FMD OUTBREAK: A Practical Example of Adressing Gaps in Control Strategy

Dr Gaolathe ThobokweBotswana Vaccine Institute

HISTORY OF FMD IN BOTSWANA(1963 to 2011)

Year(s) 63 64 65 66 67 68 69-76 77 78 79 80

SAT virus type 3 3 3 3 Nil 1 Nil 1,2 1,2 1,2 2

3

Laboratory Module

4

Strategies for disease control

• Vaccination

• Public education

• Movement control/restriction (fences)

• Separation between the reservoir animal and livestock

• Eradication/stamping out

Botswana Veterinary Disease Control zones (Draft 03/07)

The Vete rina r y E pide m iology a nd E co nom ics Se c tionDe pa rt m ent of Anim al H ea lth a nd Pr oductionPriva te B ag 00 3 2Ga bor oneBots w a na

Te lep hone : + 2 67 39 506 3 5Fa x: + 2 67 31 8 138 3E-m a il: DA HP@ gov .bwBots w ana Foot and Mo uth Dis e as e C ontrol Zo ne s .ap r

Africa nat ional administrat ive boundaries

Veterinary d isease control zones

Stockf ree (fmd f ree zone)

Fmd buffa lo area

Fmd vaccination zone

Fmd free zone

FMD Buffa lo area(Live-stock area)

Legend

Delta

Disease contro l fences

(a) Buf falo areas (b) BMC abbato irs(c) FMD vaccination zones(d) FMD free zones

(e Stockfree zones

Key to D isease C ontro l Zones

1 (part ), 3a, 1614, 15, 181, 2 (a, b, c) 3b,4a,73c,4b,5,6,8,9,10, 11, 12, 134a (part), 11 (part), 12(part), 13 (part ) & 17

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12

13

11

1

4a

7

10

6

8

5

16

9

3b

3a

4b

3c

17

3cNam

ibia

ZambiaAngola

Republic ofSouth Africa

Republic ofSouth Africa

2a

2b

2c

Ghants i

Hukunts i

Maun

Shakawe

Molepolole

Mahalapye

Kasane

Kanye

Serowe

Jwaneng

Palapye

Mochudi

Gaborone

Lobatse

Selebi-Phikwe

Tsabong

MAUN NAT A

TUTUME

FRANCISTOW N

ORAPA TONO TA

GHANZI

SELEBI-PH IKWEBOBONONG

SERO WE

PALAPYE

MAHALAPYE

KANG

MOLEPO LOLE

MO CHUDI

JWANENG GABORO NE

RAMO TSWA

KANYE

LO BAT SE

TSHABO NG

15(BMC MAUN)

18(BMC FRANCISTOWN)

14(BMC LO BATSE)

Makalamabedi

Orapa

Makoba

Daokoma

Dibete

Makoro

Dukwi

Sefhophe

Kuke

Maitengwe

Phuduhudu

Mmatshumo

Odiakwe

Sese

Mmaphoko

Kgomokgwana

N

EW

S

100 0 100 200 Kilometers

Quarantine camps

20

20

22

22

24

24

26

26

28

28

-26 -26

-24 -24

-22 -22

-20 -20

-18 -18

H:\S_ Phikwe F MDo ut br eak sGr ap hics \Vet er rin ary Dise ase Co nt rol Zo ne s Re vise d

Stockfree(fmd vaccinat ion zone)

HISTORY OF FMD IN BOTSWANA(1963 to 2011)

Year(s) 63 64 65 66 67 68 69-76 77 78 79 80 02 03 05 06 07-2011

SAT virus type

3 3 3 3 Nil 1 Nil 1,2 1,2 1,2 2 2 1 2 1,2

2

Botswana Veterinary Disease Control zones (Draft 03/07)

The Vete rina r y E pide m iology a nd E co nom ics Se c tionDe pa rt m ent of Anim al H ea lth a nd Pr oductionPriva te B ag 00 3 2Ga bor oneBots w a na

Te lep hone : + 2 67 39 506 3 5Fa x: + 2 67 31 8 138 3E-m a il: DA HP@ gov .bwBots w ana Foot and Mo uth Dis e as e C ontrol Zo ne s .ap r

