Food Security Food Security

With Reference to National Program for Food With Reference to National Program for Food SecuritySecurity

A Case Study A Case Study Productivity Enhancement of Small Farmers in Productivity Enhancement of Small Farmers in

1012 Villages1012 Villages

CMP II ProjectCMP II ProjectMr. Allah Dad Khan Mr. Allah Dad Khan

Provincial Project DirectorProvincial Project DirectorNWFP NWFP

Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock IslamabadIslamabad

Dated 5Dated 5thth March 2009 at PARD Peshawar March 2009 at PARD Peshawar

Food SecurityFood SecurityFood SecurityFood Security

“Food security exists when all

people, at all times, have both

physical and economic access

to enough safe and nutritious

food to meet their dietary

needs and food preferences for

an active and healthy lifestyle." (World food summit 1996)

Food Security

Food Security Issue ??Food Security Issue ??•

Food is one of the basic rights of the people to live and adequate nutrition is essential for human development.

• It is the primary responsibility of the state, to ensure that people have physical and economic access, to safe food.

• However, it does not imply the state to simply feed its people, but to protect the rights of individuals to feed themselves, through adequate food availability and access which includes seasonal, regional and prices stability.

• Food security on one hand is fundamental right and state’s responsibility, while on the other hand addressing the issue at national and household levels.

• Availability of sufficient quantities of food is necessary although not sufficient condition, but depends upon food supply, household’s own production, other domestic outputs, commercial imports and food assistance.

Food Crisis Global obligationFood Crisis Global obligation• Fighting hunger , reducing poverty and ensuring

food security is Pakistan global obligation.• Therefore ensuring availability of ample food

through increasing productivity and reducing poverty by increasing farm income of small and poor farmers , are of the highest priority issues for the Government.

• Under this scenario performance of agriculture sector need to be enhanced further as there is lot more potential in this sector which has not yet been realized

Poverty and Food SecurityPoverty and Food Security

• Poverty and food security in the country are interlinked thus affecting adversely the buying power of the consumer.

• The decade has witnessed an increasing poverty and food security all over the world.

• This challenge has gained more intensity and importance in the presence of high population growth rates, increasing

Agriculture Poverty Nexus ??Agriculture Poverty Nexus ??

The major reasons for higher poverty rates in rural areas are: • Higher proportion of landless people involved in low paid jobs or

remain unemployed during most part of the year.

• Division of land due to heir system resulting in fragmentation of land and generation of small farmers with poor resources,

• Lack of opportunities for work and even self-employment possibilities, above all, poor rural economy gives birth to high rural poverty.

• In fact, agriculture has strong nexus with poverty and most poverty is rural based.

Food Security a World Challenge (FAOFood Security a World Challenge (FAO)) • Reducing food insecurity, vulnerability and malnutrition is central to

the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the World Food Summit

• Targets. Commitment towards and achievement of these goals and targets remain a major challenge for the world’s community and Asia in particular.

• The MDGs with their related time-bound targets and indicators are designed as an agenda for action by countries with support from the international community.

• FAO currently is reviewing how its own activities can assist countries in the urgent and ambitious effort of meeting the MDGs, and complement the work of UN partners.

Food Security Focused onFood Security Focused on

• Sustainable food security, increasing productivity, promoting commercial agriculture, encouraging income diversification intervention and export orientation and promotion.

• Raising productivity and profitability of the farming community enabling the country to raise living standard of the small farmers.

Production-Security-Natural Resource Production-Security-Natural Resource ConnectionsConnections

• The links between sustainable agriculture and food security are summarized in Figure 1.

• This shows how achieving food security depends on ensuring that three key conditions are fulfilled:

• Sustainable food .production through the use of regenerative technologies, the full participation of farmers and pastoralists in the processes of planning, research and extension;

• A conserved natural resource base through approaches, practices an d technologies that build upon and enhance the health and diversity of available natural resources without depleting them;

• Entitlements or access to food through approaches which strengthen local capacity and build strong and diversified rural economies.

Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security: Making the Link figure 1Making the Link figure 1

Seven Investments for Enhancing Seven Investments for Enhancing

Sustainable AgricultureSustainable Agriculture • Recognize the importance of sustainable agriculture for

food security, by:• Promoting sustainable agriculture and resource-

conserving technologies and practices.• Supporting national policies and strategies for

sustainable agriculture.• Redirecting subsides and grants towards sustainable

technologies and practices.• Reforming teaching and training establishments to

encourage the formal adoption of participatory methods and processes.

• Developing farmer-centered research and extension • Improving rural infrastructure to ensure access to

markets with positive price incentives.

Strategies for food security and Strategies for food security and food safety Contdfood safety Contd

• Promotion of conjunctive water use and substitution of high delta water crops with low delta crops.

• Promotion of water saving technologies.• Appropriate and timely availability of inputs, services and

institutional agricultural credit.• Improving farm to market roads and existing markets

and establishment of new markets/markets information system.

• Support price mechanism; continuation of programmes to control salinity and water logging .

• Ensuring compliance to WTO requirements to maintain competitiveness of agricultural products.

Importance of Agriculture in Importance of Agriculture in Economy of Pakistan: Economy of Pakistan:

• :

• Agriculture is a priority area addressing problems of unemployment, poverty alleviation and food security.

• 67% of country’s population live in rural area and are dependent on agriculture directly or indirectly.

• Contributing about 22% in national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It comprises of crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry sub-sectors having share of 46.2%, 50.8%, 1.3% and 1.6%, respectively

• It employs about 44.8% of the total labour force It contributes about 68% to the foreign exchange earnings through exports of raw material and value added products.

• More than 50% industry is agro-based. • It supplies raw material to various industries

Top Ten Wheat Producers — 2005 (million metric ton)

    China 96

    India 72

    United States 57

    Russia 46

    France 37

    Canada 26

    Australia 24

    Germany 24

    Pakistan 22

    Turkey 21

World Total 626Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)[28]

Land Mass Pakistan Land Mass Pakistan

  Pakistan

Geographical Area 79.61

Reported Area 59.33

Cultivable Area 21.96

Cultivable Waste 9.17

Cultivable Waste 8.95

Irrigated Area 18.04

Area Million Hec

Land Mass Land Mass

• 93% of the farmers in the country are small and medium having 61% of the cultivated area

• Large farmers are 7% holding 39% of the cultivated area

• Small farmers have up to 5.0 hectares of landholdings.

• Medium farmers have more than 5.0 hectares

and up to 10.0 hectares of landholdings.

Area & Production of Major Food Crops, 2006-07 in Area & Production of Major Food Crops, 2006-07 in Pakistan .Pakistan . Area in Hectares000

Production in Tones000

Name of Crop Area Production

1. Wheat 8493.900 23520.000

2. Maize 1043.940 2906.780

8. Rice 2581.500 5438.520

31864.52

Source Year Book Pakistan Agri

Demand of food cropsDemand of food crops

Population Rate kg /annum

Total Demand Total Production of all grains

Deficit

180.000 milion

150kg 27.000 million tons

31.864 tons 8.000 million tons

As Maize is used as Feed and Industrial Crop , Rice is exported, wheat also smuggled and mismanaged

Wheat Yield Compared with other Wheat Yield Compared with other countries/countries/

Crop Yield per acre in mds

Pakistan

Country Production /ac in mds

Wheat 21 France 68

Maize 15 Egypt 80

Rice 24 America 88

Yield Gap of Various Crops in Pakistan: Average v. Potential Yield

CommodityPotential Yield Average Yield Yield Gap Unachieved Potential

(Kilograms per Hectare) (Percent)

Wheat 6,425 1,695 4,730 74

Paddy 9,489 1,703 7,786 82

Maze 6,944 1,272 5,672 82

Sugar Cane 256,000 35,672 220,328 86

Rape & Mustard 2,743 641 2,102 77

Potato 38,128 10,403 27,725 73

Source: G.R. Sandhu, Sustainable Agriculture: A Pakistan National Conservation Strategy SectorPaper (Karachi: IUCN-World Conservation Union, 1993), 3.

