footwear technology in sport...harder, better, faster, stronger

SPO025-2 Research Foundations Quantitative

Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Research Proposal Research Foundations Quantitative – SPO025-2

Carl Page (1008889) University of Bedfordshire Mr. M Lambert



Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger...Footwear

Technology In Sport

Introduction

The “Barefoot” shoes these normally will have uppers which are fabricated from

featherweight material with soles of 3-millimeter thick polyurethane. While Agoada,

(2012) proposes it is still unclear with the risks versus benefits associated with

barefoot running, nonetheless be alert that barefoot running could trigger injury

within participants with fundamental biomechanical foot problems. Furthermore

studies from Lieberman, (2010) discovered forefoot and mid-foot-strike gaits were

probably more common when humans ran barefoot or in minimal shoes. Also might

have protected their feet and lower limbs from particular impact-related injuries which

are now present in a large majority of runners.

Additionally to improve performance the weight of the shoe has been dramatically

reduced over the years. Thus investigations on Ground Reaction Forces during

running has examined how these forces affect the body and how factors such as

running style, types of surfaces, and footwear could influence affect Ground

Reaction Forces (Bobbert et al., 1991; Cavanagh and Lafortune, 1980; Clarke et al.,

1983; Cook et al., 1985; De Wit et al., 1996; Divert et al., 2005)Therefore aiding to

enable optimal performance technologically advanced racing flats and spikes have

been mass produced (Cavanagh, 1980; Denton, 2005).

Review of Literature

Hennig, (2011) suggests that the shape of footballers boot will influence the shooting

velocity plus even more significant for the sport is their striking accuracy. Hence

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, (2001) states the changes to the

manufacturing in the choice of the materials used affects total weight. Furthermore

the lacing appearance and the difference to athletic shoes in which they protect the

areas of the foot that is placed under the most stress.



The most popular sport in the world is football; the need for speed as Redknapp,

(2007) states the fascination with performance lightweight and more dynamic boots.

Since with cutting edge of high technological developments being made there is a

production of new range of football boots (Appendix 5). These are supposedly

lighter, with the idea being footballers are able to change direction with better

flexibility and gain further speed over the pitch. Therefore Hennig, (2011) signifies

the most important shoe feature is the studs these tolerate fast accelerations and

stops, rapid cuts, and turns. Hence the stud design and their arrangement is critical

for success.

In contrast Peak Performance Sporting Excellence, (2012) footwear can be planned

to decrease the forces which the knees are placed to, since it is certainly not a case

that ‘one size fits all’ as with selecting the right running shoe that is based on

athletes gender. Consequently Great Strides, (2006) suggests there are countless

issues with meeting the needs of women’s shoes, as they are dissimilar to men’s

e.g. a woman's forefoot is wider and her heel is narrower relative to length when

compared to a man's.

Therefore the footwear industry is a continually growing investment in the significant

resources needed for research purposes. For instance the flexible consequences of

cushioning system used and peak forces has been seen to alter electromyography

arrangements plus alter knee flexion through foot strike and influence ultimately the

participants running economy. Investigations from Fredericka, (1986) discovered

mediolateral stability as calculated with rear foot kinematics is intensely manipulated

by shoe design characteristics for instance the sole hardness, along with heel lift and

geometry.

In July 2012 Nike will announcing a 5.6 ounce running shoe named the Flyknit. This

could drastically alter not only the marketplace for running footwear then for footwear

in universal. (Schlossberg, 2012) Furthermore the Nike shoe will possess individual

compartments for each toe imitating the look and feel of an individual walking



barefoot. Recently this became the entire craze amongst long distance runners, as

believed to offer a new natural, lower demanding running practice.

Although standing of surfaces which provide more stimulation to the sole enhances

stability (Watanabe & Okubo, 1981) to the extent that (Kavounoudias et al. 1998)

have proposed that the plantar sole provides a “dynamometric map” of the pressure

changes which reflect shifts in the body’s centre of mass (Kavounoudias et al. 1998).

Similarly The Realbuzz Group Ltd. (2012) running socks will influence too as their

thickness affect the fit of the footwear. Furthermore must take into account the way

individuals run differently, their somatotype and biomechanics and even their sport

discipline.

