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Focal Encyclopedia ofPhotographyDigital Imaging, Theory and Applications,History, and Science
Fourth Edition
MICHAEL R. PERESEditor-in-Chief
ELSEVIER
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • L O N D O N
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIESO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
focal Press Is an imprint of Elsavler
Contents
Contributors ixPhotographers and Image
Contributors xiiiAbout the Editors xixMission Statement xxiPreface xxiiiAcknowledgments xxviiIntroduction xxix
Timelines 1
Advances in PhotographicTechnology 3Michael Peres
Advancement of Digital Photographyand Related TechnologiesTimetable 15Roger L Carter
History and the Evolution ofPhotography 23Mark Osterman and Grant B. Romer
Contemporary Thoughts on theHistory of Photography 25Grant B. Romer
The Technical Evolution ofPhotography in the 19th Century 27Mark Osterman
Introduction to PhotographicEquipment, Processes, andDefinitions of the 19th Century 36Mark Osterman
Introduction to the Biographies ofSelected Innovators of PhotographicTechnology 123Grant B. Romer
Selected Photographs from the19th Century 135Mark Osterman
Evolution of the Photographic Lensin the 19th Century 157Milan Zahorcak
Major Themes and Photographersof the 20th Century 177Nancy M. Stuart
Photography in the 20th Century 179Nancy M. Stuart
Photography, Fine Art Photography, andthe Visual Arts: 1900-2001 180Saul Ostrow
Photography and Society in the 20thCentury • 187Gretchen Garner
Photography and Desire: Fashion,Glamour, and Pornography 198Bruce Checefsky
Photography Programs in the 20thCentury Museums, Galleries, andCollections 205Lynne Bentley-Kemp
Photographic Higher Education in theUnited States 210Nancy M. Stuart
Photographic Workshops: A ChangingEducational Practice 215Christopher Burnett
Magazines: The Photographers' Pressin the United States and Great BritainDuring the Transition Decade of the1960s 222David Brittain
Histories, Theories, Criticism 227Gary Sampson
African Americans as Photographersand Photographic Subjects 234David C. Hart
Biographies of SelectedPhotographers from the 20thCentury 239Robert Hirsch, Ken White, and
Garie Waltzer
Photographic Companies andApplications 295Michael R. Peres
Photography's Dependence onEquipment 297Michael R. Peres and Greg Barnett
Profiles of Selected PhotographicFilm and Digital Companies 301Michael R. Peres
Overviews of Selected Applicationsof Photography 320Michael R. Peres
Applications of AdvertisingPhotography 321Denis Defibaugh
Catalog Photography 322Howard LeVant
Commercial Photography 323George Cochran
Food Photography 323Allan Vogel
Illustration Photography 324George Cochran
Still-Life Photography 324Denis Defibaugh
Architectural Photography 325William W. DuBois
Corporate Photography 326Kathleen Francis
Dance and Theater Photography 327Kathleen Francis
Theatrical Photography 329Kathleen Francis
Freelance Photography 330Kathleen Francis
Identification Photography 330Kathleen Francis
Industrial Photography 332Kathleen Francis
Landscape Photography 333Denis Defibaugh
Narrative, Documentary, and EditorialPhotography 334Owen Butler
v! Contents
Orb Photography 337Michael R. Peres
Panoramic Photography 338Andrew Davidhazy
Photojournalism 339Guenther Cartwright
Postcard Photography 341Kathleen Francis
Portrait Photography 341Kathleen Francis
School Photography 344Thomas Gorman
Snapshot Photography 346Richard Zakia
Sports Photography 349Kathleen Francis
Stock Photography 350Henry Schleichkorn
Wedding Photography 353George Schaub
Digital Photography 355Franziska S. Frey
Digital, a Maturing Technology 357Franziska S. Frey
Digital Archiving 359Lukas Rosenthaler
Imaging Systems 364Romano Padeste
Solid State Imaging Sensors 370Michael Kriss
Standards and ImagingMaterials 372Peter Adelstein
Digital Camera Testing 377Dietmar Wuller
Image Formation 382Sab/ne Susstrunk
Colorimetry 388Sabine Susstrunk
Color Spaces, Color Encodings, andColor Image Encodings 394Sab/ne Susstrunk
Color Management 398Sab/ne Susstrunk
Color Management in the Future 400Jean-Pierre van de Capelle
Digital Camera RawGreg Barnett
4 0 1
Digital Image Processing 403Lukas Rosenthaler
Metadata and DigitalPhotography 411Simon Margulies
Spectral ImagingMitchell R. Rosen
418