Africa nat ional administrat ive boundaries

Veterinary d isease control zones

Stockf ree (fmd f ree zone)

Fmd buffa lo area

Fmd vaccination zone

Fmd free zone

FMD Buffa lo area(Live-stock area)

Legend

Delta

Disease contro l fences

(a) Buf falo areas (b) BMC abbato irs(c) FMD vaccination zones(d) FMD free zones

(e Stockfree zones

Key to D isease C ontro l Zones

1 (part ), 3a, 1614, 15, 181, 2 (a, b, c) 3b,4a,73c,4b,5,6,8,9,10, 11, 12, 134a (part), 11 (part), 12(part), 13 (part ) & 17

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%%

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%

%

12

13

11

1

4a

7

10

6

8

5

16

9

3b

3a

4b

3c

17

3cNam

ibia

ZambiaAngola

Republic ofSouth Africa

Republic ofSouth Africa

2a

2b

2c

Ghants i

Hukunts i

Maun

Shakawe

Molepolole

Mahalapye

Kasane

Kanye

Serowe

Jwaneng

Palapye

Mochudi

Gaborone

Lobatse

Selebi-Phikwe

Tsabong

MAUN NAT A

TUTUME

FRANCISTOW N

ORAPA TONO TA

GHANZI

SELEBI-PH IKWEBOBONONG

SERO WE

PALAPYE

MAHALAPYE

KANG

MOLEPO LOLE

MO CHUDI

JWANENG GABORO NE

RAMO TSWA

KANYE

LO BAT SE

TSHABO NG

15(BMC MAUN)

18(BMC FRANCISTOWN)

14(BMC LO BATSE)

Makalamabedi

Orapa

Makoba

Daokoma

Dibete

Makoro

Dukwi

Sefhophe

Kuke

Maitengwe

Phuduhudu

Mmatshumo

Odiakwe

Sese

Mmaphoko

Kgomokgwana

N

EW

S

100 0 100 200 Kilometers

Quarantine camps

20

20

22

22

24

24

26

26

28

28

-26 -26

-24 -24

-22 -22

-20 -20

-18 -18

H:\S_ Phikwe F MDo ut br eak sGr ap hics \Vet er rin ary Dise ase Co nt rol Zo ne s Re vise d

Stockfree(fmd vaccinat ion zone)

SAT 2, 2006, 2011

SAT 2, 2002, 2011

SAT 2, 2005, 2008, 2010, SAT 1, 2006SAT 2, 2008

SAT 2 2007-2011

SAT 2, 2008

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Xadimoxao

Xwee

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Nxweree

Habu

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Nxame

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KamoteTselojamotswanaMoselewapula

Moruleng East

Matsiara

Kaure

Masamo

Senaxomo

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Kgomotshwana II

Kgomotshwana I

Bogare

Mapeno

Nakalatswee

SemboyoKatoo SegopoloMapute II

MmamotaungSetata

Mapute IMokolwane

MailaNaone IINaone I

MolatswanaKaberekela

Kaibara

Kangoa

Xunxa II

Xhabaxhwa XhatsitsoRekgonne

Mosu Xharaxhe SubXharaxhe Modisaemang (Phatane I)

Ndjavera

BoiteketsoGopolamodimo

Dzautsha

MaselanyaneMatseke

Semolo

Thapolathari Koronjisa

NgunikaoBobaathogo

Kgetsiyatsie

Sulabompe IISulabompe I

Shedongo

Manale

BothatogoPhatane IIRoinyana

Machaba II

BojosiMachaba IDimboSetsau

Thololamoro IThololamoro II

Legothwana ILegothwana II

Mogapelwa

TotengManganaSethebeMoumo

Mmakgokong

Sedibana

Makgwelekgwele EastMakgwelekgwele West

Sehitwa

Nokaneng

21.262888

21.262888

22.201462

22.201462

23.140036

23.140036

24.078610

24.078610

-20

.924

788

-20

.924

788

-20

.390

952

-20

.390

952

-19

.857

116

-19

.857

116

-19

.323

280

-19

.323

280

-18

.789

444

-18

.789

444

.

