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Expert Group Meeting,

New Delhi

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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Kathmandu, Nepal

Progressive Control Pathway for

control of foot and mouth disease

(PCP-FMD) in South Asia

Mohinder Oberoi

FAO Sub Regional ECTAD and Regional Support Unit

Kathmandu, Nepal 1



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Kathmandu, Nepal

Rationale to embark on PCP-FMD

Increased production capacity of livestock is

impeded by constant threat of FMD and other

TADs

Intensive animal production in urban and peri-

urban areas is increasingly being practiced to meet

the increasing urban population

Progressive control of priority TADs including

FMD is a prerequisite to meet future demand

2



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Kathmandu, Nepal

Estimated economic losses due to FMD

India

Direct losses estimated to be more than Rs. 20,000 crore (4.45

Billion USD) per year

Losses due to Trade barrier could be much more as milk and milk

products, meat and hide are not accepted by countries free from

the disease

Bangladesh

Estimated loss 500 crore Taka (≈60 m USD)

Bhutan

Around 20% of the budget for drugs and vaccine is spent on FMD

vaccine, apart from other expenses of vaccination and response

activities

Nepal

Roughly estimated economic loss of USD 66 m 3



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Kathmandu, Nepal

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What is common in South Asia



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Kathmandu, Nepal

Background

All the countries in the SAARC region fall in the low-income

category

Over 80% of the poor are associated with agriculture

production derived from predominantly a mixed crop-

livestock farming system

Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) such as foot and

mouth disease (FMD), peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and

highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) are collectively

responsible for jeopardising food security, trade and market

opportunities in South Asia

These diseases also have the greatest negative impact on the

livelihoods of the smallholder livestock farmers 5



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Kathmandu, Nepal

Species Type India

Bangla

desh Pakistan Nepal Bhutan Sri Lanka Afghanistan Total

Buffalo

Dairy 100 1 20 3 0.1 0.63 131.53

Meat

1

5

0.8

Cattle

Dairy 185 22 23 7 0.34 1.1 240.44

Meat 2

Sheep

Meat 58 6 37 3.5 0.25 0.5 105.25

Wool

Goat

Meat 120 30 40 4 0.25 194.25

Dairy

Pigs

Meat 13 0.15 0.95 0.41 0.67 15.18

Wild

Camels

Draught

Milk

Yaks

Milk

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FMD at risk population (Numbers in millions)



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Kathmandu, Nepal

1

2 3

5

4

6

7

Common FMD virus gene pool-2

7



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Kathmandu, Nepal

O- Ind2001d

A- Iran-05 AFG-07

O- Ind2001

O- Ind2001

O- Pan Asia 2

O-India2001

O-Pan Asia1 & 2 Branch C-II

A-VII non deletion & VP3 59

deletion

Asia 1- Lineage C

The FMD virus serotypes detected in 2010

Prepared by Regional Epidemiology Centre from WRL and PD-FMD reports 8

O- Pan Asia 2 ANT-10



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Kathmandu, Nepal

FMDV types detected in 2010 Serotype O

Country Topotype Lineage sublineage

Bangladesh, Bhutan

Nepal

ME-SA Ind2001 lineage

Ind2001d lineage for Nepal

India

ME-SA Ind2001 lineage, some Pan Asia1 and Branch C-

II

Afghanistan, Pakistan ME-SA Pan Asia 2 ANT-10

Srilanka ME-SA Pan Asia 2

Serotype A

Country Topotype Lineage

India genotype VII non deletion and VP359 deletion

Afghanistan, Pakistan Asia Iran-05AFG-07

Serotype Asia 1

Country Topotype Lineage

India lineage C

Source: OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report, 2010 9



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Kathmandu, Nepal

The FMD virus serotypes in North-East India and

neighbouring countries in 2010

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Kathmandu, Nepal

Possibility of a common Vaccine across South Asia

Source: OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report, 2010

Serotype Internationally available Locally produced (in India)

O O1 Manisa IND R2/75*

A A Iran 05, A22 Iraq IND 40/2000*, Turkey 1/2006 (A Iran 05 lineage)

Asia 1 Shamir IND 63/72*

* Trivalent vaccine comprising the three strains is nationally mandated and produced in

India

Vaccine matching studies indicate the vaccine strains that may be suitable

for use in the region include

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Kathmandu, Nepal

Initiatives for Regional Coordination in the

control of FMD

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Kathmandu, Nepal

Regional coordination

The need for regional road maps for

better management of TADs was

discussed at SAARC CVOs meeting

in 2008

A high level meeting of the SAARC

member countries held in January

2011 in Bangkok, Thailand also

agreed to move forward with

developing regional road maps for

disease control

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Kathmandu, Nepal

SAARC Regional Leading Diagnostic Laboratory has been identified at PD-FMD, Mukteswar, India

Consultation for establishing a network of Regional Leading Diagnostic Laboratories in South Asia was held in 2011

Workshops to discuss the foot and mouth disease-progressive control pathway (PCP-FMD) were held in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka to identify future needs, movement control and surveillance, and vaccine availability and field experiences

• Foot and Mouth Disease Laboratory Trainings held with a view of harmonization of diagnostic protocols and diagnostic reagents and strengthen laboratory networks

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Regional Leading Diagnostic Laboratory