Causes of low Yield inCauses of low Yield in

• Higher rates of agriculture inputs Weak Agriculture research System.

• Access to modern technology.

• Lack of Investment in agriculture

• Special calamities.

• Support price to farmers inadequate.

KEY Challenges to Food Crisis inKEY Challenges to Food Crisis in • Dependency on one single crop of wheat as staple food .• Wide yield gap between progressive and average farmer.• Increasing water scarcity and inefficient use of available water.• Degradation of land resources ( water logging and salinity)• Inefficient transfer of technology to farmers.• Weak agriculture Research and Agriculture Extension

Services.• Poor rural infrastructure poor people in rural areas are directly

or indirectly dependent on agriculture for their livelihood..• Poverty in rural areas is very high. About 32% in rural areas

and 22% in urban areas live under poverty line and are subjected to food insecurity.

• .

Main approaches to over come Main approaches to over come food crisisfood crisis

• Complete participatory approach under farmer's leadership.• Empowerment of farming communities through establishment of

farming organization , FSC,s VO,s• Equitable use of natural resources and their conservation.• Enhancing crop productivity through input management

• Improving income of small and poor farmers through income diversification interventions.

• Organizing agriculture and livestock extension services at village level through group extension approach.

• Human resource development ( farmers and field staff)• Marketing of the produce and linkages development.• Sustainability through establishing Revolving Fund in each village.

• Case Study which leads to CMP II

FAO Supported Pilot Food FAO Supported Pilot Food Security ProjectSecurity Project

To Be Food Secure Means that:To Be Food Secure Means that:To Be Food Secure Means that:To Be Food Secure Means that:

• Food is available – producing enough to eat

• Availability is necessary but not enough to ensure

access,

which is necessary but not enough for effective

use.

• Food is accessible – having enough to eat

• Food is used – for ending hidden hunger

– Hidden hunger can cause illness, blindness and

pre-mature death.

Back Ground Back Ground Back Ground Back Ground

• 1st Pilot Project

• As a follow-up of World

Food Summit Declaration

1996,

a Pilot Project on Food

Security was launched (1998-2002) (cost: Rs 15.0 million)

Results: Pilot ProjectResults: Pilot Project

Crop Locations

Yield (Tons/ha) Area/No of farmers

% increase in productivity

Over benchmark

Benchmark Project

Wheat Sargodha

Daska

D. I. Khan

2.89

2.62

1.70

4.84

4.27

4.47

500 (72)

600 (87)

100 (17)

68.2

61.6

162.9

Basmati

IRRI

Daska

D. I. Khan

2.67

2.50

4.01

4.85

680 (92)

100 (17)

50.3

125.6

• Results at 3 locations were almost similar and more than Results at 3 locations were almost similar and more than projected, i.e., production increased by 60-100% and income projected, i.e., production increased by 60-100% and income almost doubled almost doubled

Results of Pilot ProjectResults of Pilot Project

Up-scaling National Up-scaling National Program Program

on Food Securityon Food Security to 109 villages to 109 villages (CMP-I)(CMP-I)

22ndnd CMP I Project CMP I Project

• Implementation of ProgramCMP I • After successful completion of pilot project in 1998-2002,

Government of Pakistan (through Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (MINFAL) allocated Rs 500 million (US$ 8.47 million) for the expansion of the pilot SPFS to 109 villages in 20 union councils of 15 districts through a four years national program called the Crop Maximization Project (CMP). This project was executed by MINFAL in collaboration with the provincial Governments of Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, Balochistan and State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir from July 2002 to June, 2006. Beneficiary households aggregated to 1,400 (10,000 people) and the area to be benefited totaled at 95,999 acres. The strategy, approach, principles and physical components and targets of the CMP were to be essentially the same as the SPFS.

