fónai mihály: the social situation and the health status of the hungarian and vlach gypsy...
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Fónai Mihály: The Social Situation and the Health Status
of the Hungarian and Vlach Gypsy Population in Tiszavasvári
Crisis – Reform – Changeand book launch
15. November, 2012Debrecen
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Researches approaches and classification questions
• „Who are the Gypsies/ Romas?”• The cultural approach and the identity of
ethnic groups: „Gypsies or Romas are who they think they are”; the inner definition
• The structural approach: „Gypsies or Romas are who are the writer or speaker thinks they are”; the exterior definition
• Differences among definitions and classifications
• One difficult question: „which is the correct approach”?
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Gypsy, and/or Roma?• The using of ethnic group names depends on inner or exterior
definition• The inner definitions and names:
- from „ROM” (men): romničal, romničel; kalo, kale, manuš or sinti (fellow-traveller, akin, relatives)- „roma”: is plural of „rom” words
The exterior definitions and names:-from ατσινγανος „atsinganos” (untouchable, impalpable): cigani (South Slavian), ţiganilor (Romanian), cikáni (Bohemian), tsiganes (French), zingari (Italian), zigeuner (German), zigenaren (Swedish), ciganos (Portuguesen), zincali (Spanish) - from Egyptian: evgjit, jevg (Albanian), ejiftos, giftoi (Greek), gipćan, gupćan, egjupci (South Slavian), gitans (French), gitanos (Spanish), gipsy, gyps (Enghlis)- other names: bohémiens, ungarós , tattare, manne, mustalainen, mustilainen, kaale
The using of names of Gypsy or Roma: there is not convention –it depends on political and cultural conditions
Roma migration in Europe(Wikipedia)
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Roma population in Europe
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Roma population in European countries
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Roma in Hungary(Wikipedia)
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Gypsy ethnic groups by mother tongue in Hungary
1971 1993
Hungarian 71 % 89,5 %
Gypsy 21,2 % 4,4 %
Beás (old-romaniandialect)
7,6 % 5,5 %
• Gypsy ethnic groups in Hungary:– „Hungarian roma”, in vlach (lovari gypsy, roma)
language: „romungro”– Vlach gypsy, „oláhcigány”, in vlach (roma)
language: „Roma”– „Beás” gypsy, boyas (it is oldromanian name)
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Tiszavasvári – the town
• This small city, Tiszavasvári is located in the north-east region of Hungary, with a population of 12,800.
• The city is in the poorest part of Hungary, where unemployment is high, incomes are low and the rate of the Roma population is high.
• This region is traditionally an agricultural area. Since the political change in 1990, (the failure of the state-socialist system), Hungarian agriculture and those in the county who worked in connection with agriculture have been in permanent crisis.
• During socialism Tiszavasvári was one of the important cities of pharmacology. The Alkaloida Chemical Factory was founded in the 1920s and it was one of the centers of morphine production. The factory located in the underdeveloped agricultural was a significant employer of low wage unskilled labor.
• The factory was privatized in 1996, and until 2006 it was ICN Pharma, a plant of the International Chemical Nuclear Pharmaceuticals Inc.
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Roma population in Tiszavasvári• There are two groups of Roma communities in the
city: the Vlach Gypsies (vlach gypsies who speak the Lovari Roma language and identify by the name Roma; the Hungarian name of this ethnic group is Olah Gypsies) and the Hungarian Gypsies, who in the Lovari Roma language are called „Romungros”. This latter group traditionally called themselves „musician” Gypsies.
• The results of an overall research project by Lengyel Gabriella (Lengyel, 2004) identified that 2,008 Gypsies live in Tiszavasvári.
• Two thirds of them are Vlach Gypsies, that is Roma, and one third are Hungarian Gypsies, Romungro.
• In this research the term „Gypsy” will be used typically and the other names will be used when comparing the situation of the two Gypsy groups.
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Group self-classification
Group Frequency Percent
Hungarian Gypsy, Romungro 121 42.6
Vlach Gypsy, Roma 148 52.1
Does not know 4 1.4
Did not reply 11 3.9
Total 284 100.0
• Two primary methods were used to classify the ethnic groups of Gypsies, self- classification by the Gypsies themselves
• and the views of those experts who are in daily connection with the Roma/Gypsies. The interviewers judged that the respondents were not Roma in nine cases (3.2%), and in five cases (1.8 %) they were uncertain regarding the ethnic classification. Thus 95.1 % of the visited households on the base of the interviewers’ classification were Gypsy households
• There was no difference between the external classification by the interviewers and self-classification by the Gypsies
• The Vlach Gypsy community (lovari) are bilingual, their mother tongue is Gypsy but they speak in Hungarian as well.
