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GLOSSARY

Section I. Acronyms and Abbreviations

AA air assaultABN airborneAC alternating currentAFC aviation fuel contaminationAL AlabamaAMC United States Army Materiel CommandAPAP Air Pollution Abatement ProgramAPI American Petroleum InstituteAR Army regulationARM armoredARNG Army Reserve National GuardASTM American Society for Testing and MaterialsATTN attentionAVGAS aviation gasolineAVN aviationBN battalionBOE Bureau of ExplosivesC6H5COOH benzoic acidC carbon; celsiusCA CaliforniaCFR Code of Federal RegulationCHEMWARN chemical warningCO companyCOC Cleveland Open CupCONUS continental United StatesCOMMZ communications zonecST centistokesCU conductivity unitDA Department of the ArmyDC District of ColumbiaDCMC Defense Contract Management CommandDCMCI Defense Contract Management Command InternationalDD Department of DefenseDFA Diesel Fuel ArcticDFM Diesel Fuel MarineDFP decimal fractional purityDFR defense fuel regionDFSC Defense Fuel Supply CenterDIEGME diethylene glycol monemethyl etherDIV divisionDLA Defense Logistics AgencyDOD Department of Defense

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DODISS Department of Defense Index of Specifications and StandardsEGME ethylene glycol monomethyl etherEMP electromagnetic pulseEPA Environmental Protection AgencyEVAP evaporationF FahrenheitFM field manualFOB free on boardFSB Forward Support BattalionFSC federal supply classificationFSII fuel system icing inhibitorFTMS Federal Test Method Standardg gram(s)GA Georgiagal gallon(s)GEN GeneralGP groupH2C2O4 oxalic acidH2C2O4.2H2O oxalic acid dihydrateH2S hydrogen sulfideHDBK handbookH&F hard and flintyHQ headquartershr hourhrs hoursHVY heavyIAW in accordance withI.D. inside diameterINF infantryIPB initial boiling pointIQUE In-Plant Quality EvaluationJFTOT jet fuel thermal oxidation testerJP jet propulsionJPO Joint Petroleum OfficeKHP potassium biphthalate, potassium acid phthalate; potassium hydrogen

phthalateKHCO3 potassium bicarbonateKW kilowattKY KentuckyLAB laboratoryL&F loose and flakyLCL lower combustible limitLIN line item numberM molarityMACOM major Army commandMBPL modular base petroleum laboratoryMECH mechanizedMEW milliequivalent weight

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mg milligramMgC12 magnesium chlorideMIL militaryMIL-HDBK military handbookMIL-STD military standardmin minute(s)ml milliliterMOGAS motor gasolineMOPP mission-oriented protective postureMOS military occupational specialtyMSB Main Support BattalionMSDS Material Safety Data SheetMSEP microseparameterN notification; normalityNa2B4O7.10H2O boraxNa2CO3 sodium carbonateNa2C2O4 sodium oxalateNA not applicableNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNCO noncommissioned officerNCOIC noncommissioned officer in chargeNBC nuclear, biological, chemicalNC North CarolinaNH2SO3H sulfamic acidNLGI National Lubricating Grease InstituteNo numberNSN national stock numberNUCWARN nuclear warningOCONUS outside continental United StatesO.D. outside diameterOHSA Occupational Health and Safety Act1M one molar; one molar1N one normalOP operationsoz ounce(s)PA PennsylvaniaPETRL petroleumPGF petroleum ground fuelspH potential of hydrogenPL pipelinePLL prescribed load listPOC point of contactPOL petroleum, oils, and lubricantsPQAR petroleum quality assurance representativePQAS Petroleum Quality Analysis Systempsi pounds per square inchpS/m picosienebs per meterQA quality assurance

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QAR quality assurance representativeQC quality controlQM quartermasterQPL quality products listQS quality surveillanceRVP Reid Vapor PressureS4 Supply Officer (US Army)SAE Society of Automotive EngineersSAPO subarea petroleum officeSC supply catalogSDA static dissipating additiveSF standard formSFS Saybolt Furol Viscosity in Saybolt Furol secondsSG sampling and gaugingSOP standing operating procedureSTANAG Standardization AgreementSTD standardSUP supply; supportSUS Saybolt Universal Viscosity in secondsT12CO3 thallous carbonateTB technical bulletinTD to deliverTDA tables of distribution and allowancesTEL tetraetyl leadTEMP temperatureTERM terminalTM technical manualTMDE Test, Measurement, and Diagnostic EquipmentTOE tables of organization and equipmentTPT tactical petroleum terminalTROSCOM United States Army Troop Support CommandTX TexasUS United States (of America)USACASCOM United States Army Combined Arms CommandUSAF United States Air ForceUSAPC United States Army Petroleum CenterUSAR United States Army ReserveUST underground storage tankVA VirginiaVA VirginiaVI viscosity indexWSIM water separation index, modified

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Section II. Terms

accelerated gum test A test to determine theamount of gum and lead precipitate formedin aviation fuels as a result of acceleratedoxidation or aging. Potential gum is theamount of residue obtained by evaporatingthe fuel at the end of the specified agingperiod.

acid A chemical compound usually having asour taste and capable of neutralizing alkalisand turning blue litmus paper red.

acidity The amount of free acid in a substance.

additive An agent used for improving existingcharacteristics or for imparting newcharacteristics to certain petroleum products.

alkylate The product obtained in the alkylationprocess. Chemically, it is a complexmolecule of the paraffin series, formed bythe introduction of an alkyl radical into anorganic compound.

all-levels sample A sample taken by loweringa closed sampler to the drawoff level of atank, opening the sampler, and raising it at auniform rate so that it is between 75 and 85percent full when it emerges from the liquid.

American Petroleum Institute (API) Theinstitute represents and is supported by thepetroleum industry. It standardizes the toolsand equipment used by the industry andpromotes the advancement of research inthe petroleum field.