Creative Applications of DigitalPhotography, theScan-0-Gram 422Patti Russotti
Glossary of Digital Terminology 425
Contemporary Issues 437J. Tomas Lopez
A Different Set of Questions for a NewAge 439J. Tomas Lopez
Academic and Pedagogical Issues:The Impact of Digital Imaging onPhotographic Education 441Margaret P. Evans
Ethical Photojournalism: ItsAuthenticity and Impact 446John Kaplan
The Future of Publishing 453Millard Schisler
100 Years from Now... 456Daniel Surge
Perception, Evidence, Truth, andSeeing 460Richard Zakia
The Photo Marketplace andContemporary Image Makers 469Da;7e Kaplan
The Photographic Studio of the 21stCentury 471Doug Manchee
Photographic Virtual Reality 477John (Craig) Freeman
Potlatch, Auction, and the In-between:Digital Art and Digital Audiences 480A.D. Coleman
The Pressure to Stay Current 484Barry Haynes
Science as Art 492Michael R. Peres and David Malin
Scientific Photography: ExpandedVision 497David Malin
The Aided Eye 499David Malin
Acoustic Holography 501David Malin
Aerial Photography 501David Malin and Donald L Light
Anthropological Photography 504John Fergus-Jean
Archaeological Photography 506Matt Schlitz
Astrophotography 508David Malin and Dennis di Cicco
Autoradiography 513David Malin
Ballistics Photography 513Peter W.W. Fuller
Biological Photography 518Joseph M. Ogrodnick
Botanical Photography 521Paul Harcourt-Davis
Cave Photography 523David Malin
Chronophotography 524/Andrew Davidhazy
Darkfield Illumination 526David Malin
Dental Photography 527Wolfgang Bengel
Electron Imaging 529Richard Zakia and Dougal G. McCulloch
Electron Microscopy 529Dougal G. McCulloch
Endoscopic Photography 532Andrew Paul Gardner
False-Color Photography 533David Malin
Fluorescence Photography 533David Malin
Contents V I I
Forensic Photography 535Gale Spring
Geological Photography 537Anthony H. Cooper
High-Speed Cinematography 539Peter W.W. Fuller
High-Speed Still Photography 544Peter W.W. Fuller
Hologram 550Sean Johnston
Holographic Interferometry 551Sean Johnston
Holography 551Sean Johnston
Hypersensitization 554David Malin
Image Manipulation: Science Fact orFiction 555David Malin
Infrared Photography 556Andy Finney
Kirilian Photography 562David Malin
Medical Diagnostic Imaging 563Donald McRobbie
Medical Photography 569Staffan Larsson and Jonas Brane
Military Photography 573John Sidoriak
Multispectral Imaging 575David Malin
Nature Photography 576Peter Eastaway
Night-Time and TwilightPhotography 577David Malin
Nuclear Track Recording 580David Malin
Ophthalmic Photography 580Christye P. S/sson
Photogrammetry 583Cliff Ogleby
Photomacrography and Close-UpPhotography 584Michael R. Peres and John G. Deify
Photomicrography 592Michael W. Davidson, Scott Olenych, andNathan Claxton
Police Photography 602Larry S. Miller
Pseudocolor 604David Malin
Remote Sensing 604Nicholas M. Short, David Malin, and DonaldL Light
Schlieren and ShadowgraphPhotography 610Phred Petersen
Scientific Visualization 612Masahiro Takatsuka
Space Photography 614Paul E. Lowman
Streak and Strip Photography 616Phred Petersen and Andrew Davidhazy
Technical Photography 620Ted Kinsman
Time-Lapse Photography 622David Malin
Underwater Photography 623Eric H. Cheng
Human Vision 627Krystel R. Huxlin
The Human Visual System 629Krystel R. Huxlin
20th Century Materials andProcess Essentials 637Scott Williams
Twentieth Century Materials andProcess Essentials 639Scott W/7//ams
Silver Halide Materials: GeneralEmulsion Properties 641Alan Hodgson
Black and White Films andPapers 649Mike Gristwood
The Chemistry of Developers and theDevelopment Processes 654Scott Williams
From Exposure to Print: The Essentialsof Solver-Halide Photography Requiredfor Long-Lasting, High QualityPrints 664Ralph W. Lambrecht
Color PhotographyJon A. Kapecki
692
Silver Dye-Bleach Photography 700Matthias Schellenberg, Ernst Riolo, andHartmut Blaue
Photographic Optics 711Terrance Kessler
Additional Lens Types 724Michael R. Peres
Some Other Filter Types 727Michael R. Peres
Perspective 728Les//e Stroebel
Photometry, Radiometry, andMeasurement 733Carl Salvaggio
Color Theory 742Mitchell R. Rosen
Color MeasurementDawd R. Wyble
747
Twentieth Century PhotographicLighting 753Jon Tarrant
The Camera Defined 770Bob Rose
The History of the Twentieth CenturyCamera 771Bob Rose, Todd Gustavson, andHiroshi Yano
Enlargers 788Bob Rose
Projection 803Bob Rose
Index 807