food security-programme and policies

8/3/2019 Food Security-programme and policies

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DR.AJIT SHEWALE


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Direct interventions-Entitlement Feeding Programmes

ICDS (All Children under six, Pregnant and lactating mother)MDMS (All Primary School children)Balwadi nutrition programmeSpecial nutrition programmeprophylaxis against nutritional anaemia

Food Subsidy ProgrammesTargeted Public Distribution System

Annapurna Yojna , Antodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)

Indirect interventions-Social Safety Net Programmes

National Old Age Pension Scheme (Monthly pension to BPL)1995

National Family Benefit Scheme (Compensation in case of death of breadwinner to BPL families)1995

Employment ProgrammesNational Rural Employment Scheme (100 days of employment at minimum wages)SGRY I & II, NFFWP,


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WELFARE SCHEMESFood Corporation of India is also issuing food grainsunder various schemes of the Govt. of India:

Mid-Day-Meal

Nutrition Programme

SC/ST/OBC Hostels & Welfare Institutions

Annapurna

Sampoorn Gramin Rozgar Yojna (SGRY) National Food for Work Programme

Scheme for Adolescent Girls, Pregnant & LactatingMothers and World Food Programme (WFP)


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Mid-day-meal(national programme ofnutrition support to primary education)

Introduced by GOI w.e.f. 15th August, 1995.

The Scheme covers students (Class I-V) in the GovernmentPrimary Schools / Primary Schools aided by Govt. and the

Primary Schools run by local bodies. Food grains (wheat and rice) are supplied free of cost @ 100

gram per child per school daywhere cooked/processed hotmeal is being served with a Minimum content of 300

calories and 8-12 gms of protein each day of school for aminimum of 200 days

3 kgs per student per month for 9-11 months in a year, wherefoodgrains are distributed in raw form. In drought affectedareas the mid day meal is distributed in summer vacationsalso.


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Food Corporation of India (FCI) releases food grains to States/UTs atBPL rates as per allocation made by Department of ElementaryEducation and Literacy.

From October 2007 the scheme has further extended upto middle

standard (VIth to VIIIth). Under this Scheme, every child is entitledto 150 gms. of foodgrains per school day.


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Wheat based nutrition programme 1986

Govt. of India , Dept. of Child and Women Developmenthas introduced a scheme namely Nutrition Programme forthe development of children below the age of 6 years,

pregnant woman and nursing/lactating mothers. A centrally sponsored programme was introduced in 1986

but now transferred to the State Sector. This programmefollow the norms of SNP or of the nutrition component of

the ICDS. Central Assistance for the programme consist ofsupply of free wheat and supportive costs for otheringredients, cooking, transport etc.

Food grain is being released to State Govts. on prepaymentbasis under this scheme at BPL rates w.e.f. 1.11.2000.


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SC/ST/OBC hostels & welfare institutions

The Ministry of CAF & PD and the Ministry ofSocial Justice & Empowerment

Hostels - eligible to draw 15 Kgs. foodgrains perresident per month.

GOI decided that from 2.11.2000 foodgrains(wheat/rice) will also be allotted to the State

Governments at the rate of5 Kg per head per monthfor indigent people living in Welfare Institutions,such as, Beggar Homes, Homes for Nari Niketan etc.

Foodgrains are supplied by FCI at BPL rates.


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Sampoorn gramin rozgar yojna (SGRY)


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Sampoorn gramin rozgar yojna (sgry)

These programme has been formed after merging EAS

and JGSY(meant for additional employment and needbased rural infrastructure respectively)in 2001The expenditure of the scheme will be shared by theCentre and State in the ratio of 87.5:12.5 .However the

Cash component is shared between centre and state inthe ratio of 75:25

.


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Food grains are also allotted under Special Componentof SGRY to drought / flood affected areas.

Wheat and rice issued free of cost to the States/UTsand subsequently bills are raised at Economic Costwith the Ministry of Rural Development

About 100 crore mandays of work are envised to be

gernerated in rural areas through SGRY


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National food for work programme

A need for the new programme was felt because theexisting resources in the SGRY were not sufficient tomeet the requirement of additional wage employment in

most backward districts Prime Minister of India has launched NFFWP in

identified 150 most backward districts of the countryduring the month of November 2004.

The labour is engaged for development works and then apart of their wages is given as food grains.

Food grains are issued free of cost to the States/UTs andbills are subsequently raised with MORD at BPL rates.


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FUNDING PATTERN

The programme will be implemented as a 100%Centrally Sponsored Scheme. Food grains will also beprovided to the States free of cost. The transportationcost, handling charges, and taxes on food grains will,

however, be the responsibility of the States. Food grains should be given as part of wages under

the NFFWP to the rural poor at the rate of 5 Kg. perman day. More than 5 kg food grains can be given tothe laborer's under this program me in exceptionalcases subject to a minimum of 25% of wages to bepaid in cash.


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Village grain bank scheme

Scheme provides Grants for establishment ofVillage Grain Banks to prevent deaths of Schedule

Tribes specially children in remote and backwardtribal villages facing or likely to face starvationand also to improve nutritional standards.