American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM) A national scientific technicalorganization formed for the development ofstandards or characteristics performance ofmaterials, products, systems, and servicesand the promotion of related knowledge.

aneroid barometer A barometer in which theaction of the atmospheric pressure bending ametal surface is made to move a pointer.

antifoam agent An additive used in somelubricating oils to control foam.

antiknock Resistance to detonation or pingingin spark-ignition engines.

antiknock agent A chemical compound suchas tetraethyllead which, when added insmall amounts to the fuel charge of aninternal-combustion engine, tends to lessenknocking.

antioxidant A chemical added to gasoline,lubricating oil, and certain other petroleumproducts to inhibit oxidation.

API Gravity An arbitrary scale expressing thegravity or density of liquid petroleumproducts. The measuring scale is calibratedin terms of degrees API. The gravity of anypetroleum product is corrected to 60°F(16°C). (See Specific Gravity.)

appearance Refers to the visual examinationof fuels. The terms used to describeappearance are clear and bright, hazy andcloudy.

aromatic (noun) One of a broad class ofunsaturated hydrocarbons that ischaracterized by the ring structure of itsmolecules.

aromatic (adjective) Derived from, orcharacterized by, the benzene ring.

ash content The percent by weight of residueleft after combustion of a sample of fuel oilor other petroleum oil.

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atmospheric pressure The pressure of air,more specifically, the pressure of that sealevel. As a standard, the pressure at whichthe mercury barometer stands at 760millimeters or 29.92 inches (equivalent toapproximately 14.7 pounds per square inch).

atom The smallest complete particle of anelement which can be obtained that retainsall physical and chemical properties of theelement. According to present theory, theatom consists of a nucleus of protons andneutrons positively charged, surrounded bynegatively charged particles called electrons.

automotive gasoline (MOGAS) Ahydrocarbon fuel for use in internal-combustion engines and procured by themilitary under two specifications. Thespecification for leaded and unleadedgasoline is VV-G-001690. SpecificationMIL-G-3056 specifies combat grade type Iand II.

average sample A sample that consists ofproportionate parts from all levels of theproduct. For example, an average samplefrom a horizontal, cylindrical tank or fromspherical tank should contain more materialfrom the middle of the tank where thediameter is the greatest.

aviation fuels (AVFUELS) Those refinedpetroleum products specifically formulatedand blended for use in aircraft engines, bothjet engines and piston (reciprocating)engines. AVGAS (below) is an aviationfuel.

aviation gasoline (AVGAS) A hydrocarbonfuel for use in reciprocating piston-typeaircraft engines. AVGAS is characterizedby high vapor pressure and distillation rangeand high tetraethllead content. It is procuredby the military under specification MIL-G-5572.

bacon bomb A thief-type sampler, also called atank-car thief, consisting of a special metalcylinder tapered at both ends and fittedinternally with a plunger valve that opensautomatically when the sampler strikes thebottom of the tank car. A trip cord may beattached to make it possible to open thecylinder at any desired depth. The sampleris used in storage tanks and tank cars to takebottom samples of liquid products of 2 psi, orless; Reid vapor pressure; and samples ofsemiliquid products.

ballast Water, usually salt water, carried intanker cargo tanks when the tanks areempty of petroleum products to reducebuoyancy and improve stability and sea-keeping qualities. Ballast may be clean orblack, depending on whether it iscontaminated with petroleum products.

barge A flat-bottomed boat used to carrycargo on inland waters or in lighterageservice. Barges are usually towed. Apetroleum barge has internal tanks totransport liquid cargo.

barium-base grease A water-resistant greasewith high heat stability made by thickening apetroleum oil with a barium soap.

barometer See Aneroid Barometer.

barrel (bbl) A common unit of measurement ofliquids in the petroleum industry. It equals 42US standard gallons.

batch A specific quantity and type of productpumped into a pipeline.

batching Determining the sequence in whichtwo or more products are to be pumped andintroducing those products into the pipeline ina sequence that results in the least formationof interfacial material.

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beaker A cylindrical glass vessel with straightsides, a flaring rim, and pouring lip used inthe laboratory.

benzene Colorless liquid hydrocarbon, with onering of carbon atoms. Made from coal tarand by catalytic reforming of naphthenes, itis used in the manufacture of variousproducts, as a solvent, and as a componentof high-octane gasoline.

benzol The general term which refers tocommercial or technical benzene.

bitumen A mixture of hydrocarbons of naturalor pyrogenous origin, or both, which arefrequently accompanied by their nonmetallicderivatives and which are completely solublein carbon disulfide.

black cargoes A general term used to refer toliquid cargoes of crude oil.

black oil A general term applied to crude oiland the heavier and darker coloredpetroleum products such as residual fuel oils.

bleeding Separation of liquid lubricant from alubricating grease.

blending Mixing refinery products to suitmarket conditions. Mixing on specificationfuel with off-specification fuel to bring thelatter to specification or use limits (a methodof reclamation). Mixing an interface witheither or both adjacent products, or with athird product, without degrading any of thembeyond use limits.

boiling point The temperature at which asubstance boils or is converted into vapor bybubbles forming within the liquid. Thetemperature varies with atmosphericpressure.

boiling range The range of temperature,usually determined at atmospheric pressure

in standard laboratory apparatus, over whichthe boiling or distillation of an oil commences,proceeds, and finishes.

bonding Electrically connecting units orcontainers before operations begin in orderequalize any static potential that might existand to provide a continuous path for anystatic potential that might be generated afteroperations begin. (See Grounding.)

bottoms In a distilling operation, the portion ofthe charge remaining in the still or flask atthe end of a run, in pipe stilling or distillation,the portion which does not vaporize.

bottom loading Refers to the loading of arailway tank car or tank vehicle through thebottom outlet. Bottom loading reduces lossthrough vapor formation.

bottom sample A sample taken with a Baconbomb or thief sampler from material at thebottom of a tank. (See Bacon Bomb.)

bottom sediment and water Amount ofsediment and water measured in bottom of atank.

bright stocks Pressure distillate bottomswhich have had petrolatum wax removedand which have been filtered so that thestock has a low cold test and a good color(dark red by transmitted light and green byreflected light). Bright stock constitute thebody of lubricants manufactured for internal-combustion engines.

bulk petroleum products Those petroleumproducts (fuels, lubricants) which arenormally transported by pipeline, rail tankcar, tank truck, barge, or tanker and stored intanks or containers having a capacity ofmore than 55 gallons, except fuels in 500-gallon collapsible containers, which areconsidered to be packaged.

