food security in_india
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The Right to Food in India
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The Food Security Scenario in South Asia
Country Food
Production Food Exports Food Imports Food Balance
Bangladesh 26,924 1.6 2,827 -4,601
India 1,74,655 9,490 56 23,826
Nepal 5,839 11 39 57
Pakistan 24,936 2,966 288 3,818
Sri Lanka 1,938 9.8 1,307 252
Source: FAO, 2004. Figures in thousand metric tones for 2002
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Some Indicators for Child Wellbeing and malnutrition in South Asia
Bangla-desh
India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka
Immunization(% of children under 3 years who have not
received the stated vaccine)BCGDTP3MCVPol3
5152315
27364430
15202720
20353335
1343
Child undernutrition(% of children with the stated condition)
UnderweightStuntingWasting
484313
464616
485110
383713
291414
Infant and child mortality(per 1,000 live births)
Infant mortality rate
Under-five mortality rate
56
77
62
85
59
76
80
101
12
14
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India’s Annual Growth Rate
Year GDP Per capita income
1951-79 3.6 1.3
1980-91 5.6 3.5
1992-06 6.5 4.7
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Population, GDP and Foodgrain Production
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2006
Population
GDP
FoodgrainProduction
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Growth of GDP in India
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
annual increase 5.1 6.2 7.0 7.3 7.5 5.1 6.5 6.1 4.4 5.6 4.4 8.5 7.5 8.4
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
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Worrying issues• News of starvation deaths & farmers’ suicides from
many states• Stagnant agricultural production, and falling food
availability• Unemployment has increased from 4 to 8% in ten
years• Regional disparities are increasing • IMR stagnating around 60 per 1000, it is 46 in
Bangladesh• Immunisation coverage fell from 60 to 40% in 5 yrs• More than 50% women are anemic• 46% children are malnourished • Declining child sex ratio during 1991-2001 • There is no will to improve administration in poor
states
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Index number of Agricultural Production
Index annual rate of growth
1981-82 100
4.4%
1990-91 148
2.8%
1996-97 176
0.2%
2004-05 179
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165
175
185
195
205
215
Foodgrain Production (million tonnes)
Series1 199.4 192.3 203.6 209.8 196.8 211.9 174.2 210.8
1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Foodgrain exports in million tonnes
Total exports 4.685 12.385 10.308 0.753 28.131
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Total
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% of Work Force dependent on Agriculture
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Percentage below poverty line
1973 56
1987 39
1994 35
1999 26?
2004 28
Poverty
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n u m b er o f p o o r p eo p le in m illio n s
2 4 7 2 3 9 2 3 42 0 1
2 3 6
5 3 6 5 7 0
6 7
7 8
0
3 5 0
1 9 7 1 1 9 8 1 1 9 9 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 6
Urb a n
Ru ra l
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Social groups 1993-94 1999-2000
Percentage Share in Percentage Share in
Total Rural Population
Below Poverty
Line
Total Rural Population
Below Poverty
Line
Scheduled tribes
10.8 48.8 10.5 48.0
Scheduled castes
21.1 45.7 20.4 38.4
Others 68.1 28.3 69.1 23.2
All households 100.0 34.2 100.0 28.9
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There should be no food insecurity in India
Both GDP and foodgrain production have risen faster than the growth in population over the last 50 years
And yet chronic hunger and starvation persist in large
sections of the population. There has been a declining calorie consumption especially in the bottom 30% of the population.