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Kathmandu, Nepal

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Support to member States



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Kathmandu, Nepal

• The Regional Support Unit/Regional

Epidemiology Centre, FAO Nepal

assisted Government of Bangladesh to

review the FMD situation and discuss

the modalities of developing PCP

strategy in June 2011

– Draft document has been

compiled

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Bangladesh



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Kathmandu, Nepal

• A laboratory expert from Regional Leading Diagnostic Laboratory on

FMD was fielded to Bhutan in November 2011

• To assess the laboratory capacity in Bhutan in terms of FMD

diagnosis especially the use of ELISAs and setting up of

conventional PCR facilities for FMD diagnosis

• To advise on the laboratory improvements and techniques

for epidemiological analysis relating to major disease control

• To provide laboratory bench training for the staff involved in

FMD diagnosis using ELISA (LPBE, NSP) and PCR

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Bhutan



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Kathmandu, Nepal

Laboratory training on foot and mouth disease

Two rounds of Laboratory training on foot

and mouth disease diagnosis was conducted

at SAARC Regional Leading Diagnostic

Laboratory on foot and mouth disease,

Mukteswar, India

•The following materials were provided

• Manual of techniques provided to

participants

• Kits for Typing ELISA reagent for

testing 500 clinical samples.

• LPB ELISA reagent for testing

3000 serum samples

• DIVA ELISA reagent for testing

900 serum samples

• Coating capsule and OPD substrate

buffer tablets

• ELISA Plate

• Finntip and Finnpipette Stepper

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Kathmandu, Nepal

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Laboratory Directors meet and agree for proficiency

testing

In a workshop, roles and responsibilities of the Regional Leading

Diagnostic Laboratories were discussed and agreed among laboratories

with regards to capacity building, quality management to ensure

compliance to international standards

The Leading Laboratories, in addition to providing confirmatory

diagnostic facility, are expected to form and coordinate a network of

national diagnostic laboratories. The networking activities that will also

include proficiency testing programs will be supported by the

international OIE and FAO reference laboratories like World

Reference Laboratory, Pirbright, Australian Animal Health Laboratory,

Geelong, Australia and High Security Animal Disease Laboratory,

Bhopal, India.



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Kathmandu, Nepal

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Outcomes of SAARC Regional Workshop held in

November 2011 to take stock of the situation

Where we are with PCP-FMD

2012-2020



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Kathmandu, Nepal

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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Plan to study epidemiology and

impact

1. Value chain analysis

2. FMD distribution & hypothesis

3. Socio-economic impact

4. Circulating strains

5. Strengthening Veterinary

Services

6. Commitment to regional

approach

7. Identification of "Hotspots"

8. Strategic FMD control plan

Overview of achievements of

minimum requirements for

PCP-FMD Stage 1, in 2011

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Plan to study epidemiology

and impact

1. Value chain analysis

2. FMD distribution &

hypothesis

3. Socio-economic impact

4. Circulating strains

5. Strengthening Veterinary

Services

7. Identification of "Hotspots"

8. Strategic FMD control plan

Sri Lanka

Pakistan

Nepal

Bhutan

Bangladesh

Overview of recommended

achievements for PCP-FMD

Stage 1, in 2011



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Kathmandu, Nepal

PCP-FMD status in SAARC countries-2011-2020

* Afghanistan and Pakistan are participating in the West Eurasia roadmap

22

Country 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Afghanistan* 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4

Bangladesh 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3

Bhutan 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3

India 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4

Nepal 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3

Pakistan* 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3

Sri Lanka 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5



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Kathmandu, Nepal

2012 2013

2014 2015

PCP-FMD Stages

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Kathmandu, Nepal

2017-2018

2019

2016

2020

PCP-FMD Stages

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Kathmandu, Nepal

In the SAARC region India has the most advanced plans for

embarking on FMD control

Other countries are committed towards the same goal and are

at different stages of progressive control pathway (PCP)

Afghanistan and Pakistan already have linkages with Eurasian

programme

However there is increasing need for regional cooperation for

Epidemiology, Surveillance and early warning system

Regulatory policies and plans for diagnosis and control

Awareness programmes 25

Overall main observations



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Kathmandu, Nepal

Conclusions and recommendations

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1. Countries continue to use the PCP-FMD principles and tools for

planning, implementation and assessment of their national FMD

control strategy

2. Countries adhere to the regional roadmap developed during the

workshop, by meeting yearly and presenting progress (and setbacks) on

FMD control to the regional forum

3. To establish a SAARC FMD-working group (FMD-WG) with the

objective to safeguard a consistent approach for regional FMD control

and to monitor regional progress of FMD control.

4. Regional workshops are organized to address issues such as

biosecurity, risk communication, rapid response at borders, animal

movement management and quarantine, trace back and forward.



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5. There is need to start by having a coherent FMD control strategy

6. Government is at all times responsible for the quality of the vaccine used for

FMD control

7. While moving up in PCP-FMD Stage 1, countries may consider preparing

financially for Stage 2. This is necessary to guarantee that governmental

budget plans accommodate for the implementation of multi-annual FMD

control

8. Strategic plans need to include budget lines and planning matrices to garner

donor support

9. The RLDL (Mukteswar – India) Strengthens the diagnostic capacity of

national laboratories through:

9.1. schemes of proficiency testing

9.2. training on the production of diagnostic reagents

9.3. training on vaccine matching and post-vaccination

surveillance studies



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10. Surveillance systems need to be harmonized by:

10.1. developing minimum requirements for disease outbreak

investigation protocols

10.2. defining the minimum requirements for sero-surveillance design

and implementation

10.3. training on these issues could be provided through a FETPV

curriculum.

11. To regulate cross-border animal movements the Countries need to start by

having animal movement regulations for their own country in place to

minimize the spread of FMD within country and to have leverage for

discussing animal movements with neighbouring countries

12. To promote awareness and advocacy the Technical departments should

engage in creating public awareness with the general public as well as

advocacy with policy makers



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