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The distribution of the household members according to age groups
(percent)
Tiszavasvári, 2005. all
household members)*
The county’s Roma population
2000.*
County altogether,
2001.**
Children(0 – 14 )
46.4 40.3 20.6
Young adults(15 – 39 years)
37.5 41.7 35.8
Older adults(40 – 59 years)
13.8 14.4 26.0
Old(60 – X years)
2.2 3.5 17.6
Total 100 100 100
Source: own survey(*) and census(**)
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The distribution of the household members according to school
educationRoma
households Tiszavasvári,
2005.*
The Roma population of
the county 2001.**
Total2001.**
Non-completed elementary school
62.2 58.1 25.3
Completed elementary school
33.3 36.0 28.2
Vocational school
2.6 5.3 22.5
Secondary technical, grammar school
1.6 0.5 16.1
College, university
0.3 0.1 7.9
Together 100 100 100
*: with Children**: Census 2001, seven-year old and older population
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The distribution of the household members according to economic
activity (percent)
Roma households,
Tiszavasvári, 2005.*
County total, Gypsy population, 2001.**
County total, Hungarian
population 2001.**
Employed 8.6 4.5 28.0
Unemployed 13.1 11.4 5.9
Inactive earners 16.9 28.7 35.7
Dependents 61.3 55.4 30.5
Source: own survey(*) and the county data of the 2001 census(**)
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What education would you like to have (percent)
All respondents Hungarian Gypsies Vlach Gypsies
Elementary school
8.5 12.4 5.4
Vocational school
16.2 19.0 14.2
Final exam of secondary school
9.5 13.2 6.8
Higher education
4.9 7.4 2.7
Source: Own survey
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What education would you like for your children to have (percent)
All respondents
Hungarian Gypsies
Vlach Gypsies
Elementary school 35.9 23.1 45.9
Vocational 38.4 36.4 39.9
Secondary school final exam
36.6 38.8 35.1
Higher education 28.9 33.9 24.3
Source: Own survey
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0
5
10
15
2015,8
11,3
63,9
0,7
The most frequent form of dropping out (percentage)
Repeated a school year Dropped outTheir legal relationship ceased They had learning difficulties
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Reasons for dropping out (percent)
All respondents Hungarian Gypsies
Vlach Gypsies
They did not have money for clothes 12.7 2.5 20.4
They could not afford school supplies 12.0 2.5 19.0
They had to work 6.7 4.1 8.8
They did not feel like going to school 6.3 4.1 8.2
The teachers ”picked” on them (purposely asked hard questions)
5.3 2.5 6.8
Other teachers set them apart(ostracized)
4.2 1.7 6.1
Became pregnant, became a father, a mother
3.5 2.5 4.1
Started a family 3.2 1.7 4.1
Source: Own survey
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Occurence of income types in households (percent)
All Roma households
Hungarian Gypsies
Vlach Gypsies
Family Allowance 71.8 65.8 79.7
Child care, maternity allowance 51.8 40.8 60.8
Regular social support 41.5 33.3 48.6
Employee income 25.7 41.2 13.5
Pension 11.6 15.8 6.8
Disability pension 11.3 13.3 10.1
Unemployment benefit 8.8 6.7 10.8
Educational assistance 8.8 16.7 3.4
Casual work 6.0 10.0 2.7
Community work 2.8 3.3 2.7
Public Health care 1.8 0.8 2.7
Retraining 0.7 1.7 0.0
Orphan care 0.7 0.8 0.7
Nursing fee 0.4 0.8 0.0
Temporary social allowance 0.4 0.8 0.0
Support for seriously disabled 0.4 0.0 0.7
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What diseases, complaints of were
treated during the past three years • „Civilization diseases”, high blood pressure and motion
diseases – in both of their underlying way of life and their living conditions can be found. For high blood pressure the possibilities of prevention, for example, are low due to the „strict limits” of poverty.
• The high rate of the cardiovascular diseases partly corresponds to the national trends, but the influence from their way of living and living conditions is possible here too.
• Asthma, respiratory diseases and allergy are health problems where the living conditions of the Gypsy population are important. The rate of these diseases and complaints show that these types of illinesses are significantly affected by living conditions and their way of life.
• The cause of the high occurrence of neurological and mental problems can be from permanent stress which is a result of different forms of deprivation and poverty.
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The judgement of the standard of services and treatment (on a five-
point scale)
How would you grade the professional standard of
service?
How would you grade treatment?
Tiszavasvári 2004., County Roma
research
Tiszavasvári 2004., County Roma
research
Adult GP care 4.33 3.62 4.33 3.50
Children’s GP care 4.07 3.26 4.11 3.17
Dental care 3.94 3.17 3.89 3.11
Duty 2.24 2.94 2.25 2.87
Some kind of medical care
2.99 2.94 2.98 2.89
School medical care 3.32 2.84 3.32 2.78
Health visitor care 4.31 3.42 4.27 3.31
In patient care 3.65 3.25 3.59 3.19
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Mental status: how much do the following things characterize you
Absolutely not
typical
Hardly typical
Typical Completely typical
I lost my interest in other people
63.7 19.4 9.9 7.0
I cannot decide in anything any more
53.5 28.9 1.3 6.3
I wake up many hours earlier than usual and I cannot go back to sleep
37.7 31.3 2.5 9.5
I am too tired to do anything
42.6 28.5 1.3 1.,6
I worry so much about physical and mental symptoms that I cannot think about anything else
49.6 25.7 1.1 9.5
I am not able to do any work
57.4 21.8 1.9 9.2
I see my future is hopeless and my situation will not change
35.9 18.3 2.8 2.,0
I dissatisfied and indifferent with everything
35.9 18.3 2.8 2.,0
I always blame myself 56.7 23.2 12.3 7.7
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The distribution of the depression-symptoms according to their
seriousness
Gypsy men Tiszavasvári
Gypsy women Tiszavasvári
National sample
Normal (0 – 9) 20.8 12.3 75.7
Slight symptoms (10 – 18)
53.1 53.5 16.8
Moderately serious symptoms(19 –25)
10.4 17.1 4.6
Seriously depressive symptoms (26 or over)
15.6 17.1 2.9
Source: Kopp and co 1996, own survey