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Net availability of foodgrains per capita per day in gms
400
420
440
460
480
500
1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
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Source: Report of Committee on Long Term Grain Policy, 2002
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India has the largest food schemes in the World
• Entitlement Feeding Programmes– ICDS (All Children under six, Pregnant and lactating mother)– MDMS (All Primary School children)
• Food Subsidy Programmes– Targeted Public Distribution System (35 kgs/ month of subsidised food grains – Annapurna (10 kgs of free food grain for destitute poor)
• Employment Programmes– National Rural Employment Scheme (100 days of employment at minimum
wages)
• Social Safety Net Programmes– National Old Age Pension Scheme (Monthly pension to BPL)– National Family Benefit Scheme (Compensation in case of death of bread winner
to BPL families)
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The Right to Food Case
• PUCL petition on hunger in Rajasthan in the Supreme Court in 2001
• Emergence of the Right to Food Campaign• Key Issues:
– Making the Right to Food a Fundamental Right– Converting all existing schemes into entitlements– Tackling large scale malnutrition and chronic hunger– Securing employment as a fundamental right linked to the Right
to Food
• Longest continuing mandamus on the Right to Food in the World– 51 Interim Orders so far; more than 500 affidavits; nearly 70
Interim Applications
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Highlights of Supreme Court Orders on the Right to Food
• Converted all food and employment schemes into legal entitlements
• Universalised food entitlement programmes for children (ICDS for children under six and Mid Day Meal Scheme for all primary school children)
• Instituted the independent mechanism of Commissioners to the Supreme Court to monitor all food and employment programmes
• Prevented the reduction of the “poverty line” from 36% to 26%
• Hauled up Government periodically by serving notice of contempt of court on senior most Government functionaries (Chief Secretaries)
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Office of the Commissioners to the Supreme Court (Writ 196/ 2001)• Appointed by the Supreme Court to monitor all
food schemes in the Country• Mandate extends to:
– Entitlement Feeding Programmes• MDMS, ICDS
– Employment Programmes• NREGS, SGRY I & II, NFFWP, RSVY
– Food Subsidy Programme• TPDS, Antodaya Anna Yojana (AAY), Annapurna Yojana
– Social Security Programmes• Pensions (NOAPS, NMBS, NFBS)
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How does the Office of the Commissioners function?
• Honorary positions; work supported by funds mandated by the Supreme Court
• Works through a secretariat (Delhi) and a network of Advisers across India
• Make policy recommendations through:– Rigorous participatory research– Articulating alternative demands of State policy– Participating in policy bodies such as Planning
Commission Steering Groups
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How does the Office of the Commissioners function? (cont’d.)
• Monitors programmes– Through analysis of macro-data– Addressing complaints at the micro-level
• Holds the State accountable by:– Regular engagement with the GoI and State
Governments– Joint Commission of Enquiries– Regular reports on non-compliance to the
Supreme Court
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Impact so far
• Universalisation of MDMS (120 million children get school meals) and ICDS (Government would need to double the ICDS centres to 1.4 million centres covering 60 million children under the age of six)
• Managed to restrict the lowering of BPL quotas by GoI from 36% to 26%
• Increase in off-take of subsidised food-grains through the targeted public distribution system
• Increased budgetary allocation for ICDS, Old Age Pensions (3 times the amount)
• Passage of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act which guarantees 100 days of employment a year (at minimum wages)
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Impact so far (cont’d.)
• Provided Civil Society an anchor to engage/ confront the State and created spaces for civil society to engage in food/ employment programmes
• Brought the discourse on food rights to the centre-stage of governance in the States and GoI
• Has been largely effective in provision of gratuitous relief (Tea Garden Workers in West Bengal).
• Created the environment for the passage of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
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Off-take of BPL/ AAY Food Grains
• Figure 3.1: Percentage off-take of BPL/AAY food grains from 2001-02 to 2004-05
81.9%
73.7%
64.2%59.2%
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Perc
en
tag
e o
ffta
ke
Source: Various issues of Monthly food grain bulletin, Department of food and public distribution, GoI
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Some Challenges that we face
• Attempting reforms in an era of overall weakening governance and state commitment to social sectors
• Has powers (including filing contempt charges against Chief Secretaries) which are best used by not being exercised
• Operates in the domain of judicial activism• Challenge of individual redressal versus
systemic policy engagement• Has proved to be marginally effective in harder
areas of governance reforms