Department of Animal Health and Production

Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Section

Private bag 0032

Gaborone

Botswana.

Telephone: (+267) 3950635

Fax: (+267) 3903744

E-mail: DAHP@gov.bw

Foot and Mouth Disease Infected Zone06-2008

30 0 30 6015 Kilometers

Gh anz i

Ma un

Nat a

Tsa bo ng

Huk un tsi

Mo lep olo le

Sha ka we

Ma hal apy e

Let lha kan e

Kas an e

Kan ye

Ser ow e

Fra nci sto wn

Jwa ne ng

Pal apy e

Sel ebi -Ph ikw e

Mo chu di

Lob ats e

Ga bor one

VETERINARY DISTRICTS

Legend

!C Habu FMD Distruction Pits

k Foot and Mouth Clinical Cases

# Crushpens

% Villages

Disease control fences

Major roads

Delta

Buffers in KM

BUFFERDIS

10

20

30

Maun District

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MATLAPANA

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SHOROBE

ETSHA

GUMARE

HABU

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TSAU

Sehitwa

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Chanoga

Etsha

Kareng

Komana

Semboyo

Seronga

Shorobe

Toteng

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Khubuga

Xadimoxao

Xwee

Boajankwe I

Nxweree

Habu

Kakanaga

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Moruleng East

Matsiara

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Kgomotshwana I

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Mapeno

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MmamotaungSetata

Mapute IMokolwane

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Mogapelwa

TotengManganaSethebeMoumo

Mmakgokong

Sedibana

Makgwelekgwele EastMakgwelekgwele West

Sehitwa

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21.262888

21.262888

22.201462

22.201462

23.140036

23.140036

24.078610

24.078610

-20

.924

788

-20

.924

788

-20

.390

952

-20

.390

952

-19

.857

116

-19

.857

116

-19

.323

280

-19

.323

280

-18

.789

444

-18

.789

444

.

Department of Animal Health and Production

Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Section

Private bag 0032

Gaborone

Botswana.

Telephone: (+267) 3950635

Fax: (+267) 3903744

E-mail: DAHP@gov.bw

Foot and Mouth Disease Infected Zone06-2008

30 0 30 6015 Kilometers

Gh anz i

Ma un

Nat a

Tsa bo ng

Huk un tsi

Mo lep olo le

Sha ka we

Ma hal apy e

Let lha kan e

Kas an e

Kan ye

Ser ow e

Fra nci sto wn

Jwa ne ng

Pal apy e

Sel ebi -Ph ikw e

Mo chu di

Lob ats e

Ga bor one

VETERINARY DISTRICTS

Legend

!C Habu FMD Distruction Pits

k Foot and Mouth Clinical Cases

# Crushpens

% Villages

Disease control fences

Major roads

Delta

Buffers in KM

BUFFERDIS

10

20

30

Maun District

#

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TOTENG

TSAU

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NOKANENG

HAINA WEST

KOMANA

MATLAPANA

SEHITHWA

BODIBENG

SHOROBE

ETSHA

GUMARE

HABU

NOKANENG

TSAU

Sehitwa

Sepopa

Tsau

Qangwa

Gumare

Nokaneng

Makalamabedi

Konde

Moporota

Kgomokgwana

Thamachaa

Habu

Nxauxau

Bodibeng

Chanoga

Etsha

Kareng

Komana

Semboyo

Seronga

Shorobe

Toteng

Chiegi-KarunganaChelete

Khubuga

Xadimoxao

Xwee

Boajankwe I

Nxweree

Habu

Kakanaga

Nxame

Khubu-KhubugaZenibe

KamoteTselojamotswanaMoselewapula

Moruleng East

Matsiara

Kaure

Masamo

Senaxomo

PetekeMoporota

Kgomotshwana II

Kgomotshwana I

Bogare

Mapeno

Nakalatswee

SemboyoKatoo SegopoloMapute II

MmamotaungSetata

Mapute IMokolwane

MailaNaone IINaone I

MolatswanaKaberekela

Kaibara

Kangoa

Xunxa II

Xhabaxhwa XhatsitsoRekgonne

Mosu Xharaxhe SubXharaxhe Modisaemang (Phatane I)