The scheme provides funds for :

building storage facility, procurement of weights & measures and

the purchase of initial stock of one quintal of food grainsof local variety for each family.


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To promote the habit of self-help among the tribals.

To combat the problem of food grains scarcity during the lean season.

To avoid or reduce dependency on local money lenders or traders forborrowing grains during the lean season at exorbitant rates of interest.


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According to the revised guideline, about 30-40 BPLfamilies may form a grainbank. One quintal of foodgrains is allotted per family as one time grant. AnExecutive Committee comprising 3-5 residents ofthevillage with at least one woman is formed to runthe bank. There is a provision in the scheme to trainup the members of Executive committee on

functioning of the grainbank. For construction andother purposes cash component @ 14,000/-per unit isallotted to each grainbank.


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Food laws and Regulations To meet a countrys sanitary requirements

Ensure the safety and suitability of food for consumers Govern food quality and composition standards.


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Food Safety and Standards Act

The Indian Parliament has recently passed the Food Safetyand Standards Act, 2006that overrides all other foodrelated laws. It will specifically repeal eight laws:

The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 The Fruit Products Order, 1955

The Meat Food Products Order, 1973

The Vegetable Oil Products (Control) Order, 1947

The Edible Oils Packaging (Regulation) Order, 1998

The Solvent Extracted Oil, De oiled Meal, and Edible Flour(Control) Order, 1967

The Milk and Milk Products Order, 1992

Essential Commodities Act, 1955 relating to food


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Food Safety andStandards Act

Objectives FSSA, 2006 An Act to consolidate the laws

relating to food

To establish the Food Safety andStandards Authority of India

Laying down science basedstandards for articles of food and toregulate their manufacture, storage,distribution, sale and import, toensure availability of safe and

wholesome food for humanconsumption and for mattersconnected therewith or incidentalthereto.


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Central Advisory Committee (CAC) CAC ensures cooperation between Food Authority and

the enforcement agencies

Advise to Food Authority on

Proposal for FAs work programmePrioritization of work

Identifying potential risks

Knowledge Poolingsuch other functions as

may be specified by regulations CAC

meet regularly- min thrice a year or upon invitation


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Voluntary Standards

There are two organizations that deal with voluntarystandardization and certification systems in the foodsector.

The Bureau of Indian Standards looks afterstandardization of processed foods

Standardization of raw agricultural produce is under thepurview of the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection.


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Farmers rights and food security: the new

legislation in India

Once the farmer plants a variety of seed on whichsomeone has a Breeders Right, Farmers Rights willallow that he or she can sell the produce of the farm.

The farmer will also have the right to save this seed, tosow the next crop.


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The new law also allows the farmer to exchange andshare his farm produce with others.

However, what the farmer can not do, according to thenew law, is sell seed.

The denial of the right to sell will lead to loss ofincome for the farmer, from seed sale.

Far more worrying is that it will lead to the farmingcommunity losing control over seed production.


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National Food SecurityActAimed at protecting all children, women and men in

India from hunger and food deprivation.

Aside from creating new food entitlements, the Actwould place a range of existing food-related schemeson a new footing and set new standards of delivery,transparency and accountability for socialprogrammes.


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Life Cycle Approach The food entitlements created by this Act should cover

the entire life cycle of a human being

The first 1000 days in a childs life (starting withconception up to the end of 2 years of age) ought toreceive special attention


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PDS Recommendations:

1) The National Food Security bill guarantees subsidisedfood grains to at least 90% of rural households, and50% of urban households.

2) Shift from household food entitlements to individualfood entitlements.

Per Capita Entitlements


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Contd....3) Differential monthly entitlements :

7 kgs. per person for those in the prioritycategory

4 kgs. per person in the generalcategory

4) Differential prices : The price to be paid by individualsin the generalcategory should not exceed 50% of theMinimum Support Price (MSP).


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Contd....5) Adoption of a social inclusion approach

Households belonging to ParticularlyVulnerable TribalGroups (PTGs).

Household designated as most discriminated against

Scheduled Caste (SC) groups, called Maha DalitGroups if so identified by the state

Single women headed households.

Households with disabled persons as bread earners.

Households headed by a minor. Destitute households

Homeless households.

Households where any member is a bonded labourer.


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Contd....6) The NAC recommends the current issue prices to

Antyodaya households (Rs 3 per kg for rice and Rs 2 per kgfor wheat) as the issue prices for prioritygroups. An even

lower price, Re 1 per kg, is proposed for millets in order topromote their consumption on nutrition grounds.

7) The NAC recommends that the issue prices to the

general category should be substantially below themarket prices and not exceed half of the respectiveMinimum Support Prices (MSP) for rice, wheat andmillets.


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Contd....8) The NAC strongly recommends inclusion of other

nutritious cereals (such as bajra, jowar, ragi, andmaize) as part of the food security basket.

9) The NAC recommends an expansion of decentralisedprocurement as the path to higher procurement. Moreand more states should be encouraged to procurelocally.


