fm 5-490 - table of contents

Engineer Diving Operations FM 5-490

CHAPTER 1

EMPLOYMENT OF ENGINEER DIVERS

Engineer divers support all specialized secondary mission is to support maneuverunderwater missions in the TO. The units during water-crossing operations inprimary mission of engineer diving the forward-battle area, providing maneuveroperations is to support sustainment units the capability to cross wet-gapengineering in the communications zone obstacles while minimizing losses. Figure(COMMZ), providing a means for movement 1-1 is an example of engineer diverof logistics from port harbors and beach deployment in the theater.fronts to forward- and rear-area units. The

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FM 5-490 Engineer Diving Operations

COMMAND AND CONTROL

Engineers at the theater army headquarters(TAHQ) engineer command (ENCOM)formulate the plans and determinerequirements for port facilities (location,capacity, wharfage, and storage). Thetheater Army (TA) is responsible for portoperations and liaison with the US Navy,US Coast Guard, and other military andauthorized civilian agencies from the USand allied countries. General responsibilitiesof the theater commander, TA commander,and the commander of the Theater ArmyArea Command (TAACOM) are stated inFM 100-16.

Theater construction and repair tasks thatcross service boundaries and require diverswill be managed by the regional wartimeconstruction manager (RWCM). ENCOMsperform as the RWCM and providecommand and control to the TA engineerforce. The ENCOM is the echelons abovecorps (EAC) engineer headquartersresponsible for constructing, maintaining,

and repairing the theater sustainment base.When tasked, responsibilities includeproviding support to other allied militaryforces in joint or combined TO. The numberand type of engineer units in the ENCOMdepend on the size of the sustainment base,availability of host-nation support, andperceived threat to the rear area.

Engineer diving units are divided into twodistinct organizations. The control andsupport (C&S) diving detachment providescommand, control, and support of divingoperations; the lightweight (LW) divingteam executes most of the underwater work.The C&S diving detachment is assigned toENCOM headquarters and may control upto six LW teams. The LW teams may beattached to units requiring prolonged divingsupport. Chapter 2 describes divingorganizations in detail.

Figure 1-2 shows a typical ENCOM and TAinterface for a theater Army engineer force.

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ENGINEER DIVING SUPPORT PRIORITIESEngineer diving expertise is requiredthroughout the theater. The ENCOMcommander allocates assets in the COMMZand combat zone (CZ) according to prioritiesestablished by the theater commander.Since there are only a limited number ofdivers, the ENCOM commander may chooseto allocate diving assets only to the mostcritical mission sites.

early planning stages of an operation toensure successful diving missions.

The theater commander sets constructionpriorities and dictates policies whichallocate construction assets and materials.The ENCOM commander, as RWCM, applies these policies in assigning divingassets throughout the theater.

The majority of underwater work performed Engineer diving tasks in the CZ usuallyby engineer divers requires the use of support engineer mobility functions. In thesurface-supplied diving equipment. This COMMZ, the tasks usually center onrequires time to move and set up before sustainment operations such as portdiving operations can begin. Once on site, a construction, harbor clearance, salvage, anddiving section may need several hours to ship husbandry. Divers also conductprepare before deploying a surface-supplied immediate or emergency diving operationsdiver into the water. It is critical to include to help save lives or reduce equipment lossplanners from the C&S detachment during

DIVING SUPPORT

plus support interservice recoveryoperations.

REQUEST PROCEDURESAfter completing mission and situationanalyses, the ENCOM commander attachesdivers to the appropriate organizationallevel. Figure 1-3 illustrates requestchannels for engineer divers.

• COMMZ. If an area support group(ASG) requires diving assets for underwatermissions, the requests are forwarded to thetheater command. Requests must includemission details and estimated time for workcompletion. Approved requests will betasked to the ENCOM by the theatercommander, who assigns diving priorities.For short-term missions, diving assets areassigned in direct support throughcommand channels to the ASG. Forlong-term or complex missions, divers arenormally attached to a company- orbattalion-size unit. For example, if an ASGport construction company needs divingassets for port repair, the ENCOMcommander will attach diving teams to theconstruction company.

• CZ. CZ tasks may involve survey ofriver-crossing sites, location or removal ofunderwater obstacles, repair of watercraft,and recovery of lost equipment. Approvedrequests will be tasked to the ENCOM bythe theater commander. The ENCOMcommander will attach divers in directsupport to the appropriate organizationallevel. Chapter 3 discusses engineer tasksand support relationships.

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• Air Force. Separate engineer diverssupport Air Force immediate recoveryoperations for downed aircraft in ports orwater locations near the shore. The theaterAir Force manager for these operations isthe survival recovery center (SRC). TheSRC coordinates closely with the ENCOM.Air Force requests for immediate recoveryoperations go directly to the ENCOM, whichresponds in accordance with (IAW) theatermission priorities. Immediate recoveryoperations are usually assigned to divers asan on-order, direct-support mission.

• Navy.

- Engineer divers may support Navyoperational commitments for construction,salvage, or watercraft maintenance. Navymaintenance organizations request divingsupport from the Army water terminalcommander located in the port facility. Ifdivers are not currently attached to theterminal organization, the Army waterterminal commander forwards the requestthrough command channels to the ENCOM,detailing the need for divers to supportnaval operations. If approved, the ENCOMwill task Army divers to support the Navymission.

- If divers are on site supporting Armyterminal operations, the Army waterterminal commander may task the Armydiving teams to support a specific navalmaintenance unit. This is based on workpriorities and higher command guidance.

• Host nation.

- Support to the host nation is commonduring port construction, repair, andclearance. Requests for engineer divers areapproved at theater Army and tasked to theengineer or transportation command towhich divers are assigned. The ENCOMcommander will attach the diving teams tothe appropriate command to support themission.

- Divers may also support host-nationimmediate recovery operations for civilianaircraft or equipment downed in ports orbodies of water near the shore. Civilianauthorities request divers directly from thenearest engineer battalion, brigade, or ASG.These units forward requests to theENCOM for approval. The assignment ofdiving support is IAW theater guidance andwork load. Immediate recovery operationsare usually assigned to divers as anon-order, direct-support mission.

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CHAPTER 2

ENGINEER DIVING ORGANIZATIONS

Engineer diving units are relatively small,specialized organizations. Each detachmentor team has specific duties andresponsibilities but is flexible andimprovises to support the theater in mostsituations. Diving units are subordinateelements of the theater’s ENCOM. Theynormally provide general support to thetheater. When required, they also providedirect support to commanders below theaterlevel.

CONTROL AND SUPPORTEach C&S detachment can support up tosix LW teams within the theater. The C&Sdetachment has an organic scuba team usedfor inspection and survey. The C&Sdetachment monitors the current andprojected work load of its organic scubateam and assigned LW teams.