Ndjavera

BoiteketsoGopolamodimo

Dzautsha

MaselanyaneMatseke

Semolo

Thapolathari Koronjisa

NgunikaoBobaathogo

Kgetsiyatsie

Sulabompe IISulabompe I

Shedongo

Manale

BothatogoPhatane IIRoinyana

Machaba II

BojosiMachaba IDimboSetsau

Thololamoro IThololamoro II

Legothwana ILegothwana II

Mogapelwa

TotengManganaSethebeMoumo

Mmakgokong

Sedibana

Makgwelekgwele EastMakgwelekgwele West

Sehitwa

Nokaneng

21.262888

21.262888

22.201462

22.201462

23.140036

23.140036

24.078610

24.078610

-20

.924

788

-20

.924

788

-20

.390

952

-20

.390

952

-19

.857

116

-19

.857

116

-19

.323

280

-19

.323

280

-18

.789

444

-18

.789

444

.

Department of Animal Health and Production

Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Section

Private bag 0032

Gaborone

Botswana.

Telephone: (+267) 3950635

Fax: (+267) 3903744

E-mail: DAHP@gov.bw

Foot and Mouth Disease Infected Zone06-2008

30 0 30 6015 Kilometers

Gh anz i

Ma un

Nat a

Tsa bo ng

Huk un tsi

Mo lep olo le

Sha ka we

Ma hal apy e

Let lha kan e

Kas an e

Kan ye

Ser ow e

Fra nci sto wn

Jwa ne ng

Pal apy e

Sel ebi -Ph ikw e

Mo chu di

Lob ats e

Ga bor one

VETERINARY DISTRICTS

Legend

!C Habu FMD Distruction Pits

k Foot and Mouth Clinical Cases

# Crushpens

% Villages

Disease control fences

Major roads

Delta

Buffers in KM

BUFFERDIS

10

20

30

Maun District

INFECTED ZONE

3,849 CASES

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SEPOPA

TOTENG

TSAU

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HAINA WEST

KOMANA

MATLAPANA

SEHITHWA

BODIBENG

SHOROBE

ETSHA

GUMARE

HABU

NOKANENG

TSAU

Sehitwa

Sepopa

Tsau

Qangwa

Gumare

Nokaneng

Makalamabedi

Konde

Moporota

Kgomokgwana

Thamachaa

Habu

Nxauxau

Bodibeng

Chanoga

Etsha

Kareng

Komana

Semboyo

Seronga

Shorobe

Toteng

Chiegi-KarunganaChelete

Khubuga

Xadimoxao

Xwee

Boajankwe I

Nxweree

Habu

Kakanaga

Nxame

Khubu-KhubugaZenibe

KamoteTselojamotswanaMoselewapula

Moruleng East

Matsiara

Kaure

Masamo

Senaxomo

PetekeMoporota

Kgomotshwana II

Kgomotshwana I

Bogare

Mapeno

Nakalatswee

SemboyoKatoo SegopoloMapute II

MmamotaungSetata

Mapute IMokolwane

MailaNaone IINaone I

MolatswanaKaberekela

Kaibara

Kangoa

Xunxa II

Xhabaxhwa XhatsitsoRekgonne

Mosu Xharaxhe SubXharaxhe Modisaemang (Phatane I)

Ndjavera

BoiteketsoGopolamodimo

Dzautsha

MaselanyaneMatseke

Semolo

Thapolathari Koronjisa

NgunikaoBobaathogo

Kgetsiyatsie

Sulabompe IISulabompe I

Shedongo

Manale

BothatogoPhatane IIRoinyana

Machaba II

BojosiMachaba IDimboSetsau

Thololamoro IThololamoro II

Legothwana ILegothwana II

Mogapelwa

TotengManganaSethebeMoumo

Mmakgokong

Sedibana

Makgwelekgwele EastMakgwelekgwele West

Sehitwa

Nokaneng

21.262888

21.262888

22.201462

22.201462

23.140036

23.140036

24.078610

24.078610

-20

.924

788

-20

.924

788

-20

.390

952

-20

.390

952

-19

.857

116

-19

.857

116

-19

.323

280

-19

.323

280

-18

.789

444

-18

.789

444

.