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Non-PDS Recommendations1) Universalization with Quality of ICDS:- extending all ICDS services to every child under theage of 6 years, all pregnant women and lactatingmothers and all adolescent girls

2) Anganwadi centres:

In every habitation of at least 300 persons

open to all children (including those of migrantworkers), with no eligibility criterion other than age.


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Contd....3) Mid Day Meals :

School meal should also be available to every out-of-school child, provided during school holidays as well asduring droughts and natural or human-made disasters.

4) Counselling and support for breastfeeding : Includeas Legal Entitlement

5) Supplementary feeding :- All supplementary nutrition should be provided

through local groups such as Self Help Groups(SHGs) and mahila mandals.


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Contd....6) Maternity Benefits: to provide maternity benefits toall women, except those who or whose spouses are in

formal employment and therefore eligible to othersources of maternity benefits.

7) Victims of disasters: Populations at risk should beentitled to subsidized foodgrains on the sameterms as designated priority groups and beguaranteed special ration cards for at least one

year after the disaster .


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Few Issues Under Social Protection Programmes

Universal vs. Targeting:There is an increasing demand for universal social

protection measures.

Costs of targeting: administrative, incentive (dead-weight), disutility and stigma, and political. Selftargeting is better.

Universalists argue that targeted programs exclude

many poor. India has different types : PDS targeted, ICDS

universal, NREGA self targeted.

There is some merit in universal argument


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Issues

Direct cash transfers and CCTs:

As in many other countries, India does not have cashtransfers or CCTs in the form of social assist.

Kapur et al (2008) argue for introduction of cashtransfers in place of social protection programs likePDS, rural housing, self empl. and fertilizer subs.

Several arguments are given in favour of cash

transfers (less administrative costs, less burden onadministration, reduction in patronage andcorruption.). They cite the examples of LatinAmerica.

Conclusion


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Conclusion

In a country where food insecurity and malnutrition arehigh, food based programmes play important role in

social protection. Food management policies have helped the farmers and

consumers although room for improvement.

There are success stories in diiferent parts of India in

food based programmes. But, there is a need forstrengthening these programmes.

Rights approach plays an important role in socialprotection.

To conclude, social protection programs are importantto reduce chronic poverty and reduce risk andvulnerability. They can increase growth, equity andsocial cohesion.


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Criticism on NFSA No elements of change for equity in food

production and income distribution.

Need for a Universal Public Distribution System No pulses or oil

Nothing on how to prevent political andadministrative interference in appointment and

funding

No Guard Against Inflation, No Guarantee ofFunding by Central Government


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The growth in food grain production has stagnated duringrecent past while the consumption need of the growingpopulation is increasing.

To meet the growing foodgrain demand, NationalDevelopment Council in its 53rd meeting adopted aresolution to enhance the production of rice, wheat andpulses by 10, 8 and 2 million tons respectively by 2011.

The proposed Centrally Sponsored Scheme National FoodSecurity Mission (NFSM) is to operationalize the resolutionof NDC and enhance the production of rice, wheat andpulses.

NEED FOOD SECURITY MISSION ?


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The scheme to be implemented in a mission mode througha farmer centric approach

All the Stakeholders to be actively associated at the District

levels for achieving the set goal.

The scheme aims to target the select districts by makingavailable the improved technologies to the farmersthrough a series of planned interventions.

A close monitoring mechanism proposed to ensure thatinterventions reach to the targeted beneficiaries.

KEY FEATURES OF NFSM


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STRATEGY

1 Expansion of area of Pulses and Wheat, Noexpansion of area in rice

2. Bridging the yield gap between the potential and

the present level of productivity through Acceleration of seed production

Integrated Nutrient Management and Integrated PestManagement

Promotion of new production technologies like hybrid rice, timelyplanting of wheat and promotion of new improved variety of

Pulses.

Supply of input ensuring their timely availability

Farmers Training and Visits


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STRUCTURE OF MISSION

General Council

National Food Security Mission

Executive Committee

State Food Security Mission

Executive Committee

District Food Security Mission

Executive Committee

State Food Security

Mission (autonomous

agency)

District Food Security

Mission (autonomous

agency)


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COMPONENTS OF NFSM

RICE:- Demonstration of improved technology including hybrid and

System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

Promotion of mechanical weeders and other farm implements

Extension, training and mass media campaign

Awards for best performing district in each State.WHEAT:-

Providing subsidy on diesel pumpsets and community generatorsfor irrigation

Promotion of micronutrient use in deficient areas

Assistance for innovative interventions at local level.PULSES:-

Increasing seed replacement rate to 25% from present level of 7-8%

Promotion of sprinkler irrigation.

Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)


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FLOW OF FUND

Funds for the Missions programmes to be directlyreleased to the State Food Security Mission (SFSM)agency after approval by the National ExecutiveCommittee.

State Mission agency would ensure implementation ofthe programmes, in a time-bound manner and wouldmake available funds to the District level implementingagency in accordance with their approved programmes.

Funds would be released in installments based onprogress reports and furnishing of utilizationcertificates


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