Consequently the research question is “Do modern football boots offer an improved

rapid deceleration, acceleration and single-stance twists when compared to being

barefoot?” Therefore this investigation includes background information on the type

of footwear being currently used that is possibly an influence of great sporting

success in football. Whereby the hypothesis of the footballers deciding on whether

they prefer to wear modern football boots or no footwear which could offer an

increased rate of sporting performance. Hence the type of footwear chosen will

indeed influence the performance levels of the footballers when performing the T’

Drill, this is known as the Absolute Hypothesis. In contrast the type of footwear

chosen will not influence the performance levels of the footballers when compete the

T’ Drill it is recognised as the Null Hypothesis.

However the Independent Variable (IV) for this study is the football boots being used

such as the Adidas Adizero F50 Micoach, Puma Evospeed, Nike Mercurial Vapour

Superfly CR7 III and without footwear by being barefoot. Whereas the Dependent

Variable (DV) is specifically the total amount of time the footballers each need to

complete the ‘T’ Drill test over the footballing surface being used for making

comparisons with and without the football boots.



Methodology

In agreement with the guidelines of the Research Ethics Committee of University of

Bedfordshire, the participants are given PAR-Q’s, informed consent prior and

information sheet with covering letter of guidance about the investigation taking

place. Collected data will meet the requirements of the Data Protection Act (DPA).

The study also should follow the Declaration of Helsinki which is a set of ethical

principles for the medical community regarding human experimentation. Also this is

largely considered to be the foundation document of human research ethics.

Likewise the investigation process is in the accordance of The Nuremberg Code.

The sample group chosen for this research is comprised of healthy football

participants and be of mixed genders and have a range of ages twenty to twenty-

five. Pretesting of height measurement standing up as the highest distance from the

floor to the peak point of the participants head, while the participants has to be facing

straight forward. Their shoes will be taken off, with placed side by side and arms

placed still by their sides. The heels, buttocks and upper back must likewise remain

in contact with the wall whilst the measurement is made by the researcher in centre

metres.

Weight of each participant shall be measured on scales set to kilograms and have to

do this without their footwear. Also must stand still with feet and arms parallel to the

ground. A running gait assessment will be done to show how every participants feet

are completely only one of its kind as analysing their shape, the length and width.

Assess the height of their instep or arch of being peculiar to themselves. Force

plates analysis using to determine which condition turns more quickly and offers best

flexibility for the participants.

The tests comprise of sprinting and quickly changing direction with the football boots

of Adidas Adizero F50 Micoach, Puma Evospeed, Nike Mercurial Vapour Superfly

CR7 III and barefoot so without footwear. This is done over a particular distance

marked by cones and the time taken to complete is documented using a stopwatch

or timing gates. For the duration of the tests the acceleration and peak velocity can

furthermore be established with the use of Polar Foot Pod Model S1.



Tests

Warm up

A standardised brief warm up is performed for ten minutes by all participants

involved in the investigation. This includes slow controlled movements and when

stretching holding the position for two seconds. Starting positions of tests are

standardised since from in a static position with their foot having to be placed behind

the starting line, alongside no rocking motions used as leverage.

The 'T' Drill (Peak Performance Sporting

Excellence, 2012) concentrates on the

technique used for quality movement which

increases the participant’s agility done with

and without footwear. Mackenzie, (2005)

states the researcher will monitor the

development of the participants speed with

directional change. The four cones as

illustrated in Figure 1. shows how to set out

the 'T' Drill test properly 5 yards = 4.57 m,

10 yards = 9.14 m (Professional soccer

coaching, 2011).

The protocol used for the 'T' Drill followed Hoffman, (2002);

1. The participant sprints from the starting cone (A) to second one (B) 30ft away.

2. The participant then side shuffles to a third cone (C) 15ft away, turns, and

proceeds to shuffle past second cone B to a fourth cone (D) that is 30ft away.

3. The participant then side shuffle back to the cone B and does a backward

sprint to the starting cone A.

Also Köklü, (2010) T-drill test times are used for the determination of agility.

Subsequently Football Canada, (2011) offers fail criteria in place if any participants

attempt to do a false start from the ‘go’, do not touch the base of any cone, cross

Figure 1. 'T' Drill test (Topend Sports

Network, 2012)



their feet when shuffling or fail to face front at all times. Consequently Sporting

Excellence Ltd. (2012) recommends the researcher will select the best time of three

productive trials to the nearest 0.1 seconds. Compare the results to the table below:

Males (seconds) Females (seconds)

Excellent < 9.5 < 10.5 Good 9.5 to 10.5 10.5 to 11.5

Average 10.5 to 11.5 11.5 to 12.5 Poor > 11.5 > 12.5

Advantages and Disadvantages

Equally Topend Sports Network, (2012) and Mackenzie, (2005) discuss that the test

requires limited equipment and space to be conducted. However the disadvantage

with this is only one participant can do the test at a time. Plus need of an assistant

when administering the test to write scores. Although Topend Sports Network,

(2012) recommends the type of surface which is being used has to be consistent so

that there is good test-retest reliability. Likewise Mackenzie, (2000) advises further

for the test is conducted firmly and requires the participant’s level of motivation to

perform. Nonetheless Liset, (2012) The "T Drill" is an example of a general test for

kinesiatric movement.