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burner fuel oil A fuel oil used under boilersand in furnaces to generate power or heat.Under Federal Specification (FS) VV-F-815,it is produced in six grades: FS No. 1, FS No.2, FS No. 4, FS No. 5 (Light) FS No. 5(Heavy), and FS No. 6. Under specificationMIL-F-859, one grade, Navy special, isproduced.

butane Either of two isomeric, flammable,gaseous hydrocarbons, of the paraffin series,n-butane or isobutane. Bottled, butane isreferred to as LPG and is used for domesticand laboratory purposes and for generalbrazing.

calcium-base grease A grease composed of amineral oil thickened with calcium (lime)soaps and suitable for slow-moving machineparts. It does not retain consistency at hightemperatures.

calibration The graduation of a measuringinstrument. The determination of accuracyof graduation in a measuring instrument.

calorific value The heat liberated by thecombustion of a unit quantity of fuel.

calorimeter An apparatus for measuringquantities of heat, such as the bombcalorimeter, which is used to determine theheat of combustion or the thermal value of afuel in calories or British thermal units.

carbon dioxide A heavy, colorless gas, whichwill not support combustion (therefore, usefulas a fire-extinguishing agent).

carbon monoxide A colorless, odorless, andpoisonous gas, CO, resulting from theincomplete combustion of carbon.

carbon terachloride A colorless,nonflammable liquid, used as a solvedetergent, and drying agent for electricalparts. It is no longer used as an

extinguishing agent because of its toxicqualities.

catalyst. A substance that promotes chemicalaction without the substance undergoingchemical change.

cathodic protection An electrolytic method ofprotecting a buried pipeline or other metalstructure against corrosion by surrounding itwith an electrical field strong enough tooverpower the currents seeking to leave themetal to go into the soil. The methodinvolves putting electrical current into the soilso that it flows to and into the line orstructure. The protective current may beobtained by the galvanic action betweenmagnesium anodes and the steel of thepipeline or structure or by a rectifier toconvert alternating current to direct current.The current is put into the soil through ascrap metal graphite ground-bed.

centigrade scale A thermometer scale onwhich the interval between the freezing pointand boiling point of water is divided into 100parts or degrees centigrade, 0°Ccorresponding to 32°F, and 100°C to 212°F.Also called Celsius after Anders Celsiuswho first described it.

centistoke A unit of kinematic viscosity; 0.01stoke.

centrifugal pump An apparatus that builds uppressure head using centrifugal force as theprincipal means and angular velocity as thesecondary means.

cetane number The percentage by volume ofnormal cetane (100 cetane number), in ablend with heptamethylnonane (O cetanenumber), which matches the ignition qualityof the diesel fuel under test when comparedby the procedure specified in ASTM MethodD 613. The determination of the cetanenumber of diesel fuel is similar to thedetermination of the octane number ofgasoline.

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change of product Change of service; refersto transporting or storing a product in vessel,tank car or vehicle, storage tank, or othercontainer after having transported or storeda different product in it. The differencebetween the two products governs thenature and extent of preparations (draining,flushing, cleaning) needed before the changecan be made.

Class III (POL) Petroleum fuels: lubricants,hydraulic and insulating oils, preservatives,liquid and compressed gases, chemicalproducts, coolants, deicing and antifreezecompounds, together with components andadditives of such products and coal.

Class III A (Air) Petroleum and chemicalproducts used in support of aircraft.

Class III W (Ground) Petroleum and chemicalproducts and solid fuels used in support ofground and marine equipment.

class of fires Class A, fires of ordinarycombustibles, such as paper, wood, textiles,or rubbish and extinguished by water. ClassB, fires of flammable liquids like gasoline, oil,or grease and extinguished by smothering.Class C, fires involving electrical equipmentand extinguished by non-conducting agents.Class D, fires involving burning metal.

clean cargoes Cargoes such as aviation andmotor gasoline, diesel oils, jet fuel,kerosene’s, and lubricating oils.

clean product Products such as aviation andmotor gasoline’s, jet fuel, diesel fuel,kerosene, and lubricating oil; contrasted withblack oil.

clear and bright Clear is the absence ofvisible solids, a cloud, a haze, an emulsion, orfree water in the product. Bright is thesparkle of clean, dry product in transmittedlight.

closed circuit refueling A system of refuelingin which the nozzle mates with a lock intothe fuel tank, eliminating spillage.

closing gage A volume measurement ofproduct taken after a delivery or receipt ofproduct and after at least a 30-minutesettling time (and at close of business atterminals and supply points).

combustion Burning or rapid oxidation causedby the union of oxygen and any materialcapable of being ignited.

commingling The intentional or unintentionalmixing of two or more products.

compatibility Refers to the ability of additivesor of lubricating oils of different compositionor from different sources to mix togetherwithout separation or reaction.

composite sample A mixture of individualsamples representing the bulk from whichthey were taken. A composite sample is notthe same as a mixed sample.

compound A substance formed by combiningtwo or more ingredients in definiteproportions by weight. A compoundpossesses physical and chemical propertiesentirely different from those of thecombining ingredients if used separately.

compounding The addition of fatty oils andsimilar materials to lubricants to impartspecial properties. Lubricating oils to whichsuch materials have been added are know ascompounded oils.

compression ignition Ignition in a dieselengine, in which the heat of compressionignites the fuel, in contrast to the sparkignition in a gasoline engine.

