food security & watershed management by jessica calfoforo salas, president philippine watershed...
TRANSCRIPT
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FOOD SECURITY & FOOD SECURITY & WATERSHED MANAGEMENTWATERSHED MANAGEMENT
By Jessica Calfoforo Salas, President
Philippine Watershed Management Coalition for Mindanao Task Force on Irrigation & Watershed
Grand Astoria Hotel, Zamboanga City, August 21, 2002
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Contents:Contents:
1. Define Watershed2. Farming & Food Security3. Modern Farming System & Land4. Modern Farming System & Water5. Water & Irrigation6. Dysfunctional farmings vs.
Transformative farming.7. Recommended Options
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1. Define Watershed1. Define Watershed
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COASTAL &MARINE
ECOSYSTEM
LOWLANDECOSYSTEM
UPLANDECOSYSTEM
FORESTECOSYSTEM
DEGRADEDECOSYSTEM
Water flows through a particular shape of land, called a WATERS HED.
The water flow, we call rivers, surface and
underground streams.Some are
left behind lakes and wet lands.
Some are captured in the aquifer.
As water flows to the
sea.
…and we all live inside this shape of land – the watershed.
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2. Farming & Food Security 2. Farming & Food Security
1900-2000 0 A century of growth Keys to agricultural productivity
Irrigation (continuing technology devt) Chemical fertilizer (1847) Plant breeding (1860) Dwarfing cereals (1880) Hybrid (1917)
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Trade modernization: Inter-continental exchange of crops Diversity of modern diet Food Processing
END OF THE CENTURY RESULT: HIGH PRODUCTIVITY- (1 US FARMER FEEDS 96 OTHERS)
841 MILLION HUNGRY HUNGER IN THE MIDST OF PLENTY
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3. Modern Farming System3. Modern Farming Systemand LAND and LAND
CHART GRAIN AREA PER PERSON
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4. Modern Farming System4. Modern Farming System And WATER And WATERTwo distinct eras of the century
– 1950-1978 irrigation expanded faster than population.
• 0.47 ha irrigated area per person • 48 million hectares irrigated area
– 1978-2000 irrigation lagged behind population.
• 6% drop in irrigated area/person or 0.44• 260 million hectares irrigated area (3x inc.)
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Graph world irrigated area / personGraph world irrigated area / person
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1990, Evidence of water scarcity1990, Evidence of water scarcity
North China plain
India
U.S.
Central Asia
Water table drops 5 ft/year Yellow River dried up for first time in
3000 years in 1972. In 1997, it failed to reach the sea.
Water withdrawals 2x aquifer recharge
Colorado river rarely reach Gulf of California
One of two river systems to Aral sea dried up, shrinking the Sea
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STRATEGIC THREAT to Earth’s Water System
1. Change in people’s relationship to the earth.
2. Global warming.3. Massive change in land use pattern4. World wide contamination of water
resources with chemical pollutants.5. Rapid population growth.
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…of all the work of civilization that interferes with the natural water distribution systems, irrigation has been by far the most pervasive and powerful …”
Vice President Al Gore
* 70-80% lost to evaporation, results in salinization.
* Water logging of the root zone which deprives plants of oxygen.
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5. Water and Irrigation5. Water and Irrigation
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6.6. Dysfunctional Farming vs. Dysfunctional Farming vs. Transformational FarmingTransformational Farming
More food does not mean food security
Food output used as sole measure of agricultural success
Mass food policy Wildlife populations
decline Water deficits
10,000 years ago agriculture was a transformation of nature
“Free” biological services– Nitrogen-fixing plants– Nutrient cycling
abilities of soil microbes & insects
“The strongest evidence that our food system is dysfunctional is the fact that farmers are the poorest people on the planet.
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Farmers contribute to widespread ecological problems– Contamination of
waterways– Biodiversity decline– Spread of toxic
chemicals– Climate change
Agro-ecology – intimate understanding of ecological interactions in the farm landscape
Use of local resources and local knowledge
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Recognizing the wisdom of traditional rice farming– Sustainable rice
intensification– Using Various methods– Rainfed agriculture– Tazas or rice hole
“Ecological farming technique depends on location-specific knowledge and adaptation.”
