follow the ore

FOLLOW THE OREAnnisa SolihahHao LiangXin Su

Mineral Distribution

Weathering

Transp

orta

tion

Deposition and compaction

Metamorphism

Melting

pressure

Crystalization

Consolidation

Igneous rock (extrusive)

Pluton

Met

am

orp

hic

rock

Sed

imen

tary

roc

k

Ma

gm

aIg

neou

s ro

ck (in

trus

ive)

An ore is a type of rock

that contain material

include metal in such

quantities. Iit can be

mined and worked

commercially to extract

that metal. The metal is

usually contained in

chemical combination

with some other element

in addition to various

impuritie.

Rock Cycle

Super-heated magma inside the earth triggering formation of the rocks, and of course,

the mineral inside rocks. There are three basic transition that will distinguish type of

rocks; Transition to sedimentary, Metamorphic, and Igneous

Transition to igneous.

Magma, both from

earth’s mantel and from

melted rock will cooling

down below the surface,

then solidify into an

igneous rock. Magma

which comes out from

the earth, as known as

lava, at some point will

cooling down and turn to

solid rock.

Transition to metamorphic

Rock exposed to high

temperature and pressure

from igneous that heats

up. Metamorpich rock also

can be formed from

crystalization by the heat

of magma.

Transition to sedimentary

Sedimentary rock can

be formed from the

lithification (pressing and

compacting process) of

fragments of rock / grain /

organism.

Svalbard, by Surya Dharma

wikipedia

Ore

250 Ma

200 Ma

Triasic

Jurassic

CretaceousPaleogene

Neogene

Quaternary

MESO

ZO

IC

CEN

OZ

OIC

145.

5 M

a

65.5 Ma

55 Ma

35 M

a

23 M

a

2.5 Ma

Sedimentary rock formed (Quartz and Feldspar)

Prentice Hall, Inc 2003

Coal noticeableCalcium carbonate foundChalk mineral foundNotable in the context of offshore oil drilling

Ice caps in both poles began to growIce Age began, ended 20k years ago.

human existence

“Fut

ure”

Early earth

Tria

sic

Jura

ssic

Cre

tace

ous

Pale

ogen

eQ

uate

rnary

Classification of Rock

Sedimentary

ClasticConglomerate

BrecciaSandstone

SiltstoneMudstoneShale

Limestone

Coal

Gabbro

Basalt

Dolostone

Chert

Diorite

Andesite

Slate

Granodiorite

Dacite

Schist

Quartzite

Granite

Rhyolite

Gneiss

Marble

stone-network.com essentiallyeducation.co.uk

Evaporites

Chemical

Biologic

Intrusive

Extrusive

Foliated

Non-foliated

Igneous

Metamorphic

[email protected]

Convergent BoundaryDivergent Boundary Transform Boundary Volcanic centers active within the last one million years.