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consistency The degree to which a material,such as a lubricating grease, resistsdeformation under the application of force.It is, therefore, a characteristic of plasticity,as viscosity is a characteristic of fluidity.Consistency is indicated by apparentviscosity; or as in the case of grease, ismeasured by the penetration of a specialcone into the grease under prescribedconditions of temperature, load, and time, asdescribed in ASTM Method D 217.

contaminated fuel module A 100,000 gallonstorage set used to store off-specificationfuel until it is blended or loaded into tankertrucks for disposal.

contaminant A foreign substance in a product.

contaminated product A product in whichone or more grades or types of productshave been inadvertently mixed, or a productcontaining foreign matter, such as dust, dirt,rust water, or emulsions.

contamination The addition to a petroleumproduct of some material not normallypresent. Common contaminants are water,dirt, sand, rust, mill scale, and otherpetroleum products.

continuous sample A sample taken from aflowing pipeline in such a manner that thesample is a representative average of thestream during the period of sampling.

copper strip corrosion A qualitative methodof determining the corrosiveness of aproduct by its effects on a small strip ofpolished copper suspended or placed in theproduct (ASTM Method D 130).

corrosion Rusting; a gradual eating away oroxidation such as the action of moist air onsteel, and the more rapid chemical action ofacid on metal or steel.

critical velocity That zone of velocitiesbetween laminar flow and turbulent flow,where the exact nature of flow isunpredictable. Flow is considered laminarwhen the Reynolds number is less than2,000, turbulent when the Reynolds numberis greater than 4,000, and critical orindeterminate in between those values.

crude In a natural state; not altered, refined, orprepared for use by any process, as crude oilor crude petroleum.

crude oil (petroleum) See Petroleum.

cup-case thermometer An instrument,consisting of a thermometer attached to ahardwood or plastic back, with the base ofthe thermometer enclosed by a metal cup,used to measure the temperature of productsin storage tanks. The thermometer islowered to the desired level, allowed toremain for a prescribed time, withdrawnimmediately, and read. The liquid-filled cupprevents a change in the height of themercury before it can be read.

cut A fraction obtained by a separation process.Product withdrawn from a pipeline androuted into tankage. Product withdrawnfrom the middle of a batch is referred to as aheart cut. In gaging bulk fuel, the markmade by a petroleum product in contact withthe gaging instrument. The cut shows thelevel of the product.

datum plate A level metal plate attached tothe tank bottom directly under the referencepoint to provide a smooth surface for theinnage bob to rest on.

Defense Fuel Supply Center (DFSC) Anactivity under the Defense Logistics Agency(DLA) with responsibility as the integratedmateriel manager (IMM) for wholesale bulkpetroleum products until their delivery to thepoint of sale. This responsibility includescontract administration in oversea areas.

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Defense Fuel Supply Point (DFSP) Anymilitary or commercial bulk fuel terminalstoring product owned by DLA.

Defense General Supply Center (DGSC) Anactivity, under DLA, responsible formanagement of packaged petroleumproducts, exclusive of packaged fuels.

Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Theagency, at the DOD level, charged withproviding the most effective and economicalsupport of common supplies and services tothe military departments and otherdesignated DOD components. It is theagency under which the DFSC operates.

density Specific weight or mass of a substanceper unit volume (pounds per cubic foot orgallon or grams per cubic centimeter).Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass ofany volume of a substance to the mass of anequal volume of some standard substance(water in the case of liquids and hydrogen orair in the case of gases) at 40°C (104°F).

detergent oil A lubricating oil possessingspecial sludge-dispersing properties for usein internal-combustion engines. Theseproperties are usually the result of theincorporation in the oil of special additives.Detergent oils hold sludge particles insuspension and thus promote enginecleanliness.

deterioration Any undesirable chemical orphysical change that takes place in a productduring storage or use. Some of the morecommon forms of deterioration areweathering, gum formation, weakening ofadditives, and change in color.

diesel engine An internal-combustion enginein which air drawn in by the suction stroke isso highly compressed that the heat generatedignites the fuel, which is automaticallysprayed into the cylinder under highpressure.

diesel fuel A hydrocarbon fuel used in dieselengines. Diesel fuels used by the ArmedForces are manufactured under twospecifications: VV-F-800 and MIL-F-16884.

diesel fuel additive Material added to dieselfuel to improve the ignition quality.Examples are amyl nitrate and ethyl nitrate.

differential pressure The difference betweensuction pressure and discharge pressure of apump; increment of pressure added by eachpump operating in series in a pump station;pressure drop or loss between the inlet andoutlet of a filter, meter, or other accessoryoffering resistance to flow.

dissolved water See Water (Water,Dissolved).

distillate That portion of a liquid which isremoved as a vapor and condensed during adistillation process.

distillate fuel oils Fuel oils which aredistillates derived directly or indirectly fromcrude petroleum (chiefly from the gas oilfraction).

distillation Vaporization of a liquid and itssubsequent condensation in a differentchamber. In refining, it refers to theseparation of one group of petroleumconstituents from another by means ofvolatilization in some form of closedapparatus, such as a still, by the aid of heat.ASTM distillation: Any distillation madeaccording to an ASTM distillation procedure,especially a distillation test made on suchproducts as gasoline, jet or turbine fuels, andkerosene to determine the initial and finalboiling points and the boiling range.

downgrading Assigning a lower grade to anoff-specification product, provided it meetsthe requirements of the lower grade.

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drum thief A metal or plastic tube, 1 1/2inches in diameter and 30 inches long, usedto withdraw samples from drums.

effluent Outflowing or outflow; a term appliedto a stream that has passed through aprocess or apparatus and has been altered insome way; product flowing out of afilter/separator, for example, or past a devicethat adds an inhibitor.

electrolysis Chemical decomposition by theaction of an electric current. This process isboth the cause of external corrosion ofburied pipelines and the basis for providingprotection against such corrosion.

end point (EP) The point indicating the end ofsome operation or at which a certain definitechange is observed. In titration, this changeis frequently a change in the color of anindicator which has been added to thesolution or the disappearance or excess ofone of the reactants which is colored. In thedistillation of liquids, such as gasoline, theend point is the maximum temperature whichoccurs during the test.

evaporation The conversion of a liquid intovapor, usually by means of heat.

evaporation loss Evaporation loss is the lossof a liquid volume or weight due to the freeevaporation of the liquid usually in a storagetank at atmospheric pressure. It varies withthe temperature, the amount of liquid surfaceexposed, the temperature of vaporization ofthe lightest components of the liquid, thevelocity of air currents over the surfaceexposed, and the degree of vapor tightnessof the tank roof. Since petroleum productsare not homogeneous liquids, the rate ofevaporation is not constant. The rate ofevaporation is greatest at the beginning whenthe largest percentage of light-volatilehydrocarbons are present and slowest whenevaporation has proceeded so far that onlyheavy residues are left.

