). [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 511] **PEER REVIEWED** Used in the manufacture of ceramics. [Sheftel, V.O.; Indirect Food Additives and Polymers. Migration and Toxicology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 2000., p. 913] **PEER REVIEWED** MANUFACTURERS: Cargill Fertilizer, 8813 Highway 41 S, Riverview, FL 33569, (813) 677-9111; Production sites: Bartow, FL 33830; Riverview, FL 33569 [SRI Consulting. 2003 Directory of Chemical Producers. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 2003, p. 637] **PEER REVIEWED**

IMC Phosphates Co., IMC-Agrico Phosphates, 100 South Saunders Rd, Suite 300, Lake Forest, IL 60045-2561, (847) 739-1200; Production sites: Faustina, LA 70346; Nichols, FL; South Pierce, FL; Uncle Sam, LA 70792 [SRI Consulting. 2003 Directory of Chemical Producers. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 2003, p. 637] **PEER REVIEWED** PCS Phosphate Co, Inc, P.O. Box 3320, Northbrook, IL 60065, (847) 849-4200; Production sites: Aurora, NC 27806; Fort Meade, FL 33841-9799 [SRI Consulting. 2003 Directory of Chemical Producers. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 2003, p. 637] **PEER REVIEWED** Royster-Clark, Inc., 999 Waterside Drive, Suite 800, Norfolk, VA 23510, (757) 222-9500; Production sites: Americus, GA 31709; Chesapeake, VA 23320; Florence, AL 35630; Hartsville, SC 29550. [SRI Consulting. 2003 Directory of Chemical Producers. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 2003, p. 637] **PEER REVIEWED** Solvay Fluorides, Inc, 1630 De Peres Rd, Suite 305, St. Louis, MO 63131, (800) 2455-4865; Production site: Alorton, IL 62205 [SRI Consulting. 2003 Directory of Chemical Producers. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 2003, p. 637] **PEER REVIEWED** US Agri-Chemicals Corp, 3225 State Road 630 West, Fort Meade, FL 33841-9799, (863) 285-8121; Production site: Fort Meade, FL 33841-9799 [SRI Consulting. 2003 Directory of Chemical Producers. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 2003, p. 637] **PEER REVIEWED** METHODS OF MANUFACTURING: Crude acid by reaction of silicon tetrafluoride (obtained from mfr of phosphate fertilizers or phosphoric acid) with water; purified acid by distillation of crude fluosilicic acid or by reacting pure silica with hydrofluoric acid. [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED** Preparation: from HF + SiO2; also ... by action of water on SiF4; by the action of H2SO4 on BaSiF6. [O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 740] **PEER REVIEWED** By-product of action of sulfuric acid on phosphate rock containing fluorides and silica or silicates. The hydrofluoric acid acts on the silica to produce silicon tetrafluoride, SiF4, which reacts with water to form fluosilicic acid, H2SiF6. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 511] **PEER REVIEWED** GENERAL MANUFACTURING INFORMATION: Increasing amount...recovered from phosphate fertilizer operations are being marketed for fluoridation of municipal water. A growing practice at major phosphate production sites is the processing of recovered fluorine to products suitable as supplements to natural cryolite for use by aluminum industry. [Farm Chemicals Handbook 1984. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1984., p. B-34] **PEER REVIEWED** The American Water Works Association standard for fluosilicic acid used in water treatment specifies that it must contain 20-30% active ingredient, a maximum of 200 mg/kg heavy metals (as lead) and no soluble mineral or organic substance in quantities capable of inducing injurious health effects. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of

Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/index.php, p. V27 239 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS: Marketed as aqueous solution only /5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 34%/. [O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 740] **PEER REVIEWED** Grades: technical; CP. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 511] **PEER REVIEWED** U. S. PRODUCTION: (1975) 3X10+10 G (FROM PHOSPHORIC ACID MFR) [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED** (1976) 3X10+10 G (FROM PHOSPHORIC ACID MFR) [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED** U. S. IMPORTS: (1972) ND [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED** (1975) ND [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED** U. S. EXPORTS: (1972) ND [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED** (1975) ND [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED** LABORATORY METHODS: ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS: TOTAL FLUORINE IN FLUOSILICATES BY LEAD CHLOROFLUORIDE METHOD. /FLUORINE/ [Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1965. New editions through 13th ed. plus supplements, 1982., p. 13/75 6.019] **PEER REVIEWED** MATRIX: AIR: PROCEDURE: ION SPECIFIC ELECTRODE; RANGE: 0.05 TO 475 MG/CU M FLUORIDE. /FLUORIDE/ [U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V1 117-1] **PEER REVIEWED** SPECIAL REFERENCES:

SYNONYMS AND IDENTIFIERS: SYNONYMS: ACIDE FLUOROSILICIQUE [FRENCH] **PEER REVIEWED** ACIDE FLUOSILICIQUE [FRENCH] **PEER REVIEWED**

ACIDO FLUOSILICICO [ITALIAN] **PEER REVIEWED** DIHYDROGEN HEXAFLUOROSILICATE **PEER REVIEWED** **PEER REVIEWED**

DIHYDROGEN HEXAFLUOROSILICATE(2-)

FKS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLARS file., p. 85/8401] **PEER REVIEWED** FLUOROSILICIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED** **PEER REVIEWED**

FLUOROSILICIC ACID (H2SIF6)

HEXAFLUOROKIESELSAEURE [GERMAN] **PEER REVIEWED** HEXAFLUOROKIEZELZUUR [DUTCH] **PEER REVIEWED** HEXAFLUOROSILICIC ACID HEXAFLUOSILICIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED** **PEER REVIEWED** **PEER REVIEWED** **PEER REVIEWED** **PEER REVIEWED**

HYDROFLUOROSILICIC ACID HYDROFLUOSILICIC ACID

HYDROGEN HEXAFLUOROSILICATE HYDROSILICOFLUORIC ACID

**PEER REVIEWED**

KIEZELFLUORWATERSTOFZUUR [DUTCH] **PEER REVIEWED** SAND ACID **PEER REVIEWED** **PEER REVIEWED**

SILICATE (2-), HEXAFLUORO-, DIHYDROGEN SILICOFLUORIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED**

SILICON HEXAFLUORIDE DIHYDRIDE

**PEER REVIEWED**

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 075305 [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's Chemical Ingredients Database on Fluosilicic Acid (16961-83-4). Available from, as of November 10, 2003: http://ppis.ceris.purdue.edu/htbin/epachem.com ] **PEER REVIEWED** FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS: Marketed as aqueous solution only /5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 34%/. [O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 740] **PEER REVIEWED** Grades: technical; CP. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 511] **PEER REVIEWED** SHIPPING NAME/ NUMBER DOT/UN/NA/IMO: UN 1778; Fluosilicic acid

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANK NUMBER: 2018 LAST REVISION DATE: 20040525 LAST REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 1/15/2004 UPDATE HISTORY: Complete Update on 2004-05-25, 31 fields added/edited/deleted Complete Update on 02/14/2003, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/24/2003, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/16/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 09/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 10/29/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 10/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 12/03/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 10/15/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/23/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/21/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 06/12/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/20/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/20/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 12/28/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 10/27/1994, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/25/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field update on 12/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 07/15/1991, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 11/01/1990, 3 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 05/05/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/30/1986 Created 19830401 by GCF