food storage tech - umass amherst · low cost food storage technology: energy savings and produce...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Food Storage Tech - UMass Amherst · LOW COST FOOD STORAGE TECHNOLOGY: ENERGY SAVINGS AND PRODUCE STORAGE QUALITY . Department of the Interior. Bureau of Reclamation. Civilian Conservation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062414/5f7d4d484a3a335abf5033a1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ben Weil
Luke Doody
University of
Massachusetts
Amherst
LOW COST FOOD STORAGE
TECHNOLOGY: ENERGY
SAVINGS AND PRODUCE
STORAGE QUALITY
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Department of the Interior. Bureau of Reclamation. Civilian Conservation Corps Division.1940
Traditional Root Cellar
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-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Ou
tdo
or
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
°F)
Hours of the year
Outdoor temps in a typical model year for Chicopee
Refrigeration Temp range
Winter Storage Season
Median Temp
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Psychrometric Chart
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Psychrometric temperatures
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Humidity Ratio
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Relative Humidity
30% RH
50% RH
100% RH 120% RH?
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Relative Humidity
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Dry Bulb Temperature
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Wet Bulb Temperature
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Enthalpy
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Simplified Psychrometric Chart
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ASHRAE Comfort Zone & Veggie Comfort Zone
Humans
Fresh Veg
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DX Cooling Process
Coil Temp
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PROTOTYPE COOLER
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
SOUTH DEERFIELD FARM
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The Original Cooler
Insulated Floor 2X4 with ¾”
Plywood
DX Coil Refrigeration
4” Foam Panels with Metal Sheathing
Dimensions: 8’X8’X8’
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Intake Fan 94 Watts
Exhaust Damper
Insulated Air Intake Duct
Compressor 547 Watts
Outdoor Air System
Spring Loaded Damper
Guards for Pests and
Debris
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HumDisk 10 Centrifugal Humidifier 45 Watts
Dayton Humidistat
Continuous Water Source
Humidification System
Water Feed Housing
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Air Circulation
Bathroom Exhaust Fan 37 Watts
Duct Releases Air in Opposite
Corner
Compressor Fan 283 Watts
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Outdoor Air Control Panel
Outdoor Air Control
Thermostat Set to 44˚F
Energy Meter
Fan Speed Controller
Hobo Data Logger
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Temperature Controls
Set Point
Cut Out Cut Out
Cut In
Cut In
38 37 36 35 34 33 32
Outdoor Fan Thermostat
Compressor Thermostat
˚F
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BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.656 in. HG
PSYCHROMETRICCHARTNormal TemperatureI-P Units
246 FEET
Weather Data Location:CHICOPEE_FALLS_WESTO, MASSACHUSETTS, USA
Weather Hours
22 to 144 to 23
66 to 45
88 to 67
110 to 89
132 to 111
154 to 133
176 to 155
198 to 177
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
35
40
45
50
55
55
60
60
EN
TH
AL
PY
- B
TU
PE
R P
OU
ND
OF
DR
Y A
IR
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
ENTH
ALP
Y -
BTU
PER P
OUND O
F DRY A
IR
SATU
RATI
ON T
EM
PERATU
RE -
°F
.05
.1
.15
.2
.25
.3
.35
.4
.45
.5
.55
.6
.65
.7
.75
.8
.85
.9
.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
VA
PO
R P
RE
SS
UR
E -
IN
CH
ES
OF
ME
RC
UR
Y
0
10
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
DE
W P
OIN
T T
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
- °
F
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.400.350.300.250.20SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO = Qs / Qt
SE
NS
IBLE
HE
AT
RA
TIO
= Q
s /
Qt
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
15%
25%
2%
4%
6%
8% RELATIVE HUMIDITY
10% RELATIVE HUMIDITY20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
-50
05
510
1015
1520
2025
2530
30
35
35
40
40
45
45
50
5055
5560
6065
65 70
70 75
75
80
80
85 WET BULB TEM
PERATURE - °F
85
90
12.0
13.0
14.0
VO
LU
ME
- CU
.FT
. PE
R L
B. D
RY
AIR
HU
MID
ITY
RA
TIO
- G
RA
INS
OF
MO
IST
UR
E P
ER
PO
UN
D O
F D
RY
AIR
0
1.0 1.0
:-
2.0
4.08.0
-8.0-4.0-2.0
-1.0-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.10.
