fmri and reading einar mencl, haskins laboratories, new haven, ct usa
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fMRI and Reading
Einar Mencl, Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT USA
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Koby finishes 49 in 12 minutes;Einar finishes 61 in…?
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Collaborators
• Haskins Laboratories: Ken Pugh, Rebecca Sandak, Stephen Frost, Dina Moore, Stephanie Mason, Leonard Katz, Jay Rueckl, Donald Shankweiler, Annette Jenner, Jun Ren Lee, Carol Fowler, Ram Frost
• Yale Center for the Study of Learning and Attention: Bennett Shaywitz, Sally Shaywitz, Karen Marchione, John, Holahan, Jack Fletcher
• Yale University/Diagnostic Radiology: John Gore, Todd Constable, Robert Fulbright, Pawel Skudlarski, Cheryl Lacadie
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Haskins - 270 Crown Street, New Haven CT
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Haskins - 300 George Street, New Haven CT
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Haskins - 300 George Street, New Haven CT
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Haskins Folks (1)
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Haskins Folks (2)
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Behavioral Background
1) motor theory of speech perception; phonology 2) Evidence from fast priming: (Turvey, Lueketela, & Frost) a) toad - frog b) tode - frog c) towed - frog
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Behavioral Background
1) motor theory of speech perception; phonology 2) Evidence from fast priming: (Turvey, Lueketela, & Frost) a) toad - frog b) tode - frog c) towed - frog
3) What is the best prime for a word? 1) fort - fort (identity)
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Behavioral Background
1) motor theory of speech perception; phonology 2) Evidence from fast priming: a) toad - frog b) tode - frog c) towed - frog
3) What is the best prime for a word? 1) fort - fort 2) bowl - bowl?
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Behavioral Background
1) motor theory of speech perception; phonology 2) Evidence from fast priming: a) toad - frog b) tode - frog c) towed - frog
3) What is the best prime for a word? 1) fort - fort 2) bowl - bowl? >>> boll - bowl (!) alternate pronounciations: howl, scowl
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Slice Locations
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Auditory versus Visual Sentence Task
Constable, Pugh et al., (NeuroImage 2004)
common print(red) speech(blue)
R - L
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An Initial Neurobiological Reading Model
ANTERIORAreas:
inferior frontal gyrus (including Broca’s area)
One Hypothesized Function:Articulatory recoding
OCCIPITOTEMPORAL (VENTRAL)
Areas: occipitotemporal juncture, middle and inferior temporal gyriHypothesized Function: Linguistically structured memory- based fast word identification system (posterior aspect = “word-form” area)
TEMPOROPARIETAL(DORSAL)
Areas:supramarginal, angular, superior temporal (Wernicke’s) gyri
Hypothesized Function:Mapping of orthographic to phonological and semantic representations
(Pugh et al. 2000)
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Auditory versus Visual Sentence Task
Constable, Pugh et al., (NeuroImage 2004)
common print(red) speech(blue)
R - L
temporoparietal
occipitotemporal
anterior
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Case MixingExp. (design)
Subjects get 10 scan runs, each 5:40 long
Each run, they see 5 blocks of baseline trials:
//*\ or /\\/
and 4 blocks of lexical decision trials:1 high frequency unmixed case2 low frequency unmixed case3 high frequency mixed case4 low frequency unmixed case
charm or cHaRm
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Case Mixing Exp. (design)
1 baseline /\*/2 HF unmixed case3 LF unmixed case4 HF mIxEd CaSe5 LF mIxEd CaSe
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Case MixingExp. (1)
single-subjectwords - lines
1 baseline /\*/2 HF unmixed case3 LF unmixed case4 HF mIxEd CaSe5 LF mIxEd CaSe
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Case MixingExp. (2)
single subjectmixed - unmixed
1 baseline /\*/2 HF unmixed case3 LF unmixed case4 HF mIxEd CaSe5 LF mIxEd CaSe
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Case MixingExp. (12)
across subjecthigh frequency wordsmixed - unmixed
1 baseline /\*/2 HF unmixed case3 LF unmixed case4 HF mIxEd CaSe5 LF mIxEd CaSe
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Case MixingExp. (13)
across subjectlow frequency wordsmixed - unmixed
1 baseline /\*/2 HF unmixed case3 LF unmixed case4 HF mIxEd CaSe5 LF mIxEd CaSe
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Case Mixing (14): Time effects in IFG
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Case Mixing (15): Time effects in OT
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Event-Related Designs, Two Analyses
1) Using a priori predicted response functions a) long intertrial interval designs b) Reference waveform regression2) Estimating the actual response a) simple averaging b) delta function regression (FIR, finite impulse response)3) Some examples
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Simulated Hemodynamic Response (1)
mean = 5000sd = 100effect size 0-1%, 0-50 pointsGamma function tau=1.08; n=3; delay=3
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Simulated Hemodynamic Response (2)
Noise SD = 0
Noise SD = 10
Noise SD = 100
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Event-Related Designs, Two Analyses
1) Using a priori predicted response functions a) long intertrial interval designs b) Reference waveform regression2) Estimating the actual response a) simple averaging b) Delta Function Regression3) Some examples
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Long Intertrial Intervals, Single Conditioncf. Ni et al., (2000)
Event Regressor
Simulated Data
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Long Intertrial Intervals, Multiple Conditions
Cond 1Cond 2
Cond 1Cond 2
Event Regressors
Simulated Data
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Multiple Regression (3):Reference Waveform Regression
Friston et al. 1994 int C1 C2
Cond 1Cond 2
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Variability of the HRFAguirre et al., 1998
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Event-Related Designs, Two Analyses
1) Using a priori predicted response functions a) long intertrial interval designs b) reference waveform regression2) Estimating the actual response a) simple averaging b) delta function regression3) Some examples
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Estimating the Response (1):Simple Averaging, No Overlap
Cond 1Cond 2
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Estimating the Response (2):Simple Averaging, With Overlap
Cond 1Cond 2
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Estimating the Response (3):Simple Subtraction with Overlap
Dale & Buckner, 1997
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Delta Function Regression (1)
Meizin et al., 2000
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Delta Function Regression (2)Cond 1Cond 2
EventRegressorsFor Cond 1
EventRegressorsFor Cond 2
-1 0
+1+2+3
.