Fahrenheit scale A thermometer scale onwhich the freezing point of water is 32° andthe boiling point is 212° (at sea levelatmospheric pressure).

filter (noun) A porous material on which solidparticles are caught and retained when amixture is passed through it.

filter (verb) To remove mechanically thesolids or free water from a petroleumproduct.

filter/separator A device used to separateboth solid contaminants and water from apetroleum fuel.

flammable A term describing any combustiblematerial which can be ignited easily andwhich will burn rapidly. Petroleum productswhich have flash points of 100°F (37.8°C) orlower are classed as flammable.

flash point The lowest temperature at which aliquid petroleum product gives off vapor insufficient concentration to ignite (that is,flash) on application of a flame underspecified conditions.

flow rate The amount of fuel passing through apoint along a pipeline or hoseline over time.Flow rate is usually stated in gallons perminute or gallons per hour.

foaming The formation of froth or foam onlubricating oils or other oils as a result ofaeration or release of gas dissolved in the oil.Foaming characteristics of lubricating oilsare determined by ASTM Method D 892.

fuel oil Any liquid petroleum product burnedfor the generation of heat in a furnace orfirebox or for the generation of power in anengine, exclusive of oils with a flash pointbelow 100°F (38°C) (Tag closed-cup tester)and oils burned in cotton- or wool-wickburners.

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Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII) An agentto be used only as an anti-icing additive forjet turbine engine fuels.

gage (noun) An object used as a standard ofmeasurement or comparison; that is, aninstrument for measuring, indicating, orregulating the capacity, quantity, amount, orother properties.

gage (verb) To measure the contents orcapacity, as of a tank.

gaging for water Obtaining the depth of waterbottom by taking a water cut. This is usuallyaccomplished by coating a plumb bob, tape,or gaging stick with water finding paste.

gallon (gal) A unit of measure of volume. AUS gallon contains 231 cubic inches or 3.785liters; it is 0.83268 times the imperial gallon.One US gallon of water weighs 8.3374pounds at 60°F(16°C).

gas detector An instrument for determiningthe explosibility of a gas and air mixture(explosimeter).

gas oil A term originally used to refer to an oilsuitable for cracking to make illuminatinggas. The term is now used to designate anoverhead product in between refined oils andlow-viscosity lubricating oils, used primarilyas thermal or catalytic cracking feed stock,diesel fuel, furnace oil, and the like.

gas turbine An engine in which vapor (otherthan steam) is directed, under pressure,against a series of turbine blades. Theenergy contained in the rapidly expandingvapors is converted into rotary motion.

gravitometer Permanently installedhydrometer that gives a continuous readingof the API or specific gravity of the productpassing through the pipeline.

Gravity See API Gravity and SpecificGravity.

grease A mixture of petroleum oil, soap (orother thickeners), and sometimes an additive,used for lubricating under conditions wherean oil cannot meet all requirements.

grounding Connecting single or bonded units toa ground rod so that any static potential willbe discharged into the earth. If two or moreunits are bonded and one is grounded, thewhole system is effectively grounded. (SeeBonding.)

ground products Refined petroleum productsnormally intended for use in administrative,combat, and tactical vehicles, materials-handling equipment, special-purpose vehicles,and stationary power and heating equipment.

gum Varnish-like, tacky, noncombustibleinsoluble deposits formed during thedeterioration of petroleum and its products,particularly gasoline. The amount of gummymaterial in gasoline is known as its gumcontent, which is determined by ASTMMethods D 381 and D 873. (See GumTest.)

gum test An analytical method for determiningthe amount of existing gum in gasoline byevaporating a sample from a glass dish on anelevated-temperature bath with the aid ofcirculating air.

heavy product A liquid in stored drums, whichgives off flammable vapors above thetemperature of 80°F (27°C).

hydrocarbon A compound containing onlyhydrogen and carbon. The simplesthydrocarbons are gases at ordinarytemperatures; with increasing molecularweight, they change to the liquid form and,finally to the solid state. Hydrocarbons arethe principal constituents of petroleum.

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hydroforming A special cataltic reformingprocess used to upgrade straight-rungasoline.

hydrometer A graduated instrument fordetermining the gravity of liquids. It isusually made of hollow glass and weighted atone end so as to float upright. The depth towhich the instrument sinks when immersedin a liquid is determined by the density of thatliquid. The lighter the liquid, the lower theinstrument sinks. Some hydrometers aremarked so that the percentage of eachconstituent of the product in them can beread. Hydrometers used to measurepetroleum are usually marked with degreesAPI or specific gravity.

icing The solidification of particles of moisturein the fuel system, especially the carburetor,of an aircraft or ground vehicle. Themoisture may either be contained in the fuelor it may enter the system through the airintake. Icing may cause either partial orcomplete loss of power.

identification tests Selected tests applied to asample to identify quickly the type or gradeof material represented or to determine thatthe quality has not been altered by time orhandling.

ignition quality The ability of a fuel to igniteupon injection into the engine cylinder.

inhibitor A substance added in small amountsto a petroleum product to prevent or retardundesirable chemical changes from takingplace in the product or in the condition of theequipment in which the product is used. Theessential function of inhibitors is to preventor retard oxidation or corrosion.

innage The height or volume of liquid in astorage tank, as measured or gaged from thebottom of the tank to the top of the liquid.

innage tape and bob A steel measuring tapeconnected by a harness snap to the eye of

cone-tipped bob. Used to measure thedistance from the bottom of the tank to theliquid level of product in a tank or gage pipe.

insulating oil An oil used in circuit breakers,switches, transformers, and certain otherelectrical devices for insulating, cooling, orboth. In general, such oils are well-refinedpetroleum distillates of low volatility and highresistance to oxidation and sludging.

interface A mixture, or commingling, betweenadjacent products in a multiproduct pipeline;interfacial mixture.

internal-combustion engine An enginewhich operates by means of combustion of afuel within its cylinders.

into-plane The requirement and procurementof fuel and lubricating oils for delivery intogovernment-owned aircraft normally atnonmilitary air facilities. Charges for thisinclude the cost of fuel, lubricating oils, andrelated services.

jet engine An engine which converts air andfuel into a fast-moving stream of hot gasesthat propel the item on which it is mounted.

jet fuel Fuel meeting the required propertiesfor use in jet engines and aircraft turbineengines. Jet fuels are procured for theArmed Forces in several grades. The mostimportant grades are JP-4 (low vaporpressure) and JP-5 (high flash point), andJP-8.