Equipment Needed

Stadiometer

Scales

Footpods

Tape Measure

Marking Cones

Stopwatch / Timing Gates

Writing utensil and paperwork

Assistant

Table 1. 'T' Drill test scores male and female (Topend Sports Network, 2012)



Justification of Resources

Stadiometer; Novel Products Inc. Stadi-O-Meter. Topend Sports Network, (2012)

suggests this allows for minimal price of swift height measurements of all the

participants involved in the study which is placed against a solid back wall. Scales;

for testing measurement of the participant’s weight straightforwardly and rapidly

along with only consists of small fees included.

Footpods; Polar Foot Pod Model S1 this running speed sensor clips on the

participants shoelaces then performs by calculating their running speed precisely.

Hence the device makes use of inertial sensor technology (accelerometers) which

assess the running speed (Topend Sports Network, 2012). Furthermore Polar

Electro, (2012) testifies the foot pod allows for accurate measurements of running

speed/pace and distance. In addition through being attached to the shoe laces, it is

so light that the participants will forget it is even there, therefore will not affect their

running performance during the testing.

The footpods does this all the way through each stride the participants makes, at that

time works out foot angles also concludes the subsequent acceleration in the route

of travel. The data is included for each stride as the statistics is delivered wirelessly

to the researcher through the connected watch. Therefore after calibration, Polar

states that the truthfulness raises from 97% to 99%, this then is extremely notable.

Marking Cones; Champion Sports 9 Inch Colored Cones - Set of 6. The cones are

going to be used for when marking out the path or to specific distance the participant

has to be cover in the, particularly in 'T' Drill test. Start/Stop. Mackenzie,

(2000) states the 'T' Drill test is appropriate for sports with multidirectional

movement. Timing Gates; Track and Field Speed Trap I, these allow a great quantity

of data to be logged. The timing system is capable of storing all the test outcomes,

these then are able to be transferred afterwards to a laptop for processing. Also with

the use of wireless systems these allows the gates to be positioned wherever that is

within range. Plus they are extremely useful since being simple to organise and

arrange the gates in a line.



Stopwatch; Oslo the Silver 100 OSLO 100 Dual Memory Stopwatch Countdowns

and Stroke Rate. A cheap watch which is capable of being rapidly pressed to start

and stop all by just pressing a single button, as make use of in measuring the

precise duration of time taken by the participant to complete the test. Measurement

Tape; Keson SR10300Surveyors Rope 300ft 10ths. It is more practical compared to

a ruler. Also tape measures are able to be purchased in various sizes from 6 to 120

feet. Plus with electronic measurement tapes they present for more reliable

measuring to be made.

Data Collection Sheet

Objective/Aim of investigation:

Date: Venue:

Name of participant: DOB:

Height (cm): Weight (Kg):

Running gait assessment: Gender:

Condition Without

Footwear

(Barefoot)

Adidas Adizero

F50 Micoach

Puma Evospeed Nike Mercurial

Vapour Superfly

CR7 III

Trail 1 Time

(Seconds)

Force Plates

Analysis

Trail 2 Time

(Seconds)

Force Plates

Analysis

Trail 3 Time

(Seconds)

Force Plates

Analysis

Tick the box to indicate the evaluation of which product the participant works, feels and

wears best. Please explain the reason why in the box below too.



Sensory/Perception With Without

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Appendices

Appendix 1. Par-Q

Appendix 2. Consent Form

Appendix 3. Security Measures

Appendix 4. Information Sheet

Appendix 5. Messi Boots

Appendix 6. Mind Map of Footwear in Sport

http://fulltext.ausport.gov.au/fulltext/2001/acsms/papers/WADD2.pdf

http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/37/2/170.full.pdf+html?sid=5da77ee2-2ba8-4a99-b0b2-88d5868f858c

http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/37/2/170.full.pdf+html?sid=5da77ee2-2ba8-4a99-b0b2-88d5868f858c

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb30926.x/abstract