food supply and distribution to cities olivio argenti food and agriculture organization of the...
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FOOD SUPPLYand DISTRIBUTION to CITIES
Olivio Argenti
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Rome
“The task of feeding the world’s cities adequately
constitutes an increasingly pressing challenge, requiring the
coordinated interaction of food producers, transporters,
market operators and a myriad of retail sellers. It also
requires constant improvements in the quality of transport
and distribution systems. Not least, it involves a shared
understanding among city officials and national and
international development agencies of the common
problems and the potential solutions faced when seeking to
feed cities on a sustainable basis”
Jacques DioufDirector-General of FAO
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Changing world population
38
62
49
51 61
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1975 2007 2025
Rural Urban
UN Habitat, 20073
Years to double urban population
20Years
KampalaAddis AbabaNairobiConakryMogadishuDaccaKhartoumLagosYaoundéAbidjanAccraLahoreIbadan
12Years
UN Habitat, 20074
Urban poverty in selected cities
Kinshasa - 70%Kampala - 77%Chittagong - 78%Hanoi - 51%Guatemala - 80%El Alto - 87%
5UN Habitat, 2007
Slum population as a % of urban population (2001)
UN Habitat6
World 31.2
Developing regions 42.7Transitional countries 10.3Developed regions 6.0
Sub-Saharan Africa 71.9Southern Asia 59.0East Asia 36.4Latin America and the Caribbean 31.9Northern Africa 28.2South-East Asia 28.0West Asia 25.7Oceania 24.1
Challenge
Meeting increasing urban food demand,
reducing import dependence and
conveying safe and nutritious food
to consumers at reasonable prices,
while creating income opportunities
– for youth in particular –
along the food system.
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Implications of urbanization
1. Cities expand where there is space, where it is easier,
often in an unplanned and unregulated way
2. Urbanisation give rise to “fragmented” areas and ever
larger slums with no infrastructure and services
3. Uncontrolled urbanization impairs the efficiency of local
food systems [Food Supply and Distribution – FSD].
How?
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STATIC COMMERCIAL FOOD SYSTEM
COMPLEX FOOD SYSTEMSMEETING URBAN FOOD NEEDS
Components Urban food demand Food supply to cities Food distribution within cities
Urban food demand (market dependent)
Factors determining or shaping UFD:
Urban population
Income/poverty levels
Food culture(s)
Urban territory
Urban life style(s)
Ease of accessing food
…….
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Food supply to cities
Activities to produce and bring food to cities:
Production (urban, peri-urban and urban)
Sorting/cleaning
Packaging
Processing
Storage
Transport
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Urban food distribution
Activities to distribute food within urban areas:
Wholesaling
Intra-urban transport
Retailing
Street food
Restaurants
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ANALYTICAL CRITERIA
Efficiency Dynamism Inclusiveness Sustainability Resilience
TOPICS OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE
FSD policy design and implementation
Informal food sector support policies Micro-small food youth-led
enterprises development
FSD territorial classification
Regional areas on which a city relies for supplies of food and water
Metropolitan areas used for peri-urban agriculture, wholesale markets,
slaughterhouses, city markets, etc.
Urban areas used for urban agriculture, wholesale and retail
markets, hypermarkets, shopping centers, etc
Local all the food retail outlets serving the inhabitants of a
specific neighborhood
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Some questions for Urban Planners
1. Is the food supply sub-system able to satisfy the urban
demand for food now and ten years from now?
2. Are urban food distribution activities in line with future
expansion of the urban and metropolitan areas?
3. How to accommodate changes in food distribution due to
expected modifications in food demand and purchasing
habits?
4. What constraints limit the efficiency of FSDSs, particularly
in poor urban areas ? How to address them?
5. What relations exist between FSDS activities and urban
management and how do they affect each other?
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Role of Urban Planners - Regional
Conditions for adequate food production and supply
Construct and rehabilitate assembly markets, food
warehouses, docks, ...