The C&S detachment has 13 soldiers andsufficient equipment to provide specializedsupport when required by the LW teams.The detachment has a command, control,and operations section; a supply/prescribedload list (PLL) section; an equipmentmaintenance section; and manpower for a 7-man scuba team. The team can diveindependently or augment a LW team toprovide manpower needed for deep-seadiving. The C&S scuba section is limited byits equipment to performing only inspection,survey, and damage assessment missions.

The C&S detachment provides the followingsupport to EAC commands:

• Staff assets for theaterintegration and planning.

• Command and supportdiving assets.

• Interservice liaison.

diving

of all assigned

• Theater command diving expertise.

• A scuba section for damage assessmentand premission assessment (sitereconnaissance).

Diving units are divided into two tables oforganization and equipment (TOE). TheC&S diving detachment, TOE 05-530LA00,is assigned to EAC and provides commandand support to LW teams. The LW divingteam, TOE 05-530LC00, is assigned to theC&S diving detachment and can beattached to supported units during theexecution of diving missions. Althoughassigned to EAC, the C&S augments LWteams during missions requiring additionaldiving support.

DIVING DETACHMENTThe C&S detachment provides assigned LWteams with the following specializedsupport:

• Mission analysis and planning.

• Special life-support diving equipment.

• Divers, equipment, and supportpersonnel when augmenting into a deep-sea team.

• Repair parts and supplies for engineerdiving life-support equipment.

• Diving equipment maintenance.

• Recompression chamber treatmentaugmentation.

• Diving medical support.

• Requalification and diver training.

When the C&S detachment augments theLW team to perform deep-sea missions,scuba inspection capabilities are lost. Initialsurvey reports and availability of divingassets influence routine work priorities. SeeChapter 4 for normal working depths.

Figure 2-1, page 2-2, illustrates a typicalengineer diving organization and assignedLW teams. Figure 2-2, page 2-2, shows theorganization of a LW team.

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Appendix A lists C&S detachmentmanpower and special equipment allotted inthe base TOE. C&S detachment personnelhave the following responsibilities:

• Detachment commander--CPT. (Must bea qualified diver.) Responsible for all divingoperations within the theater. Commandsand supervises detachment and assignedLW teams throughout the theater. Performsas the diving officer during deep-sea divingoperations.

• Operations officer--lLT. (Must be aqualified diver.) Coordinates all divingmissions. Assigns diving missions to teamsand sections. Plans and schedules requiredtraining for the C&S detachment andassigned teams. Performs as executiveofficer and supply officer for C&S and LWteams.

• Senior diving supervisor--MSG. (Mustbe a qualified diver.) Senior divingsupervisor in the theater and responsiblefor the safe conduct of all diving operationswithin the theater. Performs duties as thedetachment’s master diver. Supervises deep-sea and demolition diving missions. Assiststhe commander and operations officerduring planning, scheduling, and executingtraining and operational missions.Coordinates medical treatment with thetheater Army diving medical physician.Provides diving expertise to staff plannersand assigned LW teams.

• Diver--SSG. (Must be a qualified first-class diver.) Supervises diving teams duringscuba and surface-supplied divingoperations. Works closely with the masterdiver and diving officer during preparationof the operations order; plans the dive stepby step. Determines equipmentrequirements and assigns divers to specifictasks. Supervises maintenance of all divingequipment and associated diving-supportequipment through intermediate-levelmaintenance.

• Supply sergeant--SSG. Supervises thePLL clerk in support of specialized PLLrequired for the detachment and assignedteams. Performs as the supply sergeant forthe detachment and assigned LW teams,maintaining diving supplies and repairparts through intermediate direct supportmaintenance (IDSM) and intermediategeneral support maintenance (IGSM) levels.Coordinates depot-level repair for divinglife-support equipment.

• Diver--SGT. Performs as a diver on thedetachment scuba inspection section orwhen augmenting the LW teams. Performsmaintenance and repair functions on divinglife-support equipment for the detachmentand assigned teams through theintermediate levels of maintenance.

• PLL clerk--SGT. Performs as PLL clerkin support of all diving life-supportequipment and is supervised by thedetachment supply sergeant. Maintainsdiving equipment specific PLL in support ofthe detachment and assigned LW teams.

• Emergency treatment noncommissionedofficer (ETNCO)--SGT. (Must be a qualifieddiver.) Performs as diving medicaltechnician inside the recompressionchamber. Assists the diving supervisor indiagnosing and treating diving-relatedillnesses and injuries. Performs maintenanceon the recompression chamber facility.Coordinates training and medical supplieswith the theater Army diving medicalphysician. Assists the commander andoperations officer in planning andscheduling training requirements forETNCOs in the assigned LW teams.

• Diver--SPC. Performs as diver on thedetachment scuba inspection section orwhen augmenting LW teams. Undersupervision, performs maintenance on alldiving equipment and associated life-support equipment.

LIGHTWEIGHT DIVING TEAM

The LW team is assigned to a C&Sdetachment which provides mission taskingand specialized diving support. LW teamssupport engineer groups responsible for keyport facilities or major logistics over theshore operations (LOTS) mission support.They may be attached to units requiringextensive diver support for ship husbandry,

underwater pipeline maintenance, portconstruction, and other missions requiringunderwater maintainance of waterbornelines of communication (LOC). Typically,supported units are engineer portconstruction and bridging companies,transportation floating craft generalmaintenance and boat companies,

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and quartermaster marine pipeline terminalcompanies.

The LW teams provide underwater supportfor diving missions including--

• Support of bridging and other water-crossing site surveys.

• Search, salvage, and recovery ofsubmerged tools, equipment, weapons, andvehicles.

• Removal of submerged obstacles fromnavigable waterways using underwaterdemolitions or underwater cutting andwelding techniques.

• Inspection and repair of damagedbridges, piers, docks, and related structures.

• Security inspections of critical bridgesand other structures against sabotage.

• Search for and recovery of watercasualties.

• Construction of security screen forcritical bridges, piers, docks, wharves,quays, and associated port facilities.

• Inspection and repair of watercraft.

• Inspection of US support ships toprevent sabotage.

The LW teams also provide special supportfor the following areas which werediscussed in Chapter 1:

•

•

•

•

Theater operations.

Air Force operations.

Navy operations.

Host-nation support.

The LW team has 17 soldiers and sufficientequipment to deploy one LW team or two 7-man scuba teams as shown in the divingorganization diagram (Figure 2-1, page2-2). The LW team performs divingmissions to water depths of 190 feet. Thenormal work shift for the LW team is 12hours. Diving missions that requirecontinuous 24-hour operations, or workingenvironments requiring total diver enclosurefor protection, are considered deep-seamissions. The LW team can support

deep-sea missions when augmented byadditional personnel and equipment fromthe C&S detachment.

Air compressors and high-pressure airflasks, located on the surface, providebreathing air for both the LW and deep-sea teams. Self-contained, man-portablecylinders provide breathing air for scubateams.