• PC I approved by ECNEC on 3rd May 2002

Performance of up-scaled ProjectPerformance of up-scaled Project::

• Despite many odds due to change in the design of the project, especially in the credit disbursement, the project gave positive results by increasing productivity from 20% to 50% in an area of more than 90,000 acres under various crops. The key lessons learnt from the SPFS/CMP experience were that ownership at the local level is critical for success and that the VOs can play major role in bringing about rural change and development.

• . Such support has to be in the form of specific empowerment, legal status to implement its mandate, creation of technical, administrative and management skills, as well as some catalytic seed money for creating common assets and facilities for establishing a revolving fund to finance income earning activities.

Crop Maximization Project - ICrop Maximization Project - ICrop Maximization Project - ICrop Maximization Project - I

Project Components No. of Villages

FMCU, MINFAL -

Punjab 49

Sindh 28

NWFP 13

Balochistan 14

AJK 5

FATA 0

Total: 109

CM

P-I

CM

P-I

Low Performance ReasonsLow Performance ReasonsLow Performance ReasonsLow Performance Reasons

Pilot Project

Inputs through VOs on delayed payment Inputs given in kind

Revolving fund was created in 2rd year

Farmers empowered to operate RF

Farmers participation high (80%)

CMP-I

Credit through Bank for inputs

Mostly cash was given

Creation of RF was not possible

VOs Empowerment Partial

Framers Participation low (25 – 30%)

CM

P-I

CM

P-I

Percent Increase in productivity of various crops sown Percent Increase in productivity of various crops sown under CMP I 2003-04 on bench markunder CMP I 2003-04 on bench mark

District Wheat yield obtained

Mds /ac

Production BM Mds/Ac

Wheat % increase Over BM

Gujranwala 31.1 25.6 21.1

Muzaffar Garh 18.9 15.4 22.44

Sargodha 35.2 26.0 35.5

Sahiwal 32.4 25.7 25.9

Sialkot 36.6 24.3 50.0

R.Yar Khan 26.6 18.9 40.7

Larkana 24.0 19.6 22.4

Sangar 16.4 15.1 8.5

Nawab Shah 33.5 22.9 46.3

Tando Allah Yar - - -

Bannu 20.4 15.9 28.3

Di Khan 25.5 21.9 16.4

Jafar Abad 23.6 18.0 31.1

Loralai 25.2 17.7 42.3

Muzaffar Abad 19.8 12.0 64.7

Mean Increase 26.5 21.2 25.0

Range of percent increase in productivity of various crops Range of percent increase in productivity of various crops sown under CMP I( Crop yield mds/Ac) 2003-04sown under CMP I( Crop yield mds/Ac) 2003-04

District Wheat Min Wheat Max

Gujranwala 29.00 33.5

Muzaffar Garh 16.7 23.2

Sargodha 34.2 35.4

Sahiwal 29.1 34.5

Sialkot 31.6 43.4

R.Yar Khan 24.5 38.0

Larkana 13.0 30.0

Sangar 15.1 18.0

Nawab Shah 30.2 37.4

Tando Allah Yar - -

Bannu 18.2 20.0

Di Khan 24.0 27.0

Jafar Abad 22.3 24.5

Loralai 25.0 26.0

Muzaffar Abad 15.0 24.0

Productivity Enhancement Model Productivity Enhancement Model

( Sargodha Model( Sargodha Model))

Tech. Interventions

Crop Management

Water Management

Income Generation - Livestock- Fisheries- Off-season vegetable - Nursery raising- Milk collection - Poultry farming

Technical Assistance

Technology Package

Training and Skill Enhancement

- Community Organization & Empowerment- Enhanced Productivity - Employment Generation

- More Income- Food Security & Poverty Reduction

Farming Community & Farming System

Community Mobilization

Establishment of VO

Financial Assistance

Input

Output

Group Extension

Special Program for Food Security and Productivity

Enhancement of Small Farmers

in 1012 Villages

Crop Maximization Project–II (CMP–II)