Joint Petroleum Office (JPO) An officeestablished by the Joint Chiefs of Staff withpetroleum logistics responsibilities in a unifiedcommand in oversea areas.

kerosene A refined petroleum distillate used inspace heating units, in wick-fed lamps,bomb-type flares, for cleaning certainmachinery and tools, and as a base for liquidinsecticide sprays. A single multiple-usetype is procured under Federal SpecificationVV-K-211. A deodorized type, which is

FM 10-67-2

Glossary-15

used as a base for insecticide sprays, isprocured under Specification VV-K-220.

kinematic viscosity The ratio of the absoluteviscosity to the density at the temperature ofthe viscosity measurement. The metric unitsof kinematic viscosity are the stoke andcentistoke, which correspond to the poiseand centipoise of absolute viscosity.

knock Noise, also called ping, associated withinternal-combustion engines. After the sparkignites the charge, the charge burns smoothlyuntil part of it is burned; then if either thefuel or engine operating conditions areunsuitable, the remaining portion burnssuddenly, which makes a knock, or ping.

lead A general term used to denotetetraethyllead or other organometallic leadantiknock compounds used as gasolineadditives.

lead poisoning Poisoning caused bytetraethyllead or another of theorganometallic lead antiknock compoundsused as additives in gasoline. It may resultfrom ingestion, absorption through the skin,or inhalation of fumes.

light ends The most volatile portions of acarbon and hydrogen mixture, the low boilingcomponents that boil off first in distillation.Opposite of heavy ends.

light product A light product is any liquidwhich gives off flammable vapors at orbelow 80°F (27°C).

liter (l) A metric unit of capacity equal to0.9081 dry quart (US) or 1.0567 liquid quarts(US).

load line The line defining the maximum meandraft to which a tanker may be lawfullysubmerged. It is the lower limit of thefreeboard for various conditions andseasons. The six load line used on tankersare the Summer load line; Winter load line;

Winter, North line; Tropical load line;Freshwater load line; and Tropicalfreshwater load line.

lower sample A sample with a bottle orbeaker sampler from the middle of thebottom third of a tank's contents.

lubricant A substance, especially oil, grease,and graphite, which may be interposedbetween moving surfaces to reduce frictionand wear.

maximum working pressure The highestpressure that equipment is designed tooperate safely.

maximum fill level The highest level to whicha container may be filled.

meniscus The curved surface of the top of acolumn of liquid in a narrow tube; the curveis concave when the containing walls arewet with the liquid and convex when theyare not wet.

methane A light, odorless, flammable gas,CH4. The first member of the paraffinseries. It is the principal constituent ofnatural gas.

micron One micron is a thousandth part of onemillimeter (approximately 25,400 micronsequal 1 inch). The average human hair isabout 100 microns in diameter.

middle sample A sample taken from themiddle of a tank's contents.

military sealift command The US Navycommand responsible for providing oceantransportation for the military services andfor other governmental agencies anddepartments, as directed.

mixed sample A sample taken by mixing orstirring the original sample and then drawingoff the desired quantity for testing.

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Glossary-16

molecule Unit of matter; the smallest particleof an element or compound that retainschemical identity with the substance in mass.

multigrade oil A multiviscosity number oilwhich acts as a high-viscosity oil in hightemperatures but as a low-viscosity oil in lowtemperatures.

naphtha A general term applied to refined,partly refined, and unrefined petroleumproducts and liquid products deriving fromnatural gas which distill between 347°F(175°C) and 460°F (238°C).

natural gas Naturally occurring mixtures ofhydrocarbon gases and vapors, the moreimportant of which are methane, ethane,propane, butane, pentane, and hexane.

nonrecoverable tank bottom That quantityof liquid that is below the suction manifold ordrawoff line of a storage tank and is notavailable in normal day-to-day operations.

octane number Term used to indicatenumerically the relative antiknock value ofautomotive gasolines and of aviationgasolines having a rating below 100. It isbased on a comparison with the referencefuels, isooctane(100 octane number) andnormal heptane (O octane number). Theoctane number of an unknown fuel is thevolume percent of isooctane in a blend withnormal heptane which matches the unknownfuel in knocking tendencies under a specifiedset of conditions. Above 100, the octanenumber of a fuel is based on the enginerating, defined in terms of milliliters oftetraethyllead in isooctane, which matchesthat of the unknown fuel.

off-specification product A product whichfails to meet one or more of the physical,chemical, or performance requirements ofthe specification.

olefin One of a major series of hydrocarbonsthat appear chiefly in refinery operations.They have the general formula ofnaphthenes and the chain structures ofparaffins, but they are unsaturated.Molecular structure and nomenclaturecorrespond to paraffins having the sameamount of carbon. Ethylene, or ethene, isthe lowest, member of the olefins, and theseries is sometimes called the ethyleneseries.

outage The volume of unoccupied space in astorage tank or other container, measured orgaged from a reference point above theproduct to the surface of the product. Thedifference between rated capacity andactual contents. (Some space will always beleft unoccupied for expansion of product.)(See Ullage.)

outage tape and bob A steel measuring tapeconnected by a harness snap to the eye ofthe rectangular bob. The outages tape andbob is used to measure the distance from areference point above the product to thesurface of the product in the tank.

oxidation The process of combining withoxygen, a process which all hydrocarbonsare capable of doing.

packaged petroleum products Thosepetroleum products other than fuels(generally lubricants, greases, and specialtyitems) that are stored, transported, andissued in containers with a capacity of 55gallons or less.

paraffin Any of the white, tasteless, odorless,and chemically inert waxy substancescomposed of saturated hydrocarbonsobtained from petroleum.

penetrating oil A thin, nonviscous oil used toloosen rusted or frozen metal parts such asnuts, screws, bolts, or pins. Penetrating oil isnot intended for use as a lubricant. It isproduced to specification VV-P-216.