Appendix B lists the LW team’s manpowerand special equipment identified in the baseTOE. LW teams have the followingindividual responsibilities and capabilities:

• Diving team leader/diving officer--lLT.(Must be a qualified diver.) Coordinates andplans diving missions. Responsible foroperations and mission accomplishment ofthe diving unit. Assists and performs asbackup to the diving supervisor and masterdiver during decompression dives orrecompression chamber operations. Performsequivalent duties of a platoon leader.

• Senior diving supervisor--SFC. (Must bea qualified master diver. ) Supervisessurface-supplied diving missions andrecompression chamber operations. Assiststhe team leader in planning, scheduling,and executing training and missionrequirements. Provides diving expertise tostaff planners.

• Diver--SSG. (Must be a qualified first-class diver.) Works closely with the masterdiver and diving officer during preparationof the operations order. Supervises scubaand surface-supplied diving operations. Isresponsible for planning the dive, selectingand setting up the diving equipment, andbriefing the divers. Supervises maintenanceof all diving equipment and associateddiving-support equipment throughintermediate levels of maintenance. Adiving supervisor must be present duringall dives.

• Diver--SGT. Performs as a diver duringsurface-supplied and scuba diving missions.Performs unit maintenance and repair ondiving equipment and associated life-supportequipment.

• ETNCO--SGT. (Must be a qualifieddiver.) Performs as the diving medicaltechnician inside the recompressionchamber. Assists the diving supervisordiagnosing and treating personnel for

in

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diving-related illnesses and injuries. • Diver--SPC. Performs as a diver duringMaintains the recompression chamber surface-supplied and scuba diving missions.facility. Coordinates diving medical Under supervision, performs unittreatments and training with the C&S maintenance of all diving equipment anddetachment ETNCO. associated life-support equipment.

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CHAPTER 3

ENGINEER DIVING MISSIONS

Engineer divers help keep the waterborneLOC open. They also support the forwardmovement of troops and equipment. Thissupport ranges from a 5-man scuba team todeploying a 19-man, deep-sea team usingsurface-air-supplied breathing equipment.The scuba teams perform inspections,surveys, searches, recoveries, and lightwork. The deep-sea teams perform extensivediving operations during heavy salvage,construction, or harbor clearance missions.

Seven major essential missions areidentified for engineer divers. The missionsinclude--

• Port.

- Planning and inspection.

- Construction.

- Repair.

• Clearance.

- Salvage.

• Ship husbandry.

- In-water hull inspections.

- In-water maintenance.

- Damage control and repair.

• Physical security.

- Physical security systems.

- Security swims.

• LOTS.

- Hydrographic surveys.

- Salvage and mooring systems.

- Petroleum pipeline.

• Offshore petroleum distribution systems(OPDS).

- Permanently installed submarinepipeline.

- Single anchor leg mooring system(SALMS).

- System repair and maintenance.

• River crossing.

- Survey-crossing site.

- Obstacle location and removal.

- Equipment recovery.

- Bridge inspection and repair.

- Retrograde operations.

- Personnel recovery.

PORT

PLANNING AND INSPECTION

Preliminary and detailed constructionplanning is an overall guide for constructionactivities and is accomplished prior tobeginning construction work. Planningshould include formulating a strategy forclearing sunken vessels and obstructionsfrom within the port area. The ENCOMheadquarters should include a qualifiedplanner from the C&S diving detachment toidentify diving requirements and to ensureproper allocation of diving assets. The C&S

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detachment assists in the development of aconstruction plan and provides a scubainspection team for initial on-site surveys.After completing initial inspections, theC&S detachment will designate theappropriate diving team most capable ofperforming the mission. The C&Sdetachment augments the LW team withpersonnel and equipment for missionsrequiring extensive diving assets such asmajor salvage, construction, and harborclearance. Planning and initial inspectionsinclude--


• Conducting initial on-site, underwatersurveys to determine the possibility ofrestoring the port facilities (piers, quays,wharves, dry-dock facilities, marine railwaysystems, and other port structures) to anoperational status.

• Inspecting damaged and sunken vesselsand other obstructions in the port todetermine requirements for salvage orremoval.

• Assisting in development of a salvagestrategy for clearing the port area and shipchannels.

• Assisting in development of timeestimates for salvage and clearance.

• Assessing underwater damage ofexisting pier facilities.

• Estimating time for underwaterconstruction.

An underwater assessment survey willprovide the Army water-terminalcommander with a report of existingconditions of underwater port facilitystructures. A port-bottom profile depictingwater depths and obstruction locations willbe included in the report. Informationprovided will assist the area engineer andport construction units in determining thescope of construction required for portrepair. It will also assist them indeveloping a port repair plan and timeestimate. A detailed report will include--

• Recommendations for restoration.

• Location and condition of sunkenvessels or other obstructions.

• Water depths of ship channels withinthe port.

• Recommendations for vessel or obstacleremoval.

• Location of underwater mines andmunitions.

To ensure timely procurement of neededmaterials, divers must make a detailedunderwater survey and assist in developingthe bill of materials for repair missions.

NOTE: Engineer divers can clearmined areas from the surface throughthe use of sympathetic detonation with

demolitions. The divers can also marksuspected mined areas or identifymines for removal by qualified Navyexplosive ordnance disposal (EOD)teams. The Army does not have EOD-trained diving teams.

CONSTRUCTION

The construction of new ports and facilitiesis a major undertaking which usuallyrequires extensive use of divers. Divers canprovide valuable information during initialsite selection and survey.

Hydrographic surveys of the proposed areaare conducted to determine water depths,sea-bottom contours, and location of shipchannels and underwater obstacles.Hydrographic surveys are covered in theLogistics Over the Shore Operations sectionof this chapter.

The technique for assembling and installingunderwater components is similar to themethod used on the surface. Detailed portconstruction techniques are outlined in FM5-480. Underwater construction and repairtechniques can be found in NAVFAC P-990.

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REPAIR Concrete is often used to repair portstructures. Underwater concrete placement

The repair method depends on the original techniques are basically the same as surfaceconstruction material, type of repair applications; however, the requirement formaterial, and degree of repair desired. the diver to wear awkward diving

equipment and to work in a zero-visibilityDivers can perform underwater repair of environment greatly increases the difficultybearing piles, fender and dolphin systems, of the operation.and support walls. Underwater structuresmust be thoroughly cleaned before Steel is normally used to repair woodeninspecting and repairing. Inspection and structures such as bearing piles, piers, andrepair of these structures require specialized fender systems. The repair of steelequipment. Repairs can be as simple as structures is complex and normally requiresfilling minor cracks with special epoxy; thorough cleaning and underwater welding.installing a concrete protective support Special equipment designed for underwaterjacket; or replacing wooden, steel, and work must be used, and strict safety rulesconcrete supporting structures and must be followed. High-voltage electricityhardware. Figure 3-1 illustrates a damaged passes through the water to the welder.woodpile repaired with a concrete protective This increases the risk of electrical shock.jacket. Repairs can be as extensive as majorrehabilitation and replacement of theunderwater structure supports.

