foca chapters 01 07 review
TRANSCRIPT
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Fundamentals of Computer
Architecture
A Review Of Chapters 1 to 7
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OVERVIEW
This presentation includes:
Introducing The Processor
Fundamental Concepts I - Data Representation
Fundamental Concepts II - Digital Electronic Circuits
Registers
The ALU
Buses Memory
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Introducing The Processor
Computer are everywhere Definition:
It must take inputof some sort;
It must produce outputof
some sort; It must processthe information
somehow;
It must have some sort ofinformation store;
It must have some way of
controllingwhat it does. Most computers are
embedded in other devices
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Introducing The Processor
A von Neumannarchitecture,
We need:
A processor - to processinformation, and to control
the system;
Memory - for data and
instruction storage;
Some form of input device;Some form of output device.
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Introducing The Processor
To build our simpleprocessor we need thefollowing components: Some Registers- a register
is a store where we canplace one piece of data;
An Arithmetic Logic Unit, orALU- a very basiccalculator for our processor.
A Control Unit, orCU- torun the processor;
Some buses - to allow us tomove data from onecomponent to another.
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Introducing The Processor
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Fundamental Concepts I - DataRepresentation
We covered:
Number representation - decimal, binary, octal,
hexadecimal and Binary Coded Decimal (BCD);
Conversion between different bases;
Binary arithmetic;
Signed representations - sign and modulus, 1s
complement, 2s complement and floating point;
Logic operations - AND, OR and NOT;
Data representation - ASCII and Unicode.
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Fundamental Concepts I - DataRepresentation
The simple rule for obtaining the 2s complement
representation of the negative of a number is Flip the bits
Add 1
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Fundamental Concepts I - DataRepresentation
Now we know how to figure out the
representation of a negative number, lets try
some arithmetic
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Fundamental Concepts I - DataRepresentation
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Fundamental Concepts I - DataRepresentation
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Fundamental Concepts I - DataRepresentation
ASCII For example, the ASCII code
for the letter R is found asfollows:
The column that R is in islabelled with the hexadecimal
digit 5;
The row that R is in is labelled
with the hexadecimal digit 2;
This produces the hexadecimal
value 5216.
ASCII is being replaced by 16-
bit Unicode.
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Fundamental Concepts II -Digital Electronic Circuits
We covered:
Gate logic - AND, OR and NOT;
How to build circuits with gates;
Modelling circuits with truth tables;
Boolean algebra, including De Morgans laws.
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Fundamental Concepts II -Digital Electronic Circuits
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Fundamental Concepts II -Digital Electronic Circuits
NANDNOR
XOR
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Fundamental Concepts II -Digital Electronic Circuits
A circuit diagram can be derived from a truth table
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Fundamental Concepts II -Digital Electronic Circuits
Boolean Algebra The set of rules that we can
make use of are known as theidentities of boolean algebra.
Each identity (apart from the
absorbtion and doublecomplement) has two forms,one for the AND form, and theother for the OR form.
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Fundamental Concepts II -Digital Electronic Circuits
Boolean Algrebra
De Morgans Laws can help us in the creation ofefficient
digital circuits.
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Registers
We covered:
Bistables - the RS latch, the D latch and the D flip-
flop;
How to build a register;
Tri-state logic;
The concept of a clock and a clock cycle.
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Registers
The RS Latch
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Registers
The D Latch
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Registers
The D Flip-flop
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Registers
A 4-bit register A 4-bit register attached to a bus
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Registers
To move a bit pattern from register 1 to register 2 wewould do as before:
Set register 1 OE to 1 (bit pattern now on the bus); Clock register 2 (for register 2 to take the bit pattern from the bus);
Set register 1 OE to 0;
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Registers
The Clock cycle There are effectively four
different types of trigger.These are: 1 triggered - when the clock
signal becomes 1;
0 triggered - when the clocksignal becomes 0;
Positive edge triggered -when the clock signal
changes from a 0 to a 1; Negative edge triggered -
when the clock signalchanges from a 1 to a 0.
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The ALU
We covered:
The role of the ALU and PSR within the processor;
The control circuitry of the ALU;
Adder circuits - the half adder and the full adder; Building circuits to demonstrate the functionality of
the ALU the ADD, SL and NEG circuits.
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The ALU
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The ALU
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The ALU
Half Adder Full Adder
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The ALU
The ADD circuit
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Buses
We covered:
Processor buses - the data bus, the address bus and
the control bus;
Building a bus with gate logic;
Timing diagrams.
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Buses
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Buses
A timing diagram
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Memory
We covered:
The concepts of memory;
How to build memory from gate logic;
Types of memory;
Address decoding strategies;
Memory maps.
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Memory
A small memory A D flip-flop
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Memory
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Memory
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Memory
Building wider memories Partial address mapping
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Memory
JASPer memory