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Glossary-17

petrochemical Derived from the wordspetroleum and chemical and originally coinedto designate chemicals of petroleum origin.At present, petrochemical covers a widevariety of products.

petroleum Crude oil. Petroleum is a mixtureof gaseous, liquid, and semisolidhydrocarbons varying widely in gravity andcomplexity. Petroleum can be removed as aliquid from underground reservoirs, and itcan be separated into various fractions bydistillation and recovery. Petroleum is ageneral term that includes all petroleumfuels, lubricants. and specialties.

petroleum measurement tables ASTM-IPtables provided for the calculation ofquantities of petroleum and its productsunder the required conditions in any of threesystems of measurements. Tables areprovided for the reduction of gravity andvolume to standard states over normaloperating ranges, for calculation of weight-volume relationship, and for interconversionof a wide variety of commercially usefulunit's (ASTM Method D 1250).

petroleum, oils, and lubricants See POL.

petroleum testing kit A kit provided forlimited quality surveillance testing under fieldconditions.

POL Petroleum, Oils, and Lubricants. Includedare petroleum fuels, lubricants, hydraulic andinsulating oils, temporary protectives, liquidand compressed gases, chemical products,liquid coolants, deicing and antifreezecompounds, together with components andadditives of such products.

polymerization Changing a substance of agiven molecular weight to another substancewith chemical ingredients in the sameproportions as in the first but with a newmolecular weight that is a multiple of thefirst, depending upon how many molecules ofthe first have been combined. It is a method

of changing hydrocarbon gases into high-octane gasoline.

pour point The lowest temperature at whichan oil can be poured (ASTM Method D 97).

preservative A petroleum product designed toprevent corrosion of ferrous and nonferrousmetals. General-purpose lubricating oilsproduced to specifications VV-L-800, MIL-L-7870, and MIL-L-3150 have preservativequalities.

pressure A force or impulse. Pressuredifferential is incremental pressure, or thedifference between suction and discharge ofa pump. Pressure gage is an instrumentused to measure and indicate pressure in afluid.

procurement quality assurance That programby which the government determines ifcontractors have fulfilled their contractobligations for quality and quantity ofproducts and related services.

purple k Potassium Bicarbonate. A drychemical used in the trailer mounted fireextinguisher that puts out fires by smotheringthem.

qualified products list A list prepared by theprocuring service of civilian-type or off-the-shelf items that comply with specificationsand have been found to be acceptable to thegovernment.

quality surveillance The measures taken toensure that petroleum products which havebeen accepted by the government as beingof the required quality are still of the requiredquality when delivered to the user. QSincludes watching over and caring forproducts during all storage and handlingoperations, adhering to handling methods andprocedures designed to protect quality, andexamining and testing of products in storageand on change of custody.

FM 10-67-2

Glossary-18

receiving tests Tests prescribed by MIL-HDBK-200 to supply information quickly onthe quality of products received so theirdisposition can be planned.

reclamation Restoring or changing acontaminated or off-specification petroleumproduct so that it will either meetspecifications or will be within use limits.(See Blending.)

Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) The measure ofpressure exerted by a product on the interiorof a special container due to its tendency tovaporize.

reapeatability The allowable differencebetween two results on the same sample bythe same operator using the sameequipment.

reproducibility The allowable differencebetween two results on the same sample bydifferent operators in different locations.

residual fuel oils Fuel oils which are eithertopped crude petroleum or viscous crackedresiduum.

rust preventive A preservative oil used toprovide a waterproof film over iron or steelsurfaces exposed to oxidation.

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)Numbers of Lubricants. A classificationof lubricating oils for crankcases andtransmissions in terms of viscosity,standardized by SAE.

sample A quantity of product taken asprescribed in ASTM Method D 270 forexamination and testing. See specific kind ofsample.

sampler A device used to obtain samples ofvarious petroleum products. Another termfor sampler is thief.

saturated hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon ofsuch composition that the valence, orcombining power, of all carbon atomspresent is fully satisfied. Such ahydrocarbon is a stable substance and doesnot oxidize readily. The degree of saturationis a measure of instability.

scale A formation of oxide in a flaky film or inthin layers.

sediment Foreign matter other than water thatsettles to the bottom of a container.

sediment and water Solids and aqueoussolutions which may be present in an oil andwhich may be left to settle or which may beseparated more rapidly by a centrifuge.

settling time The elapsed time that a productremains undisturbed or unagitated betweenreceipt of product into and discharge fromstorage.

slop Any liquid petroleum product known to beoff specification. Storage tanks may bereserved for such products until the productscan be analyzed, reclaimed, or disposed of.Interfaces not disposed of in the adjacentproducts or not fit for such disposition shouldbe taken off in slop tanks until they can bedisposed of.

slop tanks Tanks regularly containing productswhich are not up to quality, or productswhich are to be treated or downgraded andtransferred to selected tanks.

sludge A heavy sedimentation or deposit onthe bottom of storage tanks consisting ofwater, dirt, and other settings; gunk. Crudeoils and residuals form the heaviest sludges,and light products form lightest sludges.Engine sludge is a particular kind of sludge

FM 10-67-2

Glossary-19

containing products of combustion depositedin internal-combustion engines.

soluble cutting oil An industrial term used todescribe a mineral oil containing anemulsifier, making it capable of mixing withwater to form a coolant for metal-cuttingtools.

solution A uniform mixture of a solute in asolvent from which the solute can beseparated by crystallization or other physicalmeans. Called a physical solution when nochemical changes take place; otherwisecalled a chemical solution.

specific gravity The ratio of the weight of anyquantity of matter, a petroleum product forexample, to the weight of an equal quantityof water; usually determined by use of ahydrometer. (See API Gravity.)

specification Prescribed limits of control testsused to maintain uniformity of a specificproduct.