CLEARANCEClearance operations are undertaken toneutralize all obstacles blocking theshipping channels in ports, dockingfacilities, mooring sites, marine railways,dry-dock facilities, lock and dam structures,and other navigable waterways. Clearanceconsists of locating, marking, surveying, andremoving underwater obstructions. Theoperations include removal of natural(underwater rock formations) or man-madeobstacles, battle debris, or enemy-emplacedobjects intended to prevent the use ofnavigable waterways or port facilities.

Various methods are used for removingobstructions. These methods include usinglifting bags and other equipment fromunderwater salvage tool kits, demolitioncharges, cranes, or underwater cuttingequipment. Additional lifting force isusually obtained from various items such asempty 55-gallon drums or fuel containerbags commonly found in a port facility.

Demolitions provide an efficient method forremoving underwater obstacles in the portarea. Most explosives are designed forunderwater use; however, their effectivenessis sometimes degraded due to the change inenvironment from air to water. Forexample, shaped charges require a low-density material, such as air, directlyunderneath the main charge. This low-density material is changed upon entry intothe water.

Special precautions are required whenemploying demolitions underwater. Electricfiring systems should be used wheneverpossible to control the charge detonation,thus increasing diver safety. Safe distancesmust be extended because of increaseddistance and density of the shock impactresulting from water pressure. Chargesdetonated near any vessel or personnel inthe water can cause substantial damage orinjury.

Underwater cutting operations are usuallyrequired to reduce an obstacle tomanageable size for removal. Specialunderwater cutting and welding sets areavailable. Hydraulic, pneumatic, and specialhand-tools increase work efficiency.

NOTE: Diving teams normally requirethe supported unit to provide awelding machine for this mission (a400-ampere power source is required).

SALVAGE

Major salvage operations include theclearance and removal of sunken vessels,equipment, supplies, or other materials fromport channels, berthing and dockingfacilities, mooring sites, lakes, lock and damfacilities, and other navigable waterways.The diver’s ability to salvage vessels orother equipment depends on the type, size,and location of the object and timeavailable for the salvage effort. Methods of

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salvage range from simple hole-patchingand dewatering to completely dismantling avessel into sections for removal. Beachedvessels resting on the bottom with thesuperstructure above the mean lowwatermark are salvaged by patchingexterior holes and dewatering the hull. Thevessels can then be towed to anotherlocation for repair by qualified personnel.

Sunken vessels with the superstructurebelow the mean low watermark requiremore extensive salvage efforts. Divers mustmake the entire vessel watertight, whichusually means penetration dives into thevessel interior for inspection and repairwork. The vessel is then lifted bydewatering, attaching underwater lifting

devices to the hull, or lifting with surface-support cranes. Sometimes a combination ofthese techniques is necessary.

Unsalvageable vessels and other equipmentcan be marked and left in place, sectionedand removed, or flattened with demolitions.Sectioning means cutting into manageablepieces and then removing to designatedlocations.

NOTE: Removing large sections of steelmay require a surface crane orwinching machine from the supportedunit. Flattening includes usingdemolitions to remove thesuperstructure and crushing the hullinto the port bottom.

SHIP HUSBANDRYShip husbandry is the in-water inspection,maintenance, and repair of vessels. Troops,equipment, and supplies are transportedusing Army vessels. Army divers are taskedto provide maintenance assistance for thesevessels. The ability of divers to performship husbandry depends on the following:

• Size and number of vessels requiringsupport.

• Number of divers available.

• Additional equipment and spare partsneeded.

• Mission priority established by theArmy water-terminal commander.

The C&S detachment commander can assistthe Army water-terminal commander duringcoordination of ship-husbandry operations.The diving supervisor has overall controland responsibility for diver safety.

Special safety precautions for husbandryoperations include--

• Direct coordination between the on-sitediving supervisor and vessel master prior tothe diver entering the water.

• Vessel shutdown and tag out of allsystems that may endanger the workingdivers.

• Coordination with the harbor master tocontrol vessel traffic in the vicinity of thediving operation.

IN-WATER HULL INSPECTIONS

In-water inspections of military vessels areperformed to assess the condition of theunderwater hull and appendages. Theinspections cover all parts of the vesselbelow the waterline and are part of thescheduled maintenance or damageassessment. The inspection provides thevessel master with information necessary todetermine the condition of the vessel.

Vessel appendages include all zinc anodes,heat exchangers, sonar domes, depthfinders, and any exterior-mounted system.In-water hull inspections provide the vesselmaster information on the following vesselcomponents and appendages:

• Hull. Damage assessment andidentification of build up from marineorganisms growing on the hull, pluscondition of anti fouling paint surfaces.

• Propulsion and steering systems.Condition of shafts, screw propellers, andrudders and the serviceability of protectivecoatings, seals, and bearings.

• Vessel appendages. Determination ofgeneral condition and operational ability.

IN-WATER MAINTENANCE

In-water maintenance of military vessels isperformed for scheduled maintenance ordeficiency correction. In-water maintenanceenables the Army water terminalcommander to have immediate use of his

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watercraft. He can also keep the marinerailway, dry dock, and other vesselmaintenance facilities open for vesselsrequiring maintenance and repairs thatdivers cannot perform in water.

Divers provide in-water maintenance of thefollowing military vessel systems:

• Propulsion and steering. Divers assistin repairing or replacing in-watercomponents of the propulsion and steeringsystems. The supported unit must supplydemolition and crane support, whenrequired to aid in removing and positioningnew components.

• Sea chest and heat exchanger. Theseappendages provide cooling to the variouspower plants on board the vessel. They areeasily cleaned in the water usingunderwater hydraulic equipment and hand-

tools. For more extensive repairs, divers canremove items for repair on the surface.

• General systems. Other maintenanceincludes the clearing of lines, ropes, orother debris from the propeller or thecleaning of any appendage located belowthe waterline.

DAMAGE CONTROL AND REPAIR

Damage control and repair provideimmediate assistance to a vessel in distress.Repairs are temporary in their applicationand are meant to keep the vessel afloatuntil permanent repairs are made. Diverscan provide assistance ranging frominstalling small damage control plugs towelding large patches. The vesselcommander will direct repair incoordination with the on-site divingsupervisor.

PHYSICAL SECURITYPhysical security operations includedeveloping active and passive securitysystems to protect or provide early warningof impending danger to ports, channels, orpier facilities.

Divers can assist in placing andmaintaining permanent physical securitysystems in port areas, upon fixed bridges,and in waterway lock and dam systems.Divers also perform security swims forwaterborne vessels. The request for divingsupport must include the type of physicalsecurity system used.

PHYSICAL SECURITY SYSTEMS

Physical security systems are usually placedat harbor entrances, along the open areasof port facilities, and around bridgeabutments. The systems may be passive oractive and are designed to stop or detectvessels, underwater swimmers, or floatingmines. These systems usually require divingsupport for installation and maintenance.

restrict the approaches and entrance to aharbor. Barriers across a harbor’s accesschannel usually require constantmaintenance and repair. Electronic securitysystems are designed to detect and, in somecases, deter attack by underwaterswimmers. Divers place and secure thesystems underwater after qualifiedpersonnel assemble the systems on theshore.