.
.+15P
eris
timul
us
Tim
e
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Delta Function Regression (3)
Cond 1 Cond 2___
Cond 1
Cond 2
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Delta Function Regression (4):Evoked Responses
Estimated Response
Peristimulus Time
Imag
e In
tens
ity
Imag
e In
tens
ity
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Delta Function Regression (5): Overlapping Responses
Cond 1Cond 2
Cond 1 Cond 2___
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Estimated Response & Gamma Fits
Delta Function Regression (6):Gamma Fitting
Peristimulus Time
Imag
e In
tens
ity
Imag
e In
tens
ity
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Estimated Response
Peristimulus Time
Imag
e In
tens
ity
Imag
e In
tens
ity
Baseline Timepoints[-1 to 0]
Activation Timepoints[+3 to +8]
Delta Function Regression (4):“Blocklet” Analysis
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Compare & Contrast...
Reference Waveform Regression 1) most designs are analyzable 2) stronger power 3) biased when reference <> actual
Delta Function Regression 1) some designs not analyzable 2) weaker power 3) unbiased measure of temporal response
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Primed Lexical Decision Experiment (intro)
5 trialtypes: orthographic phonological
prime target relationship relationship
1 O+P+ bribe TRIBE similar similar2 O+P- couch TOUCH similar dissimilar3 NWO+ bliss TRISS similar similar4 NW brick THILM dissimilar dissimilar5 UNRE lunch TRUNK dissimilar dissimilar
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LD/Prime Exp. (intro)
1 bribe - TRIBE2 couch - TOUCH3 bliss - TRISS4 brick - THILM5 lunch - TRUNK
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LD/PrimeExp. (1)
single subjectunrelated primelunch - TRUNK
1 bribe - TRIBE2 couch - TOUCH3 bliss - TRISS4 brick - THILM5 lunch - TRUNK
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LD/PrimeExp. (2)
raw time course
1 bribe - TRIBE2 couch - TOUCH3 bliss - TRISS4 brick - THILM5 lunch - TRUNK
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LD/PrimeExp. (4)
across subjects
bribe - TRIBE
1 bribe - TRIBE2 couch - TOUCH3 bliss - TRISS4 brick - THILM5 lunch - TRUNK
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LD/PrimeExp. (5)
across subjects
couch - TOUCH
1 bribe - TRIBE2 couch - TOUCH3 bliss - TRISS4 brick - THILM5 lunch - TRUNK
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LD/PrimeExp. (6)
across subjects
couch - TOUCH vsbribe - TRIBE
1 bribe - TRIBE2 couch - TOUCH3 bliss - TRISS4 brick - THILM5 lunch - TRUNK
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LD/PrimeExp. (6)
across subjects
couch - TOUCH vsbribe - TRIBE
1 bribe - TRIBE2 couch - TOUCH3 bliss - TRISS4 brick - THILM5 lunch - TRUNK
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LD/PrimeExp. (1)
across subjectregion timecourses
1 bribe - TRIBE2 couch - TOUCH3 bliss - TRISS4 brick - THILM5 lunch - TRUNK
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titration of stimulus duration
+
house
&&&&&
1000 msec
500/1500 msec
25/50/100 msec
1000 msec
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titration of stimulus duration (2)
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Interactivity: Phonology and Semantics
(Strain et al. 1999)
• RT faster for hi-imageability words
• Imageability modulates Cons x Freq
• Triangle model exhibits same pattern
• Does the brain…?
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Design
Go/no-go naming in a block fMRI session
Stimuli:• Words (Consistency x Imageability x Frequency)• Pseudowords
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IFG = Consistency
MTG =Imageability
Region of interest analysis
(Main effect)
(Main effect)
Frost, et al., 2005, Neuroreport
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Cross-Linguistic Effects - Word Frequency
…and implications for developmental dyslexia…