spectrometric oil analysis The detection, byspectrometer, of wear metals in regularlytaken samples of used oils from oil-wettedmechanical systems. By examining thewear metals, the rate of friction wear of thevarious metal parts of the mechanical systemcan be determined.

split loading Carrying more than one productin a compartmented tanker.

spontaneous combustion Self-ignition ofcombustible materials caused byaccumulation of heat through slow oxidation;cannot take place if the heat is dissipated asfast as it is generated.

static electricity Electricity generated byfriction between unlike substances and in theatmosphere; contrasted with voltaic orcurrent electricity.

static pressure Hydrostatic pressureproduced with a column of liquid because ofweight alone; measured by feet of head.

stratification The condition that may occur ina tank in which batches of product ofdifferent gravities are stored. The heavierproduct settles to a layer on the bottominstead of mixing with the lighter product.

subarea petroleum office (SAPO) Asuboffice of a JPO established by the JPO tofulfill petroleum logistics responsibilities in asection of the geographical area for whichthe JPO is responsible.

surfactant A surface active agent whichenhances fuel and water emulsification andcan interfere with removal of entrainedwater from fuels.

suspension Dispersion in a liquid or in a gas ofsmall particles of a solid substance or ofsmall droplets of a liquid.

sweet crude Crude oil that contains so littlesulfur that chemical treatment to removesulfur or sulfur compounds is not needed.

synthetic detergent The term synthetic isused to distinguish the newer chemicalcleansers from the older ones, such assoaps.

synthetic fuels The term commonly used torefer to fuels manufactured from sourcesother than crude petroleum, such as shale orcoal.

thermal jet engine A power unit in which airis taken in from the atmosphere, heated bycombustion of a hydrocarbon, and thenexhausted at a velocity greater than that atwhich it was taken in.

thermal stability Resistance of a petroleumproduct to breakdown of its properties as aresult of heat.

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Glossary-20

thermometer A device for measuringtemperature or degrees of heat or cold; maydepend upon the expansion of mercury orliquids or change in electrical conductivity.(See ASTM standard El and E77 forspecifications.)

thief See Bacon Bomb and Sampler.

top sample A sample taken about 6 inchesbelow the surface of the tank contents.

topped crude Crude oil from which some ofthe lighter parts have been removed bydistillation.

trace An amount large enough to be detectedbut not to be measured.

turbine oil Lubricating oil for steam turbines,military symbol 219OTEP, made tospecification MIL-L-17331.

ullage The amount a tank, or container, lacksof being full.

unsaturated hydrocarbon An unsaturate; ahydrocarbon with a molecular structurecontaining one or more double or triple linksbetween adjacent carbon members. Olefinsand aromatics are the principal groups ofsuch substances. In addition to beingunsaturated, these substances are alsounstable and are more capable of undergoingchange than the saturates (paraffins andnaphthenes). Oxidation is an example ofundesirable change in a product.

upgrade A grade that slopes upward in thedirection of pipeline flow. To change servicefrom a dark or heavy product to a light orvolatile product; refers to the nature of aproduct stored in a tank or transported in atanker, tank car, or tank truck. To blend ahigher grade gasoline interface into tankagecontaining a lower grade gasoline.

upper sample A sample taken from the middleof the upper third of the tank contents.

use limits Tolerances established by MIL-HDBK-200 to permit use, under certainconditions, of products that do not fully meetspecifications.

vapor The gas-like form of a substance that isnormally a solid or a liquid; any gaseoussubstance that can be condensed by coolingor compression.

variable vapor space Refers to the vaporspace in tanks specially constructed forstorage of volatile products. (These tanksusually have a balloon roof, a breather roof,or a lifter roof (gasometer).) The vaporspace is described as variable because thetank roof moves up or down with theexpansion or contraction of the confinedvapors.

velocity of flow Rate of flow usually measuredin feet per second equal to volume of flow incubic feet per second divided by the cross-sectional area of the pipe in square feet.Velocity head is the head in feet equivalentto the velocity in feet per second; equal tothe square of the velocity divided by twicethe acceleration of gravity in feet per second(64.3).

viscosity Internal resistance to flow; usuallymeasured as time in seconds for a givenquantity of sample to flow through astandard capillary tube. Viscosity index is ameans of rating resistance to change inviscosity with change in temperature. Oilsof high viscosity index are more resistant tochange; oils of low viscosity index thickenquickly when chilled and thin too much whenhot.

viscous Heavy, thick-bodied, gluey, or slow inmotion.

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Glossary-21

volatile Tending to evaporate or vaporizereadily; volatility is the extent to which aliquid vaporizes or the ease with which itturns to vapor.

volume correction The correction ofmeasured quantity of product, determined bygaging at observed temperature and gravityand reference to a gage table, to net quantityof product at 60°F (16°C) after deductingbottom water and sediment.

water An odorless, colorless, transparent liquidcompound.

water bottom. Water put in a tank bottom tokeep product from leaking.

water contamination Water present in a fuelin any form; includes dissolved water similarto moisture in the air, entrained watersuspended in the form of minute droplets,and free water.

water separator Segregator; a filtering devicethat separates or segregates water from aflowing stream by coalescence.

water test A method of testing a newlycompleted pipeline. The line should beblocked off in sections and clean, freshwater pumped until 1 1/2 times the workingpressure is reached. Pressure is observedfor a period of 24 hours when possible.

weathering Loss of the most volatilecomponents of crude oils and light productsduring storage and handling and theformation of products of oxidation.

weighted beaker Consists of a copper bottlepermanently attached to a lead base. A dropcord is attached to the handle through a ringin the stopper so that a short, quick pull onthe cord opens the beaker at any desiredpoint beneath the surface of the liquid. Thissampler is used to take upper, middle, lower,or all-level samples of liquid products of 16psi or less, Reid vapor pressure. It is used intanker or barge compartments, shore tanks,tank cars, and tank trucks.

white oils A term applied to substantiallycolorless, tasteless, and odorless oils withvarious viscosities.

worked penetration A test method ofdetermining penetration (consistency) oflubricating grease after mechanical working.

FM 10-67-2

Glossary-22