Department of Animal Health and Production

Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Section

Private bag 0032

Gaborone

Botswana.

Telephone: (+267) 3950635

Fax: (+267) 3903744

E-mail: DAHP@gov.bw

Foot and Mouth Disease Infected Zone06-2008

30 0 30 6015 Kilometers

Gh anz i

Ma un

Nat a

Tsa bo ng

Huk un tsi

Mo lep olo le

Sha ka we

Ma hal apy e

Let lha kan e

Kas an e

Kan ye

Ser ow e

Fra nci sto wn

Jwa ne ng

Pal apy e

Sel ebi -Ph ikw e

Mo chu di

Lob ats e

Ga bor one

VETERINARY DISTRICTS

Legend

!C Habu FMD Distruction Pits

k Foot and Mouth Clinical Cases

# Crushpens

% Villages

Disease control fences

Major roads

Delta

Buffers in KM

BUFFERDIS

10

20

30

Maun District

3 8 4 9 CASES

62% Unvaccinated38% vaccinated

1st Questions

• Coverage- How much of target population reached- Consistency of vaccination programmes

• Handling and storage- Cold chain maintanance transport and storage- Cold chain maintanance at field or during vaccinations

5th 7th 9th11th

13th15th

17th19th

21 st23rd

25th27th

29th31st

02st0

5

10

15

20

25

30

No VSL Adults

VSL Adults

No VSL Calves

VSL calves

Total Cases

Sept 07 April 08 Sept 08 March 09

-40%

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

Based on HV Based on Exp

Ngamiland district vaccination coverages

Initial PVM Results

SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 30%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Positives>1.65 total> 2.0 total

PVM• WHY? To evaluate vaccination “Program” with the view to

learn and improve on the whole program- Did vaccination achieve objectives and make an impact in FMD control

• Program – run by people, using resources in a given context requiring quality vaccines handled and administered properly

- if properly done will take consideration of all of these factors

- review documents, interview people, observations, data on cold chains, coverage etc

and serum testing

• Is there any value in doing VM Post?? – probably better started during the actual vaccination campaign

• main gap in SADC is lack of independent vaccine quality assurance body

Initial PVM Results

SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 30%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Positives>1.65 total> 2.0 total

Follow up PVM Sat 2

BNVL BVI PB0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

SAT 2% Positives D14SAT 2% Positives D28

%Protection over time

D0 D14 D28 D42 D58 D80 D92 D1200

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sat 1Sat 2Sat 3

Antibody titres progression

D0 D14 D28 D42 D58 D80 D92 D1200.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Sat 1Sat 2Sat 3

Antibody titre progression in juveniles and calves

D0 D14 D28 D42 D58 D80 D92 D1200

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sat1Sat 2Sat3

OTHER PVM RESULTS

Malawi and Namibia

Antibody titers progression

0 14 28 42 560.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 3

Days Post Vac

Ant

ibod

y ti

ter

Log

boos

ter

RECOMMENDATIONS

• Increase frequency of vaccination from every 6 months to every 4 months

• Increase PD50 3 to 6• And others

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"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

!C

!C

2d

2c

KARENG

QANGWA

SEMBOYO

SEPOPA

TOTENG

TSAU

NXAUNXAU

NOKANENG

HAINA WEST

KOMANA

MATLAPANA

SEHITHWA

BODIBENG

SHOROBE

ETSHA

GUMARE

HABU

NOKANENG

TSAU

Sehitwa

Sepopa

Tsau

Qangwa

Gumare

Nokaneng

Makalamabedi

Konde

Moporota

Kgomokgwana

Thamachaa

Habu

Nxauxau

Bodibeng

Chanoga

Etsha

Kareng

Komana

Semboyo

Seronga

Shorobe

Toteng

Chiegi-KarunganaChelete

Khubuga

Xadimoxao

Xwee

Boajankwe I

Nxweree

Habu

Kakanaga

Nxame

Khubu-KhubugaZenibe

KamoteTselojamotswanaMoselewapula

Moruleng East

Matsiara

Kaure

Masamo

Senaxomo

PetekeMoporota

Kgomotshwana II

Kgomotshwana I

Bogare

Mapeno

Nakalatswee

SemboyoKatoo SegopoloMapute II

MmamotaungSetata

Mapute IMokolwane

MailaNaone IINaone I

MolatswanaKaberekela

Kaibara

Kangoa

Xunxa II

Xhabaxhwa XhatsitsoRekgonne

Mosu Xharaxhe SubXharaxhe Modisaemang (Phatane I)