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RECOMMENDED OPTIONSRECOMMENDED OPTIONS
(Suggestions are not mutually exclusive)
Water pricingStrengthen local economyEcological farmingIntegrated Watershed Management
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Water pricingWater pricing
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Strengthen Local EconomyStrengthen Local Economy
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Integrated Watershed ManagementIntegrated Watershed Management
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A paradigm shift in A paradigm shift in watershed managementwatershed management
From a limiting forest management to –
Integrated Watershed Management Integrated Water Resource Management Localized Watershed Management Community-anchored Watershed
Management River Basin Reference
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Integration of Natural SystemsIntegration of Natural Systems
Between land and water useBetween surface water and ground
waterBetween water quantity and qualityBetween upstream and downstreamBetween the freshwater system and
the coastal watersIWRM
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Mainstreaming water in the national economy
Ensuring coordination between sectors
Ensuring partnership between public and private sector management
Involving everybodyIWRM
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Recognizing the dimensions for Recognizing the dimensions for Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
Natural EconomicPoliticalSocial CulturalHumanSpiritual
SIAD
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Organizing for Localized Organizing for Localized Watershed ManagementWatershed Management
Use topographic map to define the watershed
Identify ecological zones within the watershed
Determine LGU boundaries using an overlay Explore with neighboring LGUs possibility of
working together in the same watershed Prepare action program towards a
memorandum of agreement
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COMMUNITY ANCHORED COMMUNITY ANCHORED WATERSHED MANAGEMENTWATERSHED MANAGEMENT
Significant Environment Education Base Village/Barangay Information Centers Watershed Delineation, cooperation of
municipalities within the boundaries Community/Barangay Mapping Watershed Framework & Strategic Plans
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Targeting at the Village/Barangay Annual Investment Plan
Integration in the Municipal Annual Investment Plan
Implementation at the Village level/ Monitoring at the Municipal/ Provincial/
Watershed levels Evaluation at all levels
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USING THE RIVER BASIN AS USING THE RIVER BASIN AS REFERENCE POINTREFERENCE POINT The whole river basin may be the same area
for watershed management, especially in small islands.
Use the span of management and capability to define area to be managed.
In the few long river basins in the country, several areas may be defined for localized watershed management.
Good working relationship with another LGU should be the basis for cooperation, not exactly to cover all areas in the basin or island.
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5. AN INTEGRATIVE 5. AN INTEGRATIVE EXPERIENCE: THE TIGUM-EXPERIENCE: THE TIGUM-AGANAN WATERSHEDAGANAN WATERSHED
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ILOILO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT COUNCIL
RIVER BOARDS/COUNCILS
Magapa-SuageWatershed Mgt.
Council
Tigum-AgananWatershed Mgt. Board
Jalaur, NorthernIloilo, Jar-aw,Tanjan Mgt. Board, Etc.
SibalomWatershed
Mgt. Council
River/Brook Groups BIC + BIC + BIC
People’s Initiatives
PROVINCE OF ILOILO WATERSHED STRUCTURE
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WATERSHED MAP
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The Tigum Aganan River BoardThe Tigum Aganan River Board
Officers: Maasin LGU, Chair Pavia LGU, Vice Kahublagan Sang
Panimalay Foundation, Secretary
Central Philippine University, Treasurer
Phil. Information Agency, Province, Info Officer
Members: Leon LGU Alimodian LGU Sta. Barbara LGU Cabatuan LGU Irrigators’ Association Katilingban Sang mga
Pumuluyo sa Watershed-Maasin
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Technical Working GroupTechnical Working Group
PASU-DENR MIWD DPWH NIA PIA CENRO CPU SBIFL KAPAWA KSPFI
LGU representatives: Maasin Cabatuan Sta Barbara Pavia Iloilo San Miguel Alimodian Leon
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LEGAL BASESLEGAL BASES
Creation of Provincial Watershed Mgt Council – Ordinance 2000-41, dated
Creation of River Boards or local watershed council – Memorandum of Agreement among LGUs and major stakeholders.
Barangay Information Centers – Local Government Code
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Barangay Information CentersBarangay Information Centers NAME OF BIC NO. OF
BICsNO. OF
MEMBERSBUDGET INITIATIVES
TPLANTING
Riverbank
CBFM SWM livelihood
Gardening
LEON 5 94 120,000.00 X X X X X
STA. BARBARA
6 96 175,000.00 X X X X X
MAASIN 18 308 237,000.00 X X X X X X
CABATUAN 13 287 223,000.00 X X X X X
SAN MIGUEL
7 140 324,700.00 X X X X X
PAVIA 5 113 39,000.00 X X X X
ILOILO CITY 2 27 4,000.00 X X X
DECS 6 164 100,000.00 X X X X X
ALIMODIAN 8 216 189,000.00 X X X X X X
TOTAL 70 1,474 1,411,700.00