Infrastructure and transport services
Communication systems linking rural and urban areas
Sanitary and hygiene conditions and regulations
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Role of Urban Planners - Metropolitan
Conditions for efficient wholesale distribution of food
Development of wholesale markets and
slaughterhouses outside urban centers
Monitoring of food processing standards respect
Public and private investment
Environmental impact of wholesale market and
slaughterhouse activities
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Role of Urban Planners - Urban
Protect land resource, balancing the need for land for
cultivation against the demands of urbanization
Urban agriculture on suitable land
Intra -urban food transport
Public and private investment retail markets
Conditions for efficient retail distribution
Hygienic street food
Environmental impact of wholesale activities
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Role of Urban Planners - Local
Conditions to allow food to reach all areas of the city at
low cost
Conditions for the development of retail outlets
Support informal food activity including street food
Conditions to preserve safety of food
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What LAs currently do for FSDSs (1/2)
1. Design and implement urban development policies,
strategies and plans
2. Execute development and investment programmes
3. Plan and construct markets, loading and unloading
areas, slaughterhouses, fish docks and transport
infrastructure
4. Develop, maintain and upgrade public infrastructure
(transport, slaughterhouses, markets, ...)
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What LAs currently do for FSDSs (2/2)
5. Provide water, toilets, lighting, sewage, waste disposal, etc.
6. Regulate public land occupancy and construction
7. Levy municipal taxes
8. Food quality control, food sale points hygiene
9. Garbage disposal
10. Control of informal food trading activities
11. Services training and facilities for market users
12. Security around markets
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Constraints faced by LAs
1. Decision makers are not aware of the issues
2. Too many problems ... insufficient resources
3. Increasing responsibilities not matched by resources
4. Cumbersome financial disbursement procedures
5. Pressure exerted on the urban space
6. Insufficient and /or inadequate available infrastructure
7. Unclear role of municipal agents
8. Insufficient technical staff
9. Inadequate technical skills with respect to FSD issues
10. Inadequate interinstitutional co-ordination
11. Inadequate dialogue between LA and private sector
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What LAs should do for FSDSs (1/2)
1. Recognise the importance of an efficient and
dynamic FSDS
2. Develop an interdisciplinary and dynamic
understanding of FSDS
3. Integrate FSD aspects into urban management
and planning policies and programming
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What LAs should do for FSDSs (2/2)
4. Ease access to market places to reduce operational
costs
5. Adequate facilities for the well functioning of markets
6. Monitor formal and informal food processing and
distribution activities at all levels
7. Promote productive employment in FSD activities
8. Train municipal staff at all levels
9. Promote private sector organizations and dialogue with
them
10. Promote private investment
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FSD policy definition
“Set of goals, objectives and programmes, set
within a specified time frame, formulated in
collaboration with all stakeholders, that guide CLAs
in the use of resources under their control and
through private investment to improve access by
urban households to stable supply of low-cost, good
quality and safe food through more efficient,
dynamic, hygienic and environmentally sound
FSDSs”
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FSD policy goal (example)
“Within ten years,
all urban low-income households in my city
will have adequate access to
stable supplies of low-cost good quality and
safe food, through efficient, dynamic,
hygienic and environmentally sound FSDSs”
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FSD policy: why?
Growing urban areas, poverty and food insecurity
Need a systemic view of how cities and fed and a strategy
Lack of FSD focus in urban planning
Misinformed decision makers
Fragmentation of responsibilities
Need to account to electorate and Central Govt.
Limited resources
Too many problems to solve
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FSD policy objectives
Economic
To promote efficient FSDS so as to ensure stable low cost food supplies to urban consumers and generate food production incentives
Social
To minimize food insecurity in poor urban households so as to improve equity, reduce social disruption and increase productive employment
Health and environmental
To eliminate food-related health problems and minimize negative impact of FSDS activities on the environment
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Role of FAO (1/2)
Facilitate information and discussion on urban food security matters
Provide normative guidance to members governments - and local governments in particular - on analyzing challenges to, and identifying strategic options for, urban food security in the face of expanding urbanization and increasing urban poverty levels
Provide technical assistance to local governments in the design of local policies, strategies, investments and action plans for improved urban food security
Promote technically sound decentralized cooperation among city and local authorities in the N-S and S-S contexts to address specific issues and constraints
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Role of FAO (2/2)
Conduct information and sensitization activities for decision-makers
Train technical staff Undertake and promote research on selected themes Develop and diffuse technical documentation Provide technical assistance for:
analysis of local FSDSs; identification of local constraints and possible solutions; formulation of policies, strategies and investment/action
plans and programmes.
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Key messages to be taken home
How well the food demand in your cities is satisfied
depends on the efficiency and dynamism of local
FSDSs
Local Authorities (LAs) can influence costs, quality,
safety and prices of food products
LAs need to make decisions on solid technical
ground
LAs need to collaborate with other City and Local
Authorities along FSDSs
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