2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
-2000
-1000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
3000
5000
-::
SENSIBLE HEAT Qs
TOTAL HEAT Qt
ENTHALPY
HUMIDITY RATIO
Dh
DW
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.656 in. HG
PSYCHROMETRICCHARTNormal TemperatureI-P Units
246 FEET
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
Weather for winter storage season (Nov-April) Western Mass.
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BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.548 in. HG
PSYCHROMETRICCHARTNormal TemperatureI-P Units
348 FEET
Weather Data Location:CONCORD_MUNICIPAL_ARPT, NEW_HAMPSHIRE, USA
Weather Hours
16 to 132 to 17
48 to 33
64 to 49
80 to 65
96 to 81
112 to 97
128 to 113
144 to 129
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
35
40
45
50
55
55
60
60
EN
TH
AL
PY
- B
TU
PE
R P
OU
ND
OF
DR
Y A
IR
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
ENTH
ALP
Y -
BTU
PER P
OUND O
F DRY A
IR
SATU
RATI
ON T
EM
PERATU
RE -
°F
.05
.1
.15
.2
.25
.3
.35
.4
.45
.5
.55
.6
.65
.7
.75
.8
.85
.9
.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
VA
PO
R P
RE
SS
UR
E -
IN
CH
ES
OF
ME
RC
UR
Y
0
10
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
DE
W P
OIN
T T
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
- °
F
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.400.350.300.250.20SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO = Qs / Qt
SE
NS
IBL
E H
EA
T R
AT
IO =
Qs / Q
t
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
15%
25%
2%
4%
6%
8% RELATIVE HUMIDITY
10% RELATIVE HUMIDITY20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
-50
05
510
1015
1520
2025
2530
30
35
35
40
40
45
45
50
5055
5560
6065
65 70
70 75
75
80
80
85 WET BULB TEM
PERATURE - °F
85
90
12.0
13.0
14.0
VO
LU
ME
- CU
.FT
. PE
R L
B. D
RY
AIR
15.0
HU
MID
ITY
RA
TIO
- G
RA
INS
OF
MO
IST
UR
E P
ER
PO
UN
D O
F D
RY
AIR
0
1.0 1.0
:-
2.0
4.08.0
-8.0-4.0-2.0
-1.0-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.10.
2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
-2000
-1000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
3000
5000
-::
SENSIBLE HEAT Qs
TOTAL HEAT Qt
ENTHALPY
HUMIDITY RATIO
Dh
DW
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.548 in. HG
PSYCHROMETRICCHARTNormal TemperatureI-P Units
348 FEET
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
Weather for winter storage season (Nov-April) Central NH.
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Weather for winter storage season (Nov-April) North Central CT.
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64
69
74
79
84
89
94
99
104
5
15
25
35
45
55
65
%R
H
°F
Conditions in Experimental Cooler and Conventional Cooler
outTemp, °F CoolerTemp, °F SGTemp, °F CoolerRH, % SGRH, %
Compressor
Outdoor temp above cutoff
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Outside AirEvap
Conventional
kWh
/day
Fan
Compressor
Outdoor Fan
Circ Fan,Humidifier &Freeze protect
Energy Use
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BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.656 in. HG
PSYCHROMETRICCHARTNormal TemperatureI-P Units
246 FEET
Weather Data Location:CHICOPEE_FALLS_WESTO, MASSACHUSETTS, USA
Weather Hours
22 to 144 to 23
66 to 45
88 to 67
110 to 89
132 to 111
154 to 133
176 to 155
198 to 177
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
35
40
45
50
55
55
60
60
EN
TH
AL
PY
- B
TU
PE
R P
OU
ND
OF
DR
Y A
IR
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
ENTH
ALP
Y -
BTU
PER P
OUND O
F DRY A
IR
SATU
RATI
ON T
EM
PERATU
RE -
°F
.05
.1
.15
.2
.25
.3
.35
.4
.45
.5
.55
.6
.65
.7
.75
.8
.85
.9
.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
VA
PO
R P
RE
SS
UR
E -
IN
CH
ES
OF
ME
RC
UR
Y
0
10
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
DE
W P
OIN
T T
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
- °
F
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.400.350.300.250.20SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO = Qs / Qt
SE
NS
IBLE
HE
AT
RA
TIO
= Q
s /
Qt
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
15%
25%
2%
4%
6%
8% RELATIVE HUMIDITY
10% RELATIVE HUMIDITY20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
-50
05
510
1015
1520
2025
2530
30
35
35
40
40
45
45
50
5055
5560
6065
65 70
70 75
75
80
80
85 WET BULB TEM
PERATURE - °F
85
90
12.0
13.0
14.0
VO
LU
ME
- CU
.FT
. PE
R L
B. D
RY
AIR
HU
MID
ITY
RA
TIO
- G
RA
INS
OF
MO
IST
UR
E P
ER
PO
UN
D O
F D
RY
AIR
0
1.0 1.0
:-
2.0
4.08.0
-8.0-4.0-2.0
-1.0-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.10.