SECURITY SWIMS

Divers can perform physical security swimson the underwater portion of a vessel beforeit enters the port facility or while it ismoored outside the secured perimeter.Although divers are capable of performingthese inspections, they cannot remove anyforeign explosive devices found during theinspection. The removal of these devices isthe responsibility of underwater EODteams. Periodic security swims arenecessary on installed physical securitysystems to detect maintenance requirementsand sabotage.

Passive security systems requireintroduction of obstacles or barriers that

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LOGISTICS OVER THELOTS are the water-to-land transfer ofsupplies to support military operations.They are conducted over unimprovedshorelines and through partially destroyed,fixed ports; shallow draft ports notaccessible to deep-draft shipping; and fixedports that are inadequate without using

SHORE OPERATIONSLOTS capabilities. Divers are an importantasset during LOTS because of the largenumber of watercraft involved in thetransfer of supplies. The scope of LOTSdepends on geographical, tactical, and timeconsiderations.

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS

Hydrographic surveys provide the port orLOTS commander with a detailed chartdepicting underwater bottom profiles of anoperational shoreline or port area. Thischart indicates bottom depth gradients, shipchannels, and location and type ofobstructions which may impede vesseltraffic. Figure 3-2 illustrates a typicalhydrographic survey for a proposedunderwater water pipeline.

SALVAGE AND MOORING SYSTEMS

Unloading and transporting supplies at seamay result in the loss of supplies into thewater. Divers can recover these suppliesquickly and assure continued support tofielded units. They can also assist vesselcrews by unfouling anchor lines or clearingdebris caught in the propellers. In addition,divers can install and maintain offshoremooring systems to provide safe anchorageto cargo vessels, causeways, and landingcraft supporting LOTS.

PETROLEUM PIPELINE

Divers provide underwater support duringthe installation of OPDS used in LOTS.Divers can perform the surveys necessary todetermine pipeline positioning, assist in theactual pipe placement, and provideunderwater pipeline inspection andmaintenance.

Petroleum

OFFSHORE PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

distribution systems are used installation, repair, and operation of theextensively during fuel transfer operations. OPDS in Army theaters. The transfer of fuel from tankers to thehigh watermark on shore is a Navy PERMANENTLY INSTALLEDresponsibility in joint area operations. SUBMARINE PIPELINEHowever, the engineer port constructioncompanies, engineer diving teams, and The construction of a permanently installedtransportation watercraft groups play submarine pipeline is not expected duringprominent roles in the preparation, mobilization. However, systems already in

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place may require extensive repair andmaintenance.

SINGLE ANCHOR LEG MOORINGSYSTEM

The SALMS provides a semipermanentinstallation for bulk transfer of fuel directlyfrom an offshore tanker to port storage.This system will be employed during OPDSoperations, and divers may be required tosupport it by --

• Performing hydrographic surveys todetermine beach gradient and underwatercontour.

• Improving beach approaches.

• Clearing enemy-emplaced or naturalobstacles from beach approaches.

• Supporting the installation of an

• Connecting underwater pipelinecomponents.

• Inspecting pipelines and theircomponents.

OPDS.

• Performing maintenance on underwaterpipeline components.

• Performing emergency repairs todamaged pipe sections.

SYSTEM REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE

The underwater components and mooringassemblies for all types of distributionsystems require periodic maintenancesupport. Specific areas of repair andmaintenance performed by divers are--

• Tanker hose discharge assemblies.These connecting hoses are of various typesand require periodic replacement of gasketsand damaged sections. Control valveslocated at pipeline connections requireperiodic lubrication and seal replacement.

• Mooring systems. Mooring systemsprevent ship movement during petroleumtransfer operations. Maintenance includesperiodic inspection and replacement of chainhardware connections and worn chainsections. Surface marking buoys requireperiodic cleaning and replacement.

• Pipelines. Permanently installedpipelines need periodic inspection andmaintenance to ensure watertight integrity.Divers repair or replace pipe flangeconnections, damaged pipe sections, andconcrete encasements. Divers conductsecurity swims along the length of thepipeline to verify pipeline integrity.

RIVER CROSSINGDivers are capable of providing support OBSTACLEduring river-crossing operations. Mostmissions are accomplished by separatescuba sections from the C&S detachment orLW teams.

SURVEY CROSSING SITE

Divers survey proposed river-crossing sitesby performing bottom and underwater bankapproach profiles. They locate, mark and, ifnecessary, remove underwater obstacles.

NOTE: Intelligence collection alongenemy-controlled shores is not afunction of engineer diving unitsdescribed in this manual. It isperformed by Special OperationsForces divers trained and equipped forunsecured area operations (FM 31-25).

LOCATION AND REMOVAL

Divers assist in neutralizing underwaterobstacles. They use sympathetic detonationto clear in-water munitions. This isaccomplished by emplacing demolitions onor near underwater obstacles. Demolitionsare always detonated from the surface. Aclear lane is verified by dragging a cable orweighted line in the specified areas.

EQUIPMENT AND PERSONNELRECOVERY

Divers assist in the recovery of sunkenequipment and tools and provide watercasualty search and recovery.

3-7


BRIDGE INSPECTION AND REPAIR RETROGRADE OPERATIONS

Divers perform in-water repair of float and Divers support retrograde operations byfixed bridging. They also provide damage placing underwater demolition charges onassessment and help determine bridge bridge supports, anchorage systems, andtrafficability. salvageable equipment to prevent enemy

use.

3-8


CHAPTER 4

CONSIDERATIONS

When planning, allocating, and executing a • Equipment.diving operation, careful consideration mustbe given to the following: • Medical support.

• Environment. • Safety.

• Manning.

ENVIRONMENTThe mission, available divers, and weather • Current.help determine the type of diving and theequipment used. Surface-supplied diving • Tides.provides the best safety for the diver andenhances the supervisor’s ability to control • Visibility.and direct the divers underwater. Specialequipment may be required to provide • Bottom condition and type.additional protection for the diver inextremely cold or polluted waters. Factors • Sea state and wave height.which influence the selection anddeployment of diving teams • Air temperature.include--

• Water temperature, depth, andpollutants.

4-1


If water currents exceed the maximumlimits listed in Table 4-1, page 4-1,alternative methods should be considered. Ifemployment of a diver is necessary, hemust be afforded the highest margin ofsafety.

DECOMPRESSION

The time a diver can spend underwater islimited by physical considerations. Most ofthe work should be performed on thesurface to minimize the amount of time adiver must spend underwater. The ability toperform work underwater is impaired bypoor visibility, restricted movement (bydiving equipment and bottom conditions),and limited time. Decompressionrequirements are a major concern to thediving team. Decompression obligationslimit the amount of time a diver canremain on the bottom. As water depthsincrease, the amount of time a diver maysafely spend underwater decreases. Divesare classified as either decompression or no-decompression dives.