Ndjavera

BoiteketsoGopolamodimo

Dzautsha

MaselanyaneMatseke

Semolo

Thapolathari Koronjisa

NgunikaoBobaathogo

Kgetsiyatsie

Sulabompe IISulabompe I

Shedongo

Manale

BothatogoPhatane IIRoinyana

Machaba II

BojosiMachaba IDimboSetsau

Thololamoro IThololamoro II

Legothwana ILegothwana II

Mogapelwa

TotengManganaSethebeMoumo

Mmakgokong

Sedibana

Makgwelekgwele EastMakgwelekgwele West

Sehitwa

Nokaneng

21.262888

21.262888

22.201462

22.201462

23.140036

23.140036

24.078610

24.078610

-20

.924

788

-20

.924

788

-20

.390

952

-20

.390

952

-19

.857

116

-19

.857

116

-19

.323

280

-19

.323

280

-18

.789

444

-18

.789

444

.

Department of Animal Health and Production

Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Section

Private bag 0032

Gaborone

Botswana.

Telephone: (+267) 3950635

Fax: (+267) 3903744

E-mail: DAHP@gov.bw

Foot and Mouth Disease Infected Zone06-2008

30 0 30 6015 Kilometers

Gh anz i

Ma un

Nat a

Tsa bo ng

Huk un tsi

Mo lep olo le

Sha ka we

Ma hal apy e

Let lha kan e

Kas an e

Kan ye

Ser ow e

Fra nci sto wn

Jwa ne ng

Pal apy e

Sel ebi -Ph ikw e

Mo chu di

Lob ats e

Ga bor one

VETERINARY DISTRICTS

Legend

!C Habu FMD Distruction Pits

k Foot and Mouth Clinical Cases

# Crushpens

% Villages

Disease control fences

Major roads

Delta

Buffers in KM

BUFFERDIS

10

20

30

Maun District

2nd Questions

• Vaccine relevance- Is the vaccine matching???

Field strain

Suitable vaccine

strain

By the Manufacturer based on r1 value vaccine potency

VACCINE/FIELD STRAINS

& TIMELY DELIVERY

Relationship between r1 value and PD50

Field virus:

A Iran 05

Vaccine strain: O

Vaccine A

Homologous (A Iran 05)=> r1 = 1

Endemic area: No need for more than 3 PD50. Protection!

Heterologous(Axy)=> r1 ?

Outbreak Vaccine strains

r1 > 0.3 => in endemic area, no need of more 3PD50. Protection!

r1 < 0.3 => unlikely protection

Emergency situation, 6PD50 + repeat dose => Protection/ADAPT

STOP: no protection at all

& TIMELY DELIVERYEpidemiologically Relevant Strains

SAT2/NMB/1/2008

SAT2/NMB/4/2008

SAT2/NMB/3/2008

SAT2/NMB/2/2008

SAT2/NMB/1/2007

SAT2/NMB/4/2007

SAT2/ZAM/2/2007

SAT2/ZAM/1/2007

SAT2/ZAM/3/2007

SAT2/ZAM/8/2008

SAT2/BOT/14/2008

SAT2/BOT/15/2008

SAT2/BOT/24/2006 (buffalo)

SAT2/ZAM/13/2009

SAT2/ZAM/14/2009

SAT2/ZAM/12/2009

SAT2/ZAM/16/2009

SAT2/BOT/3/2010

SAT2/BOT/4/2010

SAT2/BOT/2/2010

SAT2/BOT/5/2010

SAT2/BOT/1/2010

SAT2/BOT/6/2005

SAT2/BOT/8/2005

SAT2/BOT/3/2005

SAT2/BOT/1/2005

SAT2/BOT/2/2005

SAT2/BOT/4/2005

SAT2/BOT/5/2005

SAT2/BOT/7/2005

SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buffalo 29) (AF367124)

SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buffalo 31) (AF367125)

SAT2/ZIM/10/2002

SAT2/ZIM/11/2002

SAT2/BOT 01.11 (BVI)

SAT2/BOT 02.11 (BVI)

SAT2/BOT/2/2009

SAT2/BOT/3/2009

SAT2/BOT/4/2009

SAT2/BOT/6/2009

SAT2/BOT/8/2009

SAT2/BOT/7/2009

SAT2/BOT/5/2009

SAT2/BOT/3/2007

SAT2/BOT/5/2007

SAT2/BOT/2/2007

SAT2/BOT/6/2007

SAT2/BOT/7/2008

SAT2/BOT/11/2008

SAT2/BOT/16/2008

SAT2/BOT/18/2008

SAT2/BOT/9/2008

SAT2/BOT/10/2008

SAT2/BOT/6/2008

SAT2/BOT/8/2008

SAT2/RHO/1/48 (AJ251475)

SAT2/RHO/1/48 (AY593847)

SAT2/ZAM/9/93* (AF367116)(buffalo)

SAT2/ZAM/10/93* (AF367117)(buffalo)

SAT2/ZAM/P2/96 (MUL-7) (AF367120)(buffalo)

SAT2/ZAM/P2/96 (MUL-10) (AF367121)(buffalo)

Topotype III

Topotype IV

Topotype I

Topotype II

Topotype XI Topotype V

Topotype VI Topotype X

Topotype XII Topotype IX

Topotype VIII Topotype XIII

Topotype XIV Topotype VII

99

99

97

99

99

99

99

74

70

99

78

99

99

99

99

99

99

79

99

81

72

99

97

99

99

99

99

99

74

96

86

74

99

99

98

99

71

99

99

99

87

95

75

79

0.05

Satau

Lesoma

Pandamatenga

Kareng Feb 2011

Vaccine matching

• R-values a bit strange – 0.06 to 0.37• New vaccine adopted – started being used Feb 2012• Took about 2 and half years• Challenges

- Initially low TCID50- Detection by uv peak- Transition from small bioreactors to Industrial production

More vaccine matching with other vaccine candidates

Botswana Veterinary Disease Control zones (Draft 03/07)

The Vete rina r y E pide m iology a nd E co nom ics Se c tionDe pa rt m ent of Anim al H ea lth a nd Pr oductionPriva te B ag 00 3 2Ga bor oneBots w a na

Te lep hone : + 2 67 39 506 3 5Fa x: + 2 67 31 8 138 3E-m a il: DA HP@ gov .bwBots w ana Foot and Mo uth Dis e as e C ontrol Zo ne s .ap r

Africa nat ional administrat ive boundaries

Veterinary d isease control zones

Stockf ree (fmd f ree zone)

Fmd buffa lo area

Fmd vaccination zone

Fmd free zone

FMD Buffa lo area(Live-stock area)

Legend

Delta

Disease contro l fences

(a) Buf falo areas (b) BMC abbato irs(c) FMD vaccination zones(d) FMD free zones

(e Stockfree zones

Key to D isease C ontro l Zones

1 (part ), 3a, 1614, 15, 181, 2 (a, b, c) 3b,4a,73c,4b,5,6,8,9,10, 11, 12, 134a (part), 11 (part), 12(part), 13 (part ) & 17

%

%

%

%

%%

%

% %

%

%

%

%

% %

% %

%%

%

%

12

13

11

1

4a

7

10

6

8

5

16

9

3b

3a

4b

3c

17

3cNam

ibia

ZambiaAngola

Republic ofSouth Africa

Republic ofSouth Africa

2a

2b

2c

Ghants i

Hukunts i

Maun

Shakawe

Molepolole

Mahalapye

Kasane

Kanye

Serowe

Jwaneng

Palapye

Mochudi

Gaborone

Lobatse

Selebi-Phikwe

Tsabong

MAUN NAT A

TUTUME

FRANCISTOW N

ORAPA TONO TA

GHANZI

SELEBI-PH IKWEBOBONONG

SERO WE

PALAPYE

MAHALAPYE

KANG

MOLEPO LOLE

MO CHUDI

JWANENG GABORO NE

RAMO TSWA

KANYE

LO BAT SE

TSHABO NG

15(BMC MAUN)