2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
-2000
-1000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
3000
5000
-::
SENSIBLE HEAT Qs
TOTAL HEAT Qt
ENTHALPY
HUMIDITY RATIO
Dh
DW
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.656 in. HG
PSYCHROMETRICCHARTNormal TemperatureI-P Units
246 FEET
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
Weather for winter storage season (Nov-April) Western Mass.
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Conventional Free Cooling EvapEnhanced
Ho
urs
(N
ov
- A
pri
l)
Weather-driven operating hours (for Chicopee, MA)
Compressor
Error
Economizer
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$100.00
$150.00
$200.00
$250.00
$300.00
$350.00
$400.00
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Co
st
kWh
Energy usage and operating costs (based on
Chicopee, MA weather)
Compressor
Error
Economizer
Cost ($)
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Item Cost Economizer only
Humdifier $900 N/A
Air intake fan $200 $200
Circ. fan $40 $40
Misc. $100 $100
Total $1,240 $340
Savings $213 $122
Simple Payback 2.91 Years 2.78 Years
First Cost and Simple Payback Period
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Humidifier savings probably bigger at larger scales
• Prototype is only 800 ft3
• Identical setup can work up to 12,000 ft3
• Humidisk10 can work up to 20,000 ft3 at 1 ACH.
• 70 CFM Circ fans will have to be multiplied (approx. 1 for every 1000 ft3.)
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DX Cooling Process
Coil Temp
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Vapor Profile of a Carrot in Storage
Vapor Pressure: 0.414 kPa 35°F, 60% RH
Vapor Pressure: 0.689 kPa 35°F, Saturated
H20
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Vapor Profile of a Carrot in Storage
Vapor Pressure: 0.662 kPa 35°F, 96% RH
Vapor Pressure: 0.689 kPa 35°F, Saturated
H20
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Vapor Profile of Carrot in Storage in Winter
Vapor Pressure: 0.662 kPa 35°F, 96% RH
Vapor Pressure: 0.689 kPa 35°F, Saturated
H20
Vapor Pressure: 0.191 kPa 20°F, 50 % RH
H20
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air
film
Inte
rio
r C
ove
r
Insulation
Ext.
Sh
eat
hin
g
Ext.
Fin
ish
o
ut
air
film
0 2 4 6 8 10
Inches
15
20
25
30
35
4020°F Outside
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Cooling Process
0.00193 lbs H20/lb dry air
condensed
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Vapor Profile of a Carrot in Storage in Summer
Vapor Pressure: 0.662 kPa 35°F, 96% RH
Vapor Pressure: 0.689 kPa 35°F, Saturated
H20
Vapor Pressure: 2.339 kPa 89°F, 50 % RH
H20
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60°F Outside
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Cooling Process
0.00446 lbs H20 / lb dry air
Condensed
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20°F outside
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60°F outside
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90°F outside
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Construction Elements
• Lots of insulation (R-20 min) on all sides including floor.
• Interior materials must be corrosion and rot resistant (metal, plastic, cement)
• Vapor barrier on interior (metal and plastic) • Minimum 2/3 of total R value must be air
impermeable and vapor retardant (foam board with sealed seams) interior of sheathing.
• Air tight construction. Test by pressurizing with fan and use theatrical fog or a moistened back of the hand.
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Mechanical Elements
• circulation independent of compressor
• controlled fresh air exchanges
• Atomizing humidification system controlled by humidistat
• Temperature controlled by accurate thermostats
• Set points based on local weather characteristics
• Monitor with humidity and temperature sensors (data logging is preferable, but thermometer hygrometers are okay)
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From Season extension to System extension?
• Short term market crop storage (e.g. tomatoes, greens, lettuce, etc.)
• Staged field heat reduction
• Any suggestions?
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Questions?
• Thanks!
– USDA
– Ruth Hazzard
– Daniel Pepin
– Amanda Brown
– Simple Gifts Farm