When air is breathed under pressure,nitrogen from the air is absorbed in thetissues of the body. A diver’s body absorbsand stores excess nitrogen wheneverexposed to pressures found at water depthsof 40 feet and deeper. The amount ofnitrogen absorbed by the tissues increaseswith depth and time. The watertemperature and the diver’s physicalcondition and activity influence the amountof nitrogen stored in the tissues. Duringascent, the pressure on the body is reduced,and the nitrogen is released from thetissues and is eliminated through normalrespiration. It is essential to control therate and delay ascent to allow the bodysufficient time to process the nitrogen fromthe tissues. The Navy has developedstandard decompression tables (see FM 20-11-1) which are used to determine the rateof ascent and time required to stop fordecompression. These tables must befollowed during ascent to ensure the diverreceives adequate decompression.

DECOMPRESSION DIVING

In a decompression dive, the body absorbssufficient amounts of nitrogen to requirecontrolled stops during ascent. These stopsallow time for the body to off-gas theresidual nitrogen. If the diver acsends tooquickly or fails to make a scheduled

decompression stop, the excess nitrogen willform bubbles. These bubbles may come outof the tissues and become lodged in jointareas, the spinal cord, or other placeswithin the body. The lodged bubbles maycause some form of decompression sicknessby blocking blood circulation or pinchingnerves. Decompression sickness may rangefrom slight pain to extensive paralysis;severe cases may result in completestoppage of major organ functions.

Decompression dives must be performedusing surface-supplied diving equipment.This equipment provides a continuoussupply of air to the diver andcommunication between the surface teamand the diver. A recompression chambermust be available at the site duringdecompression dives. Deep dives (dives over100 feet salt water (FSW)) require theexpertise of a master diver. Dives to 170FSW require that a diving medical officer(DMO) be on call. Dives deeper than 170FSW require a DMO be present to providemedical assistance (per Army Regulation(AR) 611-75). Finally, it is essential thatdivers performing decompression dives be ingood physical condition and get at leasteight hours of rest prior to the dive.

Divers are limited to the number of divesthey can safely perform in a 24-hour period.Standard air-decompression tables in FM20-11-1 are used to determine the amountof residual nitrogen in the tissues followinga dive. The depth and time spentunderwater will determine the amount oftime a diver must remain on the surfacebefore diving again.

Decompression dives place inordinateamounts of pressure on the body andrequire careful planning and specializedequipment. The diving team must bethoroughly trained, pay additional attentionto safety details, and be prepared torespond to emergencies.

NO-DECOMPRESSION DIVING

No-decompression diving tables in FM 20-11-1 limit the maximum time a diver canspend at a specified depth without requiringdecompression stops during ascent. Safeascent can be made directly to the surface,at a prescribed rate, with no decompressionstops. No-decompression dives can beperformed in scuba or surface-supplieddiving equipment.

4-2


MANNINGDiving operations require from 5 to 20personnel. For instance, a mission requiringonly one diver wearing scuba equipmentand performing underwater work needs fouradditional divers for support from thesurface. A mission requiring a LW teamwith one diver working at a depth of 50FSW requires a 10-man crew; whereas, amission requiring two divers working at adepth of 185 FSW requires a 20-man crew.Manning requirements depend on themission, diving mode, and environment.Engineer diving teams are structured towork independently because the availabilityof outside diving support is limited. Allassigned divers are required to supportdiving station functions such as operating

the recompression chamber, handling hoses,and operating winches and air compressors.Additionally, engineer diving teams mustprovide their own drivers, mechanics, boatoperators, medics, and radio operators. Formany underwater engineer construction andsalvage missions, two divers are normallyrequired to perform the underwater work.Safety is a key consideration for manningrequirements. If a diving team cannot bemanned to safely operate in a hazardouswork environment, mission accomplishmentand diver safety may be compromised.Minimum staffing levels required forvarious types of diving operations are foundin Appendix C of this manual and in AR611-75.

MODES OF DIVINGEngineer divers use three distinct modes ofdiving.

• Scuba. Scuba operations are normallyconducted to give the diver greater mobilityto cover a larger area. The mainadvantages of scuba operations are quickdeployment, mobility, depth flexibility andcontrol, portability, and minimal surface-support requirements. Scuba is limited bytime permitted at depth, lack of verbalcommunications, limited environmentalprotection, and remoteness from surfaceassistance. Scuba is used in water depths to130 feet for underwater survey, inspectionof potential work sites, searches, light work,and equipment and victim recovery. Ascuba mission requires at least fivepersonnel: one diver, one standby diver, onediving supervisor, two tenders, and onetimekeeper/recorder. (The supervisor canperform as timekeeper.)

• Lightweight. Lightweight divers haveunlimited air supplied by a flexible hosefrom the surface, good horizontal mobility,and voice and line-pull communicationscapabilities. Disadvantages include limitedphysical protection, limited vertical mobility,and the requirement for a large supportplatform. LW divers can be deployed to

water depths of 190 feet for searches,inspections, light salvage, major ship repair,and working in enclosed spaces. LWmissions require at least ten personnel: onediver, one standby diver, four tenders, onediving supervisor, one timekeeper/recorder,one air-control operator, and onecommunications operator.

• Deep-sea. Deep-sea divers havemaximum physical and thermal protection,unlimited air supplied by a flexible hosefrom the surface, and voice and line-pullcommunications capabilities. A distinctdisadvantage is that a large surface crewand a support platform are needed tooperate air-support stations andrecompression chambers during deep-seadiving missions. Deep-sea divers can bedeployed to water depths of 190 feet forheavy salvage/repair and underwaterconstruction. Deep-sea missions require atleast 19 personnel: two divers, one standbydiver, six tenders, one diving supervisor,one timekeeper/recorder, one air controloperator, one communications operator, onemaster diver, and one diving officer. Fouradditional divers are required to operateair-support stations and recompressionchamber.

4-3


EQUIPMENTSpecific equipment is required to protectand support the diving team. Divingoperations can be conducted from the shore,piers, or floating platforms.

RECOMPRESSION CHAMBER

WARNING

A recompression chamber mustbe located at the dive site ifthe diver does not have freeaccess to the surface, enters anenclosed space underwater, orplans a decompression dive.

A recompression chamber is a steel oraluminum cylinder large enough toaccommodate a diver and necessary medicalsupport personnel. The chamber may beused to treat diving injuries such asdecompression sickness or arterial-gasembolisms. When pressurized with air, thechamber can simulate the pressure placedon the human body by a correspondingdepth of water. Repressurizing the strickendiver in the chamber reduces the size of thelodged air bubbles. The stricken diverbreathes 100-percent oxygen, which furtheraids in bubble resolution. Tables in FM

20-11-1 dictate times and depths fortreatment of diving injuries. The chambercan also be used to perform surfacedecompression for certain types ofdecompression dives.

DIVE PLATFORM

If surface-supplied operations are conductedafloat, a suitable diving platform must beavailable for support. It should have certainminimum characteristics:

• Be able to safely carry all requiredequipment, including the recompressionchamber.

• Provide adequate shelter and workingarea for support crew and divers, includinga wash-down station and a warming areain cold weather.

• Be equipped with adequate navigation,signaling, and mooring gear.

• Include required lifesaving and safetygear.

• Be able to carry an additional smallboat (if required) to rescue distresseddivers, retrieve floating objects, and providetransportation in the event of an emergencyor injury.

MEDICAL SUPPORTAll members of a diving team are trainedto recognize diving-related disorders. Manytypes of diving disorders are life-threateningand require immediate treatment in arecompression chamber. Although the divingofficer is in charge of the overall treatmentof diving injuries, the master diver is therecognized authority and is responsible forthe technical aspects of treatment. Eachtheater has a trained DMO to performroutine diving physicals and provideassistance for severe diving maladies. Each

diving team must have an ETNCOimmediately available to provide medicalsupport. The ETNCO is trained in routinemedicine as a medical noncommissionedofficer (NCO) (military occupationalspeciality (MOS) 91B) and has receivedadditional training in hyperbaric divingmedicine. The hyperbaric medical trainingqualifies the ETNCO to diagnose andrecommend treatment for divers strickenwith diving maladies which requirerecompression therapy. He administersdrugs as prescribed by the DMO.

SAFETYAll diving operations center around safety. be surface-tended when limited visibility orDiving doctrine is driven by safety other hazardous environmental conditionsconsiderations. Safety dictates that divers warrant. A standby diver must be ready to

deploy during all diving operations.

4-4


EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL

Engineer divers receive training indemolitions similar to that of MOS 12B.Additional training includes underwaterdemolition operations, use, hazards, andsafety. Divers remove underwater minesand munitions by sympathetic detonation inthe same manner as if the mines weresurface laid. They can emplace the requiredexplosives underwater, next to existingexplosives, to detonate sympathetically. Ifthe munitions must be disposed of ordisarmed in another way, qualifiedunderwater EOD units must be requestedfrom the Navy. Engineer divers are neithertrained nor equipped for EOD.

WATER-SAFETY MISSIONS

Engineer divers are not trained, qualified,or equipped to perform as certifiedlifeguards and should not be used as such.Special training and equipment are requiredto safely perform lifeguard responsibilities.Agencies such as the American Red Crossprovide the necessary training andqualifications required for lifeguards.

Engineer divers can perform underwaterrecovery operations, but not within the timelimits needed for emergency rescue. Divingskills are not recognized as a substitute forlifesaving skills. Tactical situations mayrequire the use of engineer divers toprevent drowning. Such situations mightinclude river-crossing operations where thefar shore has been secured, or duringamphibious operations in the COMMZ orother secured beachheads. Divers assignedto the Special Operations Forces are trainedto operate in unsecured areas. Thecommander must carefully weigh thebenefits of using engineer divers in water-safety missions because the loss of diversfrom their primary mission could have anadverse impact in the TO.

FLYING AFTER DIVING

Divers should not fly for at least 12 hoursfollowing a decompression dive or for twohours after surfacing from a no-decompression dive. If aircraft cabinpressure remains below an altitude of 2,300feet, flying may be done after any type ofair dive.

4-5


APPENDIX A

ENGINEER DIVING FORCE COMPOSITIONTOE 05-530LA00 - C&S DIVING DETACHMENT

PERSONNELJob Title MOS

Detachment CommanderOperations Officer/Executive OfficerSenior Diving Supervisor/Master DiverDiverSupply SergeantDiverPLL ClerkETNCODiver

1

TOTAL

LineNumber

B83924D89675E69790

F91490D32732D49154D32791D32859D32927G32815J35813

L63994N34334P92167P94290P94359R44659W67980

S01373W95537W95811T59346T59482X40146

21B5V21B5VOOB50OOB3076Y30OOB2076C2091B20OOB 10

EQUIPMENT

Rank

CPTlLTMSGSSGSSGSGTSGTSGTSPC

Quantity

1112

2113

13

Description Quantity

Boat, Landing, Inflatable: Cotton Cloth, 7-Man 1Chamber Recompression, Divers: 100 psi 1Compressor Unit RCP, Air Ret, Gas and Diesel Driven,88.5 cfm, 200 psi 4Demolition Set Explosive: Electric and Semi-Electric 1Diving Equipment Set: Open Circuit Scuba 11Diving Equipment Set: Individual Swimmer Support Scuba 11Diving Equipment Set: Photographic Support 1Diving Equipment Set: Scuba Diving Support, Type A 1Diving Equipment Set: Scuba Diving Support, Type B 1Diving Equipment Set: Deep Sea 1Generator Set Diesel Engine: 5kw 60Hz, l-3ph AC 120/208 120/240vTactical Utility 1Light Set, General, Illumination: 25 Outlet 1Outboard Motor, Gasoline = 25-40 BHP 1Pump Centrf Gas Drvn, Frame Mtd 2-inch, 170 GPM, 50 ft hd 2Pump Centrf Gas Drvn, Wheel Mtd 4-inch, 600 GPM, 50 ft hd 2Pump Centrf Gas Drvn, Wheel Mtd 6-inch, 1500 GPM, 60 ft hd 1Radio Set: A.NPRC-87 1Shop Equipment Cutting and Welding: Underwater ElectricLess Power 1Speech Security Equipment: TSEC/KY-57 1Trailer Cargo: 3/4-ton, 2-wheel W/E 1Trailer Cargo: 1 l/2-ton, 2-wheel W/E 1Truck Cargo, Tactical: 5/4-ton 4X4 w/Commo Kit 1Truck Cargo, Tactical: 5/4-ton 4X4 W/E M1OO8 1Truck Cargo: 2 l/2-ton 6X6 w/winch W/E 1

A-1


APPENDIX B

ENGINEER DIVING FORCE COMPOSITIONTOE 05-530LC00 - LW DIVING TEAM

PERSONNEL

Job Title

Team LeaderDiving Supervisor/Master DiverDiverDiverETNCODiver

1

TOTAL

LineNumber

B83856B83924D89675E69790

F91490D32723D49154D32791D32859D32927G32678J35813

L63994N34334R44657W67980

S01373W95537W95811T59346T59482X40009

MOS Rank

21B5V lLT00B40 SFC00B30 SSG00B20 SGT91B20 SGT00B 10 SPC

EQUIPMENT

Description

Boat, Landing, Inflatable: Assault Craft, Nylon Cloth, 15-ManBoat, Landing, Inflatable: Cotton Cloth, 7-ManChamber Recompression, Divers: 100 psiCompressor Unit RCP, Air Ret, Gass and Diesel Driven,88.5 cfm, 200 psiDemolition Set Explosive: Initiating Electric and Semi-ElectricDiving Equipment Set: Open Circuit ScubaDiving Equipment Set: Individual Swimmer Support ScubaDiving Equipment Set: Photographic Support

Quantity

1144

6

17

Quantity

121

22

17172

Diving Equipment Set: Scuba- Diving Support, Type A 2Diving Equipment Set: Scuba Diving Support, Type B 2Diving Equipment Set: Lightweight 1Generator Set Diesel Engine: 5kw 60Hz 1-3 ph AC 120/208 120/240vTactical Utility 1Light Set, General, Illumination: 25 Outlet 1Outboard Motor, Gasoline = 25-40 BHP 2Radio Set: AN/VRC-64 1Shop Equipment Cutting and Welding: Underwater ElectricLess Power 2Speech Security Equipment: TSEC/KY-57 1Trailer Cargo: 3/4-ton, 2-wheel W/E 1Trailer Cargo: 1 l/2-ton, 2-wheel W/E 2Truck Cargo: Tactical, 5/4-ton 4X4 w/Commo Kit 1Truck Cargo: Tactical, 5/4-Ton 4X4 W/E M1OO8 2Truck Cargo: 2 l/2-ton 6X6 W/E 2

B-1


APPENDIX C

MINIMUM STAFFING LEVELSFOR VARIOUS TYPES OF AIR DIVING

Notes:

1. A hyperbaric chamber is required on all dive sites during any planned oranticipated decommission dives and during diving operations where free access tothe surface is restricted.2. See FM 20-11-1 for air diving operations requiring more than two divers.3. A diving medical officer is required to be on call for all planned or anticipateddecompression dives. He must be present for all dives deeper than 170 feet or whenparticularly hazardous diving operations are being conducted.4. One tender per diver when divers are surface-tended. If using buddy system, onetender required for each buddy pair.5. For dives 0-60 feet, only one tender per diver is requiredequipment.6. If Note 1 does not apply, chamber crew is not required.7. Key for table:

A. Diving officer.B. Master diver.

when using lightweight

C. Diving medical officer (for chamber divers diving under no decompressionlimits, a trained diving medical technician may be substituted).

D. Diving supervisor. The diving supervisor for scuba (diving teams 2, 3, and 4) iseither a master diver (MOS 00B40/50) or a first-class diver (MOS 00B) inorganizations and activities authorized these positions by TOE or TDA. The divingsupervisor for diving teams 3 and 4 (100 ft or below) is a master diver (MOS 00B).

E. Diver.F. Standby diver.G. Tender.H. Timekeeper/recorder.I. Chamber crew. An ETNCO (Diving) should be the insider tender during

hyperbaric chamber treatments.J. Air control console operator.K. Communications operator.L. Total personnel required. The total required does not include safety boat crew

or personnel required to operate special equipment and tools.

C-1


REFERENCES

SOURCES USEDThese are the sources quoted or paraphrased in this publication.

AR 611-75. Selection, Qualification, Rating and Disrating of Marine Divers. 16 August 1985.AR 611-201. Enlisted Career Management Fields and Military Occupational Specialties.

1 October 1990.FM 5-480. Port Construction and Repair. 12 December 1990.FM 20-11-1. Military Diving (Volume 1). 20 September 1990.FM 63-4. Combat Service Support Operations - Theater Army Area Command.

24 September 1984.FM 100-16. Support Operations: Echelons Above Corps. 16 April 1986.NAVFAC P-990. Conventional Underwater Construction and Repair Techniques. Undated.SO4OO-AA-SAF-O1O. US. Navy Salvage Safety Manual. December 1988.

DOCUMENTS NEEDEDThese documents must be available to the intended users of this publication.

DA Form 2028. Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms. February 1974.

READINGS RECOMMENDEDThese readings contain relevant supplemental information.

CW 01333. Civil Works Specifications, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrographic SurveyingServices. November 1990.

EM 1110-2-1003. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering and Design: HydrographicSurveying. February 1991.

FM 3-4. NBC Protection. 21 October 1985.FM 3-5. NBC Decontamination. 24 June 1985.FM 3-10-1. (SRD) Chemical Weapons Employment. 8 April 1988.FM 5-25. Explosives and Demolitions. 10 March 1986.FM 5-36. Route Reconnaissance and Classification. 10 May 1985.FM 5-100. Engineer Combat Operations. 22 November 1988.FM 5-103. Survivability. 10 June 1985.FM 5-104. General Engineering. 12 November 1986.FM 5-105. Topographic Operations. 9 September 1987.FM 5-116. Engineer Operations: Echelons Above Corps. 7 March 1989.FM 5-134. Pile Construction. 18 April 1985.FM 5-233. Construction Surveying. 4 January 1985.FM 5-446. Military Nonstandard Fixed Bridging. 3 June 1991.FM 8-8. Medical Support in Joint Operations. 1 June 1972.FM 8-10. Health Service Support in a Theater of Operations. 2 October 1978.FM 8-21. Health Services Support in a Communications Zone. 1 November 1984.FM 9-6. Munitions Support in Theater of Operations. 1 September 1989.FM 10-60. Subsistence Supply and Management in Theaters of Operations. 29 December 1980.FM 10-67. Petroleum Supply in Theaters of Operations. 16 February 1983.FM 14-6. Comptroller/Finance Services in Theaters of Operations (Keystone).

10 September 1981.FM 19-30. Physical Security. 1 March 1979.FM 19-40. Enemy Prisoners of War, Civilian Internees and Detained Persons. 27 February 1976.FM 20-11-2. Military Diving (Volume 2). August 1991.FM 20-22. Vehicle Recovery Operations. 18 September 1990.FM 20-32. Mine/Countermine Operations. 9 December 1985.FM 31-11. Doctrine for Amphibious Operations. 1 August 1967.FM 31-12. Army Forces in Amphibious Operations (The Army Landing Forces). 28 March 1961.FM 31-25. Special Forces Waterborne Operations. 30 September 1982.FM 31-82. Base Development. 3 June 1971.FM 41-10. Civil Affairs Operations. 17 December 1985.FM 55-1. Army Transportation Services in a Theater of Operations. 30 November 1984.

References-1


FM 55-60. Army Terminal Operations. 18 May 1987.FM 55-509. Marine Enginemans Handbook. 3 October 1986.FM 90-13 (HTF). River Crossing Operations (How to Fight). 1 November 1978.FM 101-5. Staff Organization and Operations. 25 May 1984.FM 101-5-1. Operational Terms and Symbols. 21 October 1985.FM 101-10-1/1 Staff Officers Field Manual - Organizational, Technical and Logistical Data

(Volume 1). 7 October 1987.FM 101-10-U2. Staff 0fficers Field Manual - Organizational, Technical, and Logistical Data,

Planning Factors (Volume 2). 7 October 1987.TM 5-343. Military Petroleum Pipeline Systems. February 1969.TM 5-622. Maintenance of Waterfront Facilities. June 1978.

References-2

PIN: 069465-000

fm 5-490 - table of contents

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