33rdrd Project ProjectCMP IICMP II

• The SPFS ( CMP II) has now been upscale in the form of National Program for Food Security covering 1012 villages in 26 districts of the four provinces, AJK, FATA & FANA from the current financial year (2007-08). The total cost of the project for five years is Rs 8013 million

MTDF And Food Security MTDF And Food Security

• Under MTDF, GOP has set Goals to maintain an annual growth rate of 4-5% up to 2015. Crop sector overall growth targets have been fixed at 4% (Cotton 5.3%, Wheat 3.5%, and Rice 3.4%), horticulture 8% and Livestock 6.5% (Milk 8%, Meat 5%and Fisheries 4.8%). To achieve the above said goals MINFAL has adopted the following agriculture development strategy:

• Diversification to horticulture, livestock and fisheries• Enhancing productivity by narrowing yield gap, especially of small

farmers.• Demand driven research and new technologies• High efficiency irrigation.• Fair price to farmers• Market infrastructure development• Compliance with international quality standards.

Sponsoring Agency :

Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Islamabad

Execution: Provincial Agriculture Department

Operation and Maintenance:

District Governments throughGovernment of NWFP

Concerned Federal Ministry:

Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock

Project Period: 2007-08 ton 2011-12

Project ProfileProject ProfileProject ProfileProject ProfileCost (Rs billion) 8.013

Duration (year) 5 (2007-12)

Project area 26 districts

Implementation and coordination

MINFAL

Execution Provincial/District Govts

Area (acres) 500,000

Villages 1012

Farming households 55,000

Number of beneficiaries 368,000

CM

P-I

IC

MP

-II

Changes in Project Approach Changes in Project Approach Changes in Project Approach Changes in Project Approach

• Restoring the original Sargodha Model

and establishing revolving fund at

village level to be operated by VOs to

provide inputs on deferred payment and

loans for income generation activities

• Component of developing marketing

linkages added

• More emphasis on income generation

activities

CM

P-I

IC

MP

-II

INPUTS

Financial Assistance

Technical Assistance

Time-tested & Proven Technologies

Training & Skill Enhancement

Global GAP / Better Management

Practices

Community Mobilization

Establishment of VOs

OUTPUTS

Revolving Fund

Input Sales / Marketing Centres

Farm Machinery Pools

Small EnterprisesIncome

Diversification

Community Organization

& Empowerment

Productivity Enhancemen

t

Income Increase

Employment Generation

Poverty Reduction

Food Security

SMALL FARMERS &

RESOURCE-POOR FARMING COMMUNITY

1. Increase food production in the country through enhancing crop and livestock productivity.

2. Ensure food security and reduce poverty through improving income of small farmers through productivity enhancement and income generation interventions.

3. Objectives are in line with 1. Medium term development frame work.2. Poverty reduction strategy3. Millennium development goal.

CMP II Project StrategyCMP II Project Strategy

• Focus on small farmers• Complete participatory approach• One village as a production unit• Multidisciplinary and integrated approach• Using time tested technologies• Productivity and income enhancement• Commercializing agriculture.• Ensuring cost sharing by farmers.• Farming community empowerment.

A. Farming Community Mobilization Organization and Empowerment

B. Crop / farm management

C. Income diversification/ generation.

D. Human resource development,

E. Establishing Market linkages.

Criteria for Selection of VillagesCriteria for Selection of Villages

This project is for small farmers. Farmers having up to 15 acres of land are entitled for the Membership of Village Organization.

All the Villages should be predominantly populated by small farmers The selected villages should have 30 small farmers will to

participate in the Project. The villages should be selected in a cluster of 30 to 40 (in case of

NWFP 32) villages, involving 3 to 8 Union Councils, in a block form and in a contiguous physical territory.