http://www.age-of-the-sage.org

North America plate

Eurasian plate

Indian-Australian plate

South America plate

Nazea plate

Pasific plate

Antartic plate

African plate

Cocosplate

Plates of the World

http://www.age-of-the-sage.org

Geology on Circumpolar Arctic

Mainly sedimentary rocks

Mixed volcanic, pyroclastic and sedimentary

Mainly volcanic rocks

Plutons

Intrusive and metamorphic terrains

Tectonic assemblages, schist belts, melanges

Ice

Unclassified

AluminumChromium

CoalCopper

GoldIron

LLeadLithium

ManganeseNickel

PlatinumREE

SilverTTin

TitaniumUranium

ZincZirconium

Ore Location

SOUTH AMERICAEarth Tectonic Plates

Earthquake Last100 Days

Holocene Volcanoes

Contiental Convergent BoundaryContiental Rift Boundary

Continental Transform FaultOceanic Convergent Boundary

Ocean Spreading RiftOcean Transform Fault

Subduction ZoneSubduction Zone

Earth Tectonic Plates


Holocene Volcanoes





Ore Location

AFRICA

AluminumChromium

CoalCopper

GoldIIron

LeadLithium

ManganeseNickel

PlatinumREE

SilSilverTin

TitaniumUranium

ZincZirconium

Ore Location



Holocene Volcanoes





ASIA

AluminumChromium

CoalCopper

GoldIIron

LeadLithium

ManganeseNickel

PlatinumREE

SilSilverTin

TitaniumUranium

ZincZirconium

Ore Location



Holocene Volcanoes





EUROPE

AluminumChromium

CoalCopper

GoldIIron

LeadLithium

ManganeseNickel

PlatinumREE

SilSilverTin

TitaniumUranium

ZincZirconium

Ore Location



Holocene Volcanoes





AluminumChromium

CoalCopper

GoldIron

LLeadLithium

ManganeseNickel

PlatinumREE

SilverTTin

TitaniumUranium

ZincZirconium

NORTH AMERICA

Ore Location



Holocene Volcanoes





OCEAN

AluminumChromium

CoalCopper

GoldIIron

LeadLithium

ManganeseNickel

PlatinumREE

SilSilverTin

TitaniumUranium

ZincZirconium

World Production

Source: British Geological Survey

-Fossil fuel-Industrial purposes

1941 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20008000000000

6000000000

4000000000

2000000000

0

Coal Coal, a fossil fuel, is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of car-bon dioxide releases. Gross carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage are slightly more than those from petroleum and about double the amount from natural gas. Coal is extracted from the ground by mining, either underground by shaft mining through the seams or in open pits.

World Total Production (2009)

6,938,000,000 ton

GERMANY

SOUTH AFRICA

INDONESIA

KAZAKHSTAN

CHINA

USA

POLAND

T1

3

6

9

2

5

8

4

7

10

CHINA

AUSTRALIA

INDONESIA

USA

RUSSIA

GERMANY

INDIA

SOUTH AFRICA

POLAND

KAZAKHSTAN

3,050,000,000

415,252,000

245,000,000

975,153,000

198,000,000

184,828,142

566,157,000

250,581,674

135,172,766

91,493,082

RUSSIA

INDIA

AUSTRALIA

Applications:

Top 10 producer of coal (2009)

World total production of coal (1941-2009)


1941 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

1200000000

1500000000

30000000

600000000

300000000

0

Fe It is the most common element (by mass) forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Iron’s very common presence in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production as a result of fusion in high-mass stars, where the production of nickel-56 (which decays to iron) is the last nuclear fusion reaction that is exothermic.


2,248,000,000 ton

CHINAIRAN

UKRAINE

AUSTRALIA

SOUTH AFRICA

INDIA

RUSSIA

BRAZIL

CANADA

USA

T1

3

6

9

2

5

8

4

7

10

CHINA

INDIA

SOUTH AFRICA

AUSTRALIA

RUSSIA

IRAN

BRAZIL

UKRAINE

CANADA

USA

880,171,400

213,370,900

55,313,053

394,069,000

92,000,000

38,200,000

327,000,000

66,452,000

31,699,000

26,000,000

-Transportation,-Packaging-Household-Electronic shell-Electrical transmission

Applications:

Top 10 producer of iron (2009)

World total production of iron (1941-2009)


1941 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200040000000

30000000

20000000

10000000

0

Al Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth’s crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth’s solid surface. Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite.


36,900,000 ton

CHINA

NORWAY

INDIA

RUSSIA

BRAZIL

AUSTRALIA

USA

CANADA

UAEBAGRAIN

T1

3

6

9

2

5

8

4

7

10

CHINA

AUSTRALIA

INDIA

RUSSIA

USA

NORWAY

CANADA

BRAZIL

UAE

BAHRAIN

12,846,000

1,943,000

1,302,100

3,815,000

1,727,200

1,090,000

3,030,269

1,535,900

1,009,800

850,000

- Transport manufacturing industry- Packaing- Water treatment- Construction- Cooking utensils- Electrical transmission lines_Electronics, CDs and transis-

Applications:

Top 10 producer of aluminium (2009)

World total production of aluminium (1941-2009)


1941 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

20000000

25000000

15000000

10000000

5000000

0

Ag Silver is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal. The metal occurs naturally in its pure, free form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.


22,236,000 ton

PERU

POLAND

CHILE

MEXICO

USA

RUSSIA

BOLIVIA

CHINA

CANADA

KAZAKHSTAN

T1

3

6

9

2

5

8

4

7

10

PERU

RUSSIA

USA

MEXICO

BOLIVIA

POLAND

CHINA

CHILE

CANADA

KAZAKHSTAN

3,854,019

1,400,000

1,238,800

3,553,841

1,325,730

1,150,000

2,900,000

1,301,018

630,897

618,100

- Precious metal- Electrical contacts and conduc-tors- Mirrors- Catalysis of chemical reactions- Photographic film

Applications:

Top 10 producer of silver (2009)

World total production of silver (1941-2009)


Cr Chromium is the 21st most abundant element in Earth’s crust with an average concentration of 100 ppm.[6] Chromium compounds are found in the environment, due to erosion of chromium-containing rocks and can be distributed by volcanic eruptions. Although rare, deposits of native chromium exist.


18,700,000 ton

SOUTH AFRICA

ALBANIA

RUSSIAFINLAND

BRAZIL

TURKEY

INDIA

KAZAKHSTAN

CHINA

T1

3

6

9

2

5

8

4

7

10

SOUTH AFRICA

TURKEY

RUSSIA

INDIA

OMAN

CHINA

KAZAKHSTAN

BRAZIL

ALBANIA

FINLAND

6,864,938

1,770,029

416,194

3,372,000

730,000

280,000

3,333,197

700,000

274,140

247,000

1941 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

20000000

25000000

15000000

10000000

50000000

OMAN

- Form stainless steel- Chrome planting- Dye and pigment- Wood preservative- Tanning- Refractory material- Catalysts

Applications:

Top 10 producer of chromium (2009)

World total production of chromium (1941-2009)


1941 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

12000000

15000000

9000000

6000000

3000000

0

Cu Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900. As with many natural resourc-es, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast. However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable, given present-day prices and technologies. Various estimates of existing copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate.


15,800,000 ton

CHILE

ZAMBIA

RUSSIA

PERU

AUSTRALIA

CHINA

INDONESIA

USA

CANADAPOLAND

T1

3

6

9

2

5

8

4

7

10

CHILE

CHINA

RUSSIA

PERU

INDONESIA

ZAMBIA

USA

AUSTRALIA

CANDA

POLAND

5,389,600

1,029,000

675,700

1,274,725

988,530

601,200

1,204,000

854,000

494,524

439,000

- Electronics and related devices- Archetecture and industry- Alloys- Antibiofouling application

Applications:

Top 10 producer of copper (2009)

World total production of copper (1941-2009)


Zn Zinc makes up about 75 ppm (0.0075%) of the Earth’s crust, making it the 24th most abundant element. The element is normally found in association with other base metals such as copper and lead in ores. Zinc is a chalcophile, meaning the element has a low affinity for oxides and prefers to bond with sulfides. Chalcophiles formed as the crust solidified under the reducing conditions of the early Earth’s atmosphere.


11,400,000 ton

CHINA

BOLIVIA

MEXICO

NAMIBIA

INDIA

USA

PERU

AUSTRALIA

KAZAKHSTAN

T1

3

6

9

2

5

8

4

7

10

CHINA

USA

MEXICO

PERU

CANADA

BOLIVIA

AUSTRALIA

INDIA

KAZAKHSTAN

NAMBIA

3,091,600

735,700

489,766

1,509,129

698,901

430,879

1,290,000

677,069

418,600

244,400

1941 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200012000000

9000000

6000000

3000000

0

CANADA

- Galvanizing- Brass and bronze- Alloys- Chemicals- Semi-manufactures- Miscellaneous

Applications:

Top 10 producer of zinc (2009)

World total production of zinc (1941-2009)


1941 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200040000000

30000000

20000000

10000000

0

Pb Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead does occur in nature, but it is rare. Lead is usually found in ore with zinc, silver and (most abundantly) copper, and is extracted together with these metals. The main lead mineral is galena (PbS), which contains 86.6 % lead by weight. Other common varieties are cerussite (PbCO3) and anglesite (PbSO4).


3,900,000 ton

CHINA

RUSSIA

INDIA

CANADA

AUSTRALIA

BOLIVIA

PERU

MEXICO

USA

T1

3

6

9

2

5

8

4

7

10

CHINA

PERU

INDIA

AUSTRALIA

MEXICO

RUSSIA

USA

BOLIVIA

SWEDEN

CANADA

1,610,000

302,142

84,025

506,000

143,838

78,000

405,800

84,538

69,293

68,763

- Building construction- Batteries- Alloys- Bullets and shots- Weights

Applications:

Top 10 producer of lead (2009)

World total production of lead (1941-2009)


1941 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

24000000

30000000

18000000

12000000

600000

0

Au Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. It is one of the least reactive solid chemical elements. The metal therefore occurs often in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, usually with tellurium.


2,460,000 ton

CHINA

CANADA

INDONESIA

USA

PERU

RUSSIA

SOUTH AFRICAAUSTRALIA

GHANA

UZBEKISTAN

T1

3

6

9

2

5

8

4

7

10

CHINA

RUSSIA

INDONESIA

USA

SOUTH AFRICA

CANADA

AUSTRALIA

PERU

GHANA

UZBEKISTAN

320,000

205,236

127,716

223,323

197,628

97,367

222,000

182,390

97,197

73,000

- Jewellery- Investment - Industrial uses- Dentistry and medicine- Catalyst and nanotechnology

Applications:

Top 10 producer of gold (2009)

World total production of gold (1941-2009)


Ni nickel is reactive with oxygen that native nickel is rare on Earth’s surface, being mostly confined to the interiors of larger nickel–iron meteorites that were protected from oxidation during their time in space. On Earth, such native nickel is always found in combination with iron, in keeping with those elements’ origin as major end products of the nucleosynthesis process in supernovas. An iron–nickel mixture is thought to compose Earth’s inner core.


1,412,000 ton

RUSSIA

BRAZIL

NEW CALEDONIA

SOUTH AFRICA

INDONESIA

COLOMBIA

PHILLIPINES

CANADA

AUSTRALIA

CUBA

T1

3

6

9

2

5

8

4

7

10

RUSSIA

PHILLIPINES

COLOMBIA

INDONESIA

CANADA

CUBA

AUSTRALIA

NEW CALEDONIA

BRAZIL

SOUTH AFRICA

261,900

137,350

72,000

202,800

136,594

67,000

166,000

92,570

65,000

34,610

1941 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20002000000

1500000

1000000

50000

0

-Electroplanting applications-Alloys-Household-Construction-Chemical and food-processing industries- Batteries, jewellery and electri-cal components

Applications:

Top 10 producer of nickel (2009)

World total production of nickel (1941-2009)


1941 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

400000

500000

600000

300000

200000

1000000

Pt Even though it has six naturally occurring isotopes, platinum is one of the rarest elements in the Earth’s crust and has an average abundance of approximately 5 μg/kg. It is the least reactive metal. It occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with some native deposits, mostly in South Africa, which accounts for 80% of the world production.


429,000 ton

SOUTH AFRICA

AUSTRALIA

COLOMBIA

USA

ZIBABWE

CANADA

RUSSIA

T1

3

6

2

5

4

7

SOUTH AFRICA

ZIBABWE

AUSTRALIA

USA

CANADA

RUSSIA

COLOMBIA

271,393

13,393

726

116,485

13,340

112,759

929

- Jewellery- Elecronics industry- Chemical industrial- Investment

Applications:

Top 10 producer of platinum (2009)

World total production of platinum (1941-2009)


Sn Tin is the 49th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, representing 2 ppm compared with 75 ppm for zinc, 50 ppm for copper, and 14 ppm for lead.Tin does not occur as the native element but must be extracted from various ores.


279,000 ton

CHINA

VIETNAM

CONGO

MALAYSIA

INDONESIABRAZIL

BOLIAVIA

AUSTRALIA

PERU

RWANDA

120000 150000

T1

3

6

9

2

5

8

4

7

10

CHINA

BOLIVIA

CONGO

INDONESIA

AUSTRALIA

VIETNAM

PERU

BRAZIL

RWANDA

MALAYSIA

128,000

19,581

9,400

46,078

13,269

5,400

37,530

10,000

3,154

2,412

1941 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

20000000

15000000

10000000

5000000

0

25000000

- Solder- Specialized alloys- Tin plating

Applications:

Top 10 producer of tin (2009)

World total production of tin (1941-2009)


REE Despite their name, rare earth elements are relatively plentiful in the Earth’s crust. However, because of their geochemical properties, rare earth elements are typi-cally dispersed and not often found in concentrated and economically exploitable forms. The few economically exploitable deposits are known as rare earth miner-als. It was the very scarcity of these minerals that led to the term “rare earth”.


123,190 ton

CHINA

MALAYSIA

RUSSIA

BRAZIL

T1

3

2

5

4

CHINA

MALAYSIA

RUSSIA

INDIA

BRAZIL

120,000

20

2,500

20

650

1941 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000150000

120000

90000

60000

30000

0

INDIA

- Consumer electronics- Environmental technologies- Military applications

Applications:

Top 10 producer of rare earth element (2009)

World total production of rare earth element (1941-2009)


U Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on earth and is always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium in the Earth’s mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics.


50,700 ton

KAZAKHSTAN

USA

NIGERIA

CHINA

UZBEKISTAN

NAMIBIA

CANADA

AUSTRALIA

UKRAINE

T1

3

6

9

2

5

8

4

7

10

KAZAKHSTAN

NAMIBIA

UZBEKISTAN

CANADA

RUSSIA

USA

AUSTRALIA

NIGERIA

UKRAINE

CHINA

14,020

4,626

2,429

10,173

3,564

1,453

7,982

3,243

840

750

1941 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200060000

45000

30000

15000

0

RUSSIA

- Production of electricity in nuclear power stations- Propulusion of ships- Research- Desalination- Military ordnance

Applications:

Top 10 producer of uranium (2009)

World total production of uranium (1941-2009)


Pb

Sn

Al Ni

Fe

Zn

Coal

U

Au

REE

Ag

Cr

Cu

Pt

10,000,000,000

8,000,000,000

6,000,000,000

4,000,000,000

2,000,000,000

0

120,000,000

100,000,000

80,000,000

60,000,000

40,000,000

20,000,0000

Distribution of 14 Minerals

World total production of 14 minerals (1941-2009) World total production of the “others” minerals (1941-2009)

Coal

Iron Others

Pb

Sn

Al Ni

Fe

Zn

Coal

U

Au

REE

Ag

Cr

Cu

Pt

1990 19981991

The Gulf War

September 11, 2001 at-

tacks

Iraq War

The Euro-pean Union was formally established

The forma-tion of World Trade Organ-

ization

Dissolution of the Soviet

Union

Indian Ocean Earthquake

global finan-cial crisis

19991992 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

2001 2003 2005 2007 200919931994

19951996

1997

Growth Rate of Minerals (1990-2009)

follow the ore

Documents

melted rock

sedimentarysedimentary

solid rock

metamorpich rock

rock grain organism

rock cyclesuperheated

type of rocks transition

basic transition