18(BMC FRANCISTOWN)

14(BMC LO BATSE)

Makalamabedi

Orapa

Makoba

Daokoma

Dibete

Makoro

Dukwi

Sefhophe

Kuke

Maitengwe

Phuduhudu

Mmatshumo

Odiakwe

Sese

Mmaphoko

Kgomokgwana

N

EW

S

100 0 100 200 Kilometers

Quarantine camps

20

20

22

22

24

24

26

26

28

28

-26 -26

-24 -24

-22 -22

-20 -20

-18 -18

H:\S_ Phikwe F MDo ut br eak sGr ap hics \Vet er rin ary Dise ase Co nt rol Zo ne s Re vise d

Stockfree(fmd vaccinat ion zone)

SADC FMD situation 2002 – 2011 (selected)

YEAR BOTSWANA MALAWI NAMIBIA ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE

2002 SAT 2       SAT 2

2003 SAT 1       SAT 1

2004       SAT 1  

2005          

2006 SAT 2 and 1        

2007 SAT 2 SAT 2 SAT 2 SAT 2  

2008 SAT 2 SAT 2 SAT 2 SAT 2/1  

2009 SAT 2 SAT 2   SAT 2  

2010 SAT 2 SAT 2 SAT 1 O SAT 2

2011 SAT 2 SAT 2?

Launched 04 Nov 11

Lab Officialy opened 2nd December 2010Product launch 4th November 2011

Project Drivers

• Technology update• Ergonomic design• Capacity increase• Antigen purification• Antigen bank• Quality improvements/HSE

Vaccine Production

Conventional

Purified

Emergency

Definitions

Conventional vaccines - Vaccines produced from semi-purified inactivated antigens, with a potency greater than 3 PD50

Purified vaccines - Vaccines produced from highly purified inactivated

antigens, with potency greater than 3 PD50

Emergency vaccines - Vaccines produced from highly purified, concentrated and

frozen antigens, with a potency greater than 6 PD50

NSPs AND “DIVA” VACCINE

• BVI Vaccines are compatible with a DIVA approach.

=> DIVA: - Previously: Differentiate Infected from

Vaccinated Animals. - Recently: Detection of Infection in Vaccinated

Animals• Several diagnostic tests to detect NSPs (2C, 3A,

3B,3AB, 3ABC, 3D)

Purified vaccine Perfomane• Vaccine blended in December 2010 with antigens produced second

semester 2010 in the new building– Payload adjusted to guaranty 3PD50 target– Trivalent (SAT 1 2 3) vaccine with current vaccine strains used in Botswana

• Vaccination at BVI ranch– Primo vaccination at D0 booster at D28 and D150– Blood sampling at D0, D21, 28, 42, 63, 120, 191– Safety monitored by rectal temperature and clinical signs (local and

generalreactions)

• Serological testing– Virus neutralization test (VNT)– Non Structural Protein (NSP) testing with Prionics kit

SAFETY MONITORING• Temperature monitoring:

- No significantdifference betweenvaccinated cattleand control

• Clinical signs:-No general and local reactions-No weight loss

Safety conform

Potency

Potency results conforms

What we want to achieve with vaccination

Vaccine Application• Vaccination of susceptible livestock

– Vaccines must be administered according to the manufacturer’s instructions

• ALSA vaccines should be administered to calves with maternal immunity at 4-6 months of age

• Calves without maternal antibodies can be vaccinated at 2 weeks

• The primary vaccination course consists of 2 vaccinations 2-4 weeks apart

• Thereafter the vaccine should be administered every 4-6 months

• Should be given subcutaneously in the neck area

HERD LEVEL IMMUNITY

• Vaccine take is expected after 7-10 days with expected protection level of 97% depending on PD50 ( 3 or 6)

• Cattle are normally considered protected from FMD where antibody titres exceed a certain cut off

• Thereafter antibody levels decline• Important that after vaccination at least 80% of

herd should have protective antibodies (D28 to 35)• Vaccination prevents disease expression but not

infection

THANK YOU