The villages should not have any soil or environmental aliment. Villages should be located in irrigated areas Villages should be easily accessible

Cost Sharing by Cost Sharing by Farmers/beneficiariesFarmers/beneficiaries

Item Cost ShareProject Farmers

Remarks

Inputs Nil 100% Through RF(10% Handling Charges) SOP35000 acres

Implements Pool 80 % 20% VO 20% Rent No Handling Charges (sop) IP 55

Income Diversification

80 % 20% 7% Handling Charges to Vo RFRe (sop) ID 560

Animal Health Care Unit

100 % ==== Free of interest After grace period of 6 months return loan in 24 installments AHU 20

Media CoverageMedia CoverageFor Mass AwarenessFor Mass Awareness

ToT & Farmers' ToT & Farmers' Training Training

through FFSsthrough FFSs

CoordinationCoordination& Monitoring& MonitoringLong / Short TrainingLong / Short Training

MeetingsMeetingsWith Various DepartmentsWith Various Departments

Training Training WorkshopsWorkshops

Strategic Strategic DocumentsDocuments

Training Training MaterialMaterial

CMP-IICMP-II

Components, Villages and CostComponents, Villages and Cost

Project Components No. of Villages

Amount

(Rs million)

FMCU, MINFAL - 673

Punjab 430 3269

Sindh 230 1607

NWFP 160 1111

Balochistan 150 1067

AJK 40 269

FATA 2 15

Total: 1012 8013

PROJECT COSTPROJECT COST( 2007-08 to 2011-12)( 2007-08 to 2011-12)

Item Total Pakistan NWFP %age Share NWFP

Estt & Operational Charges

1966.304 305.298 15.52 %

Capacity Building/ social mobilization

1476.994 155.568 10.53 %

Contingency + Transfer Grant

172.167 + 8.057 23.045 12.78 %

Seed Money/ Revolving Fund

4390.000 627.840 14. 30 %

Total 8013.522 1111. 750 13. 87 %

Expected Output: Expected Output: Additional Benefits Additional Benefits

Expected Output: Expected Output: Additional Benefits Additional Benefits

Item Addl. Income (Rs billion)

Additional income from crops 12.58

Additional income from small enterprises (e.g., Livestock, Fisheries & poultry farms etc.)

1.60

Income from Job creation (No.) 0.72

Additional income in five years of project:

14.9

Annual additional income to farmers after project completion

7.643

CM

P-I

IC

MP

-II

Flow of Funds Flow of Funds Flow of Funds Flow of Funds

Line No 1: Rs 3623 milProject Management

Cost

Federal Government Funding (PSDP) Rs 8013 million

Line No 2: Rs 4390 milRevolving Fund

Beneficiary Farmers - Inputs (in kinds) - Small Enterprises

Revolving Fund of VOsi. Establishment cost ii. Operational costiii. Capital costiv. Capacity building

costv. Technical

backstopping

0.0%

10.0%10%

CM

P-I

IC

MP

-II

Flow of Revolving Fund of Rs 4390 Flow of Revolving Fund of Rs 4390 millionmillion

Flow of Revolving Fund of Rs 4390 Flow of Revolving Fund of Rs 4390 millionmillion

Commercial banks through State Bank

Village Organizations Revolving Fund

Beneficiary Farmers

Federal Government

10%

50% of Principal amount to be returned after 5 years in a period of 5 years

CM

P-I

IC

MP

-II

Further Up-ScalingFurther Up-ScalingFurther Up-ScalingFurther Up-Scaling

15 years

Time scale Villages Cost (Rs billion) 2006-07 = 1000 8.0 2008-09 = 3000 27.0 2010-11 = 3000 31.0 2012-13 = 3000 36.0 2015-19 = 3000 41.0

13000 143.0

CM

P-I

IC

MP

-II

Right to FoodRight to Food

• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 first recognized the right to food as a human right. It was then incorporated in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Article 11) adopted in 1966 and ratified by 156 states. The expert interpretation and more refined definition of this right are contained in General Comment 12 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1999).

Food is energyFood is energy

• The cost of food is climbing fast. People everywhere are affected, and the poorest are hit hardest. Changing weather patterns and rising demand for biofuels are part of the problem.

• In the search for solutions, let’s remember: