for a bigger, bolder canada

For a bigger, bolder CanadaLONG-TERM THINKING.STARTING NOW.

ABOUT THIS REPORTFor a Bigger, Bolder Canada offers a vision for our country in 2100. We believe that, if Canada has 100 million people and the right support mechanisms for those people, it will be a country that is prosperous, inclusive ERH�MRƽYIRXMEP��FYMPHMRK�SR�MXW�WXVIRKXLW�ERH�JYPƼPPMRK� MXW�TSXIRXMEP�� -X� MW�F]�RS�QIERW�MRIZMXEFPI�XLEX�[I�[MPP� get there. The future we desire will require a willingness among Canadians to bring a long-term lens to our FMKKIWX� GYVVIRX� GLEPPIRKIW�� QIIXMRK� XLIQ� [MXL� FSPH�� JSV[EVH�PSSOMRK� TSPMGMIW� ERH� WMKRMƼGERX� MRZIWXQIRX� XS�QEXGL��-X�[MPP�VIUYMVI�PIEHIVWLMT��%RH��MX�[MPP�VIUYMVI�E�WIVMIW�SJ�REXMSREP�WXVEXIKMIW�XS�KIX�YW�XS�SYV�KSEP�

Canada is physically vast with a relatively small and aging population.1, 2 Our long-term success depends on our ability to scale our population over the course of this century while ensuring that infrastructure development, social programs and public support for this expansion keep pace. This is an ambitious but vital national challenge, one that -- if successfully met -- can make Canada an even better place to live, and an example to the world.

This report offers a framework for thought, discussion and action around 10 issues that must be addressed now if Canada is to achieve the scale needed for longer-term prosperity. We need an open discussion, focusing SR�JEGXW��EVSYRH�XLI�IGSRSQMG�ERH�WSGMEP�IPIQIRXW�SJ�'EREHEƅW�KVS[XL��%RH�[I�RIIH�XS�WII�TSTYPEXMSR�KVS[XL�as part of a wider reckoning about the future of Canada’s workforce, its education system and infrastructure. Because to achieve distant goals, we have to start now.

ABOUT CENTURY INITIATIVE'IRXYV]�-RMXMEXMZI��'- �MW�E�REXMSREP�RSR�TEVXMWER�SVKERM^EXMSR�[MXL�E�QMWWMSR�XS�IRLERGI�'EREHEƅW�PSRK�XIVQ�TVSWTIVMX]� XLVSYKL� FMKKIV� ERH� FSPHIV� XLMROMRK�� MQEKMREXMSR� ERH� EGXMSR�� 8S� XLEX� IRH�� '-� TVSZMHIW� VIWIEVGL�and education, creates opportunities to engage and share viewpoints, and contributes to public policy ERH�WSPYXMSRW�HIWMKR��'-ƅW�GYVVIRX�EVIEW�SJ�JSGYW�EVI��MQQMKVEXMSR��YVFER�HIZIPSTQIRX��IEVP]�GLMPHLSSH�WYTTSVX��employment & entrepreneurship and education. We seek to broaden the conversation on Canada’s future, and to work with others on actionable strategies.

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Table of Contents6

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I. CANADA’S CHOICE

IntroductionA Fast-Changing WorldCanadians have much to be grateful for. Our country is, overall, a prosperous place to live.3, 4 We are at peace. -R� E� ZSPEXMPI� EKI� XLMW� IRHYVMRK� GSQQMXQIRX� XS� TVSWTIVMX]�� WXEFMPMX]� ERH� MRGPYWMSR�QEOIW�'EREHE�E� FIEGSR� XS�QMPPMSRW�SJ�TISTPI�EVSYRH�XLI�[SVPH��%X�LSQI�MX�GSRXVMFYXIW�XS�E�WLEVIH�WIRWMFMPMX]�EFSYX�[LEX� MX�QIERW� to be Canadian�, one we broadly cherish even as we quarrel over the details.

8LI�ZEPYIW�XLEX�HIƼRI�XLEX�'EREHMER�MHIRXMX]�GERRSX�FI�XEOIR�JSV�KVERXIH��8LI]�EVSWI�JVSQ�E�GSQFMREXMSR� SJ�LMWXSVMGEP�KSSH�JSVXYRI��E�WMRKPI�WLEVIH�FSVHIV�[MXL�E�PEVKIP]�FIRIZSPIRX�ERH�MQQIRWIP]�VMGL�RIMKLFSYV � and vast economic resources which, over generations, generated the wealth that underwrote the kind SJ�WSGMIX]�[I�GLSWI�XS�FYMPH��;I�[IVI�FPIWWIH��%RH�[I�QEHI�KSSH�SR�XLSWI�FPIWWMRKW�

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But history moves along and the 21st�GIRXYV]�LEW�FVSYKLX�[MXL�MX�GSRWXERX�ERH�VETMH�GLERKI��+PSFEP�IGSRSQMG�TS[IV�MW�WLMJXMRK��QSWX�RSXEFP]�XS�E�VI�IQIVKMRK�%WME�� The digital era has swamped the analogue one, with new technologies upending the ways we conduct commerce and manufacture things, altering everything from SYV�IRIVK]�TEXXIVRW�XS�XLI�[E]W�[I�XVEZIP��%VSYRH�XLI�[SVPH��TISTPI�EVI�SR�XLI�QSZI�Ɓ�ERH�XLI�GLEPPIRKIW�ERH�opportunities of global migration are at the center of heated national policy debates.��

These forces of change bring to the fore new questions about Canada’s place in the world and the realities VSSXIH�MR�SYV�REXMSREP�WXERHMRK��E�PEVKI�GSYRXV]�[MXL�E�VIPEXMZIP]�WQEPP�ERH�EKMRK�TSTYPEXMSR��JEGMRK�E�[MHIV�[SVPH�MR�ƽY\��8LI�HVMJX�JVSQ�XLI�GIVXEMRXMIW�SJ�XLI�TEWX�VEMWIW�YVKIRX�UYIWXMSRW�EFSYX�XLI�PSRK�XIVQ�TVSWTIGXW�JSV�E�GSYRXV]�SJ��QMPPMSR�TISTPI�10

;I�FIPMIZI�E�OI]�HVMZIV�SJ�JYXYVI�IGSRSQMG�TVSWTIVMX]�ERH�E�KSSH�WXERHEVH�SJ�PMZMRK�[MPP�FI�'EREHEƅW�WGEPI�� SYV�TSTYPEXMSR�WMÎ��MXW�GSQTSWMXMSR�ERH�HMWXVMFYXMSR��ERH�XLI�GVMXMGEP�WSGMEP�ERH�WXVYGXYVEP�IPIQIRXW�VIUYMVIH� to make population growth manageable and successful. That’s why we believe that putting Canada on track for a population of 100 million Canadians in 2100 should be central to Canada’s bold response to this century’s challenges.

%�PEVKIV�TSTYPEXMSR�MW�OI]�JSV�XLI�IGSRSQMG�TVSWTIVMX]�XLEX�QEOIW�TSWWMFPI�[LEX�[I�ZEPYI��JVSQ�LMKL�UYEPMX] healthcare and education to income security programs, cultural vibrancy and a healthy environment. ;I�VIEPMÎ�XLEX�EGXMZI�QIEWYVIW�XS�MRGVIEWI�'EREHEƅW�WGEPI�[MPP�VYR�MRXS�XLI�LIEH[MRHW�SJ�GYVVIRX�GSYRXIVZEMPMRK�TSPMXMGEP� JSVGIW�XLEX�VIƽIGX�E�QSVI�WOITXMGEP�TYFPMG�QSSH�11, 12�8LMW�VITSVX� VIGSKRMÎW�XLEX�QEOMRK�XLI�GEWI�for a bigger Canada requires strategic foresight for policies that can provide the social license for such an expansion, notably action to lower barriers to participation in Canada’s labour force by under-represented groups, investment in public infrastructure to ensure we have cities that work and educational policies that prepare all Canadians for the jobs of the future.

8LIVI�MW�SRI�XLMRK�[I�GER�FI�WYVI�SJ��[LIVI�[I�IRH�YT�[MPP�HITIRH�SR�XLI�GLSMGIW�[I�QEOI�RS[��;I�LEZI� E�VIWTSRWMFMPMX]�XS�WIX�'EREHE�YT�JSV�WYGGIWW��JSV�XLI�FIRIƼX�SJ�XLSWI�RSX�]IX�FSVR��FIGEYWI�PEVKI�WGEPI�GLERKI�has big lead times.

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SCENARIO A

Future Canada:The Business-As-Usual Path

Canada’s demography will change over the next few decades. The foremost factor is the aging of the population. As the large baby-boom cohort ebbs out of the workforce into retirement, economic growth will slow. At the same time, GSWXW�[MPP�MRGVIEWI�WMKRMƼGERXP]�JSV�TYFPMG�WIVZMGIW��MRGPYHMRK�LIEPXL�GEVI��IHYGEXMSR� and Old Age Security.The Conference Board of Canada, A Long-Term View of Canada’s Changing Demographics13

,IVIƅW�SRI�WGIREVMS�SJ�LS[�XLI�[SVPH�GSYPH�PSSO�MR��

(IWTMXI�E�HIGEHIW�PSRK�HIGPMRI�MR�KPSFEP�JIVXMPMX]�VEXIW14, it is predicted that the world’s population will approach XLI��FMPPMSR�QEVO�EX�XLI�XYVR�SJ�XLI�RI\X�GIRXYV]��JVSQ��FMPPMSR�XSHE]��

1YGL� SJ� XLEX� VMWI� [MPP� FI� HVMZIR� F]� LMKL� FMVXL� VEXIW� ERH� PSRKIV� PMZIW� MR� QER]� %JVMGER� GSYRXVMIW�� EW� [IPP� EW�KVS[MRK�TSTYPEXMSRW�MR�%WME��&YX�EQSRK�XLI�XST�XIR�JEWXIWX�KVS[MRK�GSYRXVMIW�MR�XLI�HIGEHIW�ELIEH�[MPP� FI�SYV�RIMKLFSYV��XLI�9RMXIH�7XEXIW��[LMGL�[MPP�LEZI�ER�IWXMQEXIH�TSTYPEXMSR�SJ�QSVI�XLER��QMPPMSR�F]��

'EREHE�[MPP�LEZI��QMPPMSR�TISTPI�MR��8LEX�[SYPH�QEOI�YW�XLI��th largest country by population in the [SVPH��HS[R�JVSQ�XLI�GYVVIRX��XL��E�PS[IV�XS�QMH�VEROMRK�GSYRXV]�E�JVEGXMSR�XLI�WM^I�SJ�FILIQSXLW�PMOI�-RHME��MXW��FMPPMSR�TISTPI�[MPP�VERO�JMVWX�F]�XLIR �ERH�'LMRE�

By the turn of the next century, the average life expectancy for a child born in Canada, balanced for both WI\IW��[MPP�FI��]IEVW��3YV�JIVXMPMX]�VEXI�MW�TVSNIGXIH�XS�FI�NYWX�WPMKLXP]�LMKLIV�XLER�MX�MW�RS[�EX��FYX�WXMPP� well-below the replacement level of 2.1. This Canada will be a country of older people.��

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%R�EKMRK�WSGMIX]�GEVVMIW�IGSRSQMG� MQTPMGEXMSRW��%WWYQMRK� XLI�GYVVIRX�TEGI�SJ� MQQMKVEXMSR� MW�QEMRXEMRIH��'EREHEƅW� +(4� KVS[XL� MW� I\TIGXIH� XS� WPS[� XS� �� F]� �� ERH� EZIVEKI� NYWX� �� JVSQ� �� XS� ��20 -R�GSRXVEWX��SZIV�XLI�PEWX��]IEVW�'EREHEƅW�+(4�KVS[XL�LEW�EZIVEKIH��21�8LEX�GYX�MR�+(4�KVS[XL�WMKREPW�E�WQEPPIV�'EREHE�MR�XLI�KPSFEP�GSRXI\X��VIPEXMZIP]�TSSVIV�ERH�PIWW�MRƽYIRXMEP�SR�XLI�[SVPH�WXEKI�

Find projections for life in 2100 a little too remote to grasp? Think they’re too susceptible to unanticipated IZIRXW�Ɓ�JSV�I\EQTPI��E�KPSFEP�TERHIQMG�XLEX�VIRHIVW�GYVVIRX�HIQSKVETLMG�JSVIGEWXMRK�VMHMGYPSYWP]�SJJ�XVEGO#�

Then let’s look at what the math tells us about Canada in the nearer future.

%PVIEH]��SYV�TSTYPEXMSR�MW�VETMHP]�EKMRK��8LI�PMJI�I\TIGXERG]�EX�FMVXL�SJ�XLI�EZIVEKI�'EREHMER�MW�RS[��]IEVW��GSQTEVIH�XS��]IEVW�MR��22, and, as we’ve seen, continuing improvements in public health and medicine will likely further extend lifespans.

1IER[LMPI�XLI�JIVXMPMX]�VEXI�SJ�'EREHMER�[SQIR��XLI�RYQFIV�SJ�GLMPHVIR�E�[SQER�LEW�MR�LIV�PMJIXMQI �MW�SRP]��[IPP�FIPS[�XLI�TSTYPEXMSR�VITPEGIQIRX�VEXI�SJ��23�8LMW�MW�E�QEWWMZI�HIGPMRI�JVSQ��[LIR�XLI�JIVXMPMX]�VEXI�[EW�WPMKLXP]�SZIV��24

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Canadian Fertility Rate and Life Expectancy�;SVPH�&ERO��

8LI� VIWYPX� SJ� PSRKIV� PMJI� I\TIGXERG]� GSYTPIH�[MXL� WXEFPI�SV� IZIR�HIGPMRMRK� JIVXMPMX]� VEXIW�� E�QENSV� MRGVIEWI�MR�XLI�RYQFIV�SJ�WIRMSVW�VIPEXMZI�XS�XLI�XSXEP�TSTYPEXMSR��,IVIƅW�E�WEQTPI�SJ�[LEX�XLEX�PSSOW�PMOI�WXEXMWXMGEPP]�

�� -R��JSV�XLI�Ƽ�VWX�XMQI�MR�SYV�LMWXSV]��QSVI�'EREHMERW�[IVI�SZIV��XLER�YRHIV��25

Today, 17.2 percent of Canadians are 65 and older26; that number is expected to rise to 25 percent by 2036, and to 28 percent by 206127

The percentage of those at the older end of the age spectrum– over the age of 75 – will more than double in the 35 years from 2011 to 2046, going from 6.9 percent to 14.5 percent of the population28, 29

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1.5

2

2.5

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3.5

4

Fertility RateLife Expectancy (years)

10

8LMW�HIQSKVETLMG�HMVIGXMSR�GEVVMIW�WMKRMƼGERX�IGSRSQMG�MQTPMGEXMSRW��'EREHMERW�[MPP�JEGI�LMKLIV�GSWXW�JSV�healthcare and income security programs at the same time as we shift towards a relatively smaller workforce, resulting in a smaller tax base to pay for those costs.30, 31 For economists and policy makers this phenomenon MW� I\TVIWWIH� MR� XLI� ƈWIRMSV� HITIRHIRG]� VEXMSƉ�� XLI� RYQFIV� SJ� [SVOMRK�EKI� TISTPI� �� GSQTEVIH� XS�XLI�RYQFIV�SJ�TISTPI��ERH�SPHIV�32

-R�XLI��ƅW��'EREHEƅW�WIRMSV�HITIRHIRG]�VEXMS�[EW��WIRMSVW�TIV��[SVOMRK�EKI�TISTPI�33 Today, there are ��WIRMSVW�TIV��[SVOMRK�EKI�TISTPI�34�-R��XLIVI�EVI�TVSNIGXIH�XS�FI��WIRMSVW�TIV��[SVOMRK�EKIH�people.�� That’s fewer than three working people to support every pension-receiving senior.

8LI� HIGPMRI� GSQIW� FIGEYWI� XLI� �� QMPPMSR� 'EREHMERW� FSVR� FIX[IIR� �� ERH� �� the omnipresent KIRIVEXMSR� ORS[R� EW� FEF]� FSSQIVW�� EVI� PIEZMRK� XLI� [SVOJSVGI�� &IX[IIR� �� ERH� �� ER� IWXMQEXIH��'EREHMERW�VIXMVIH��—and that number is only expected to increase. Those retirements come at a time when unemployment rates will already be at record lows�� and amid intensifying labour shortages across the country.��%WWYQMRK�RS�GLERKI�XS�VIXMVIQIRX�EKI��XLI�PEWX�SJ�XLI�FSSQIVW�[MPP�FI�IPMKMFPI�XS�GSPPIGX�3PH�%KI�7IGYVMX]�MR��40

7IVMSYW� PEFSYV� WLSVXEKIW� EVI� EPVIEH]� YTSR� YW�� 8LI� REXMSREP� NSFPIWW� VEXI� LMX� E� ��]IEV� PS[� MR� PEXI� �� [MXL�QSVI�XLER�LEPJ�E�QMPPMSR�YRƼPPIH�NSFW��YT�RIEVP]��JVSQ�XLI�WEQI�TSMRX�MR��41

0EFSYV� WLSVXEKIW� EVI� EPVIEH]� EJJIGXMRK� KVS[XL�� %� �� WXYH]� HSRI� F]� XLI� &YWMRIWW� (IZIPSTQIRX� &ERO� SJ�'EREHE�JSYRH�

%PQSWX� �� SJ� 'EREHMER� IRXVITVIRIYVW� EVI� EPVIEH]� LEZMRK� HMƾGYPX]� ƼRHMRK� XLI�[SVOIVW� XLI]�RIIHƏ��%W�E� VIWYPX��WSQI�GSQTERMIW�EVI�YREFPI� XS�ƼPP�GYWXSQIV�orders or even have to refuse them. Quality is suffering and competitiveness is declining.42

Those effects slow the economy, reducing tax revenues that governments require for infrastructure building, WSGMEP�TVSKVEQW�ERH�WIVZMGIW��JVSQ�TIRWMSRW�XS�TSPMGMRK��(MQMRMWLIH�KSZIVRQIRX�VIZIRYIW�QIER�LMKLIV�XE\IW�SV�GYXW�XS�WIVZMGIW�Ɓ�SV�FSXL�

11

=IX� WSGMEP� WTIRHMRK� MW� TVSNIGXIH� XS� KVS[�� IZIR� MJ� I\MWXMRK� TSTYPEXMSR� XVIRHW� LSPH�� 7TIRHMRK� SR� GSRXMRYMRK�GEVI�JSV�WIRMSVW�MW�I\TIGXIH�XS�NYQT�JVSQ��FMPPMSR�MR��XS��FMPPMSR�MR��,IEPXLGEVI�WTIRHMRK� by provincial governments will take a much larger share of government revenue, from 42 percent in 2013 XS��TIVGIRX�F]��43

-X�QE]�RSX�FI�IRSYKL��'EREHE�MW�EPVIEH]�[IPP�FILMRH�SR�WSGMEP�WTIRHMRK�VIPEXMZI�XS�SXLIV�HIZIPSTIH�GSYRXVMIW��We rank 24th�SJ��GSYRXVMIW�MR�XLI�3VKERMÊXMSR�JSV�)GSRSQMG�'S�STIVEXMSR�ERH�(IZIPSTQIRX��3)'( ��HIZSXMRK�SRP]��TIVGIRX�SJ�SYV�+VSWW�(SQIWXMG�4VSHYGX��+(4 �XS�TYFPMG�WSGMEP�WTIRHMRK��8LMW�MW�GSRWMHIVEFP]�PS[IV�XLER�XLI�3)'(�EZIVEKI�SJ��TIVGIRX��ERH�PS[IV�XLER�XLI�WSGMEP�WTIRHMRK�SJ�SYV�TIIV�GSYRXVMIW�PMOI�XLI�9RMXIH�7XEXIW��XLI�9RMXIH�/MRKHSQ��+IVQER]�ERH�%YWXVEPME�44

Challenges to the quality, equity and access of Canada’s social programs will intensify as costs increase and KSZIVRQIRX�VIZIRYIW�WPS[��%RH�XMKLXIV�WTIRHMRK�FYHKIXW�[MPP�VIZIVFIVEXI�XLVSYKL�SXLIV�KSZIVRQIRX�EGXMZMXMIW��JVSQ�MRJVEWXVYGXYVI�MRZIWXQIRX�XS�QSRI]�JSV�IZIV]XLMRK�JVSQ�EVXW�ERH�GYPXYVI�XS�HIJIRWI��7UYIIÎH�WTIRHMRK�would hit the core support for whatever Canadians collectively value and leave governments less room to manoeuvre when emergencies arise.

+(4�TIV�GETMXE��E�QIEWYVI�SJ�+(4�HMZMHIH�F]�XLI�RYQFIV�SJ�TISTPI�PMZMRK�MR�E�GSYRXV]�ERH�E�GSQQSR�MRHMGEXSV�of prosperity in living standards, could also be inhibited by the failure to achieve the productivity gains driven F]� XLI� IGSRSQMIW� SJ� WGEPI� XLEX� EVI� JEGMPMXEXIH� F]� LMKLIV� TSTYPEXMSR� KVS[XL�� *YVXLIVQSVI�� +(4� TIV� GETMXE�PIZIPW�GEPGYPEXIH�SR�XLI�WXEXYW�UYS�TSTYPEXMSR�WMÎ�EVI�FEWIH�SR�X[S�JIEXYVIW�XLEX�[MPP�YRHIVQMRI�'EREHEƅW�IGSRSQMG�KVS[XL�TSXIRXMEP�MR�XLI�PSRK�XIVQ�Ɓ�SPHIV�[SVOIVW��[LS�KIRIVEPP]�IEVR�LMKLIV�[EKIW �ERH�E�PS[IV�share of Canadians participating in the labour force��.

We don’t believe this future will bequeath a better country to the next generations of Canadians. We believe XLI�STTSWMXI��;I�WII�PIWW�IGSRSQMG�STTSVXYRMX]��1SVI�IQTPS]IVW�JEGMRK�XEPIRX�WLSVXEKIW��0IWW�WYTTSVX�JSV�their education or re-training when people need it. Weaker guarantees of help when they get sick or become IPHIVP]��0IWW�QSRI]�JSV�QEWW�ERH�SXLIV�XVERWTSVXEXMSR�XLEX�MW�IWWIRXMEP�XS�XLSWI�[LS�PMZI�MR�GMXMIW��ERH�JSV�SXLIV�quality public services for those who don’t.

This business-as-usual approach to population growth will not create the economically vibrant, socially generous future Canadians want and expect.

That’s why we propose taking bold steps now to shape a different scenario for the next decades, delivering the economic strength that provides us the freedom to choose the kind of country we want to live in.

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SCENARIO B

The Economic CaseFor StrategicPopulation Growth 8LIVI�MW�ERSXLIV�TEXL�JSV�'EREHE��&MKKIV��&SPHIV��&IXXIV��%�QEKRIX�JSV�ER]SRI�[MXL�XLI�IRIVK]�ERH�EQFMXMSR� to make a good life for themselves and their families and join in building vibrant Canadian communities.

3YV� XEVKIX�Ɓ� E�'EREHE�SJ�100 million people by 2100� Ɓ�[SYPH� EPPS[�YW� XS� WMKRMƼGERXP]� VIHYGI� XLI�IGSRSQMG�MQTEGXW�SJ�ER�EKMRK�TSTYPEXMSR��-X�[SYPH�QIER�XVMTPMRK�SYV�WM^I�SZIV�XLI�RI\X��]IEVW��WSQIXLMRK�we have done before in less time.��-X�[SYPH�QEOI�YW�XLI��th largest country by population in the world.��

That has a direct impact on Canada’s economic prospects. Continuing at the current level of immigration will WPS[�SYV�VEXI�SJ�TSTYPEXMSR�KVS[XL��[MXL�GSVVIWTSRHMRK�RIKEXMZI�MQTEGX�SR�+(4��%PXIVREXMZIP]��XLI�TVSEGXMZI�approach towards increased immigration, with a target of 100 million Canadians by 2100, could add a full TIVGIRXEKI�TSMRX�XS�ERRYEP�+(4�KVS[XL��

13

WHAT HISTORY TELLS US

The Canada we live in is a product of mass immigration. There is nothing simple about that legacy.

8LI�[EZIW�SJ�)YVSTIER�WIXXPIQIRX�XS�'EREHE�XLEX�FIKER�JSYV�GIRXYVMIW�EKS�ERH�TMGOIH�YT�MR�IEVRIWX�MR�XLI��th�GIRXYV]��GSPPMHIH�[MXL�TISTPIW�JVSQ�XLI�Ƽ�VWX�QMKVEXMSR�XS�XLI�GSRXMRIRX��ERH�[LSWI�TVIWIRGI�KSIW�FEGO�JSV�XLSYWERHW�SJ�]IEVW��-X�TVSZSOIH�E�VIPEXMZIP]�WLSVX�ERH�FVYXEP�VIEVVERKIQIRX�SJ�TS[IV��What is celebrated as a determined act of nation-building by many was a tragedy for those it displaced, a divide that remains neither resolved nor reconciled more than a century later.

7S�MX�MW�[MXL�GEYXMSR�XLEX�[I�PSSO�XS�LMWXSV]�JSV�KYMHERGI�SR�MQQMKVEXMSR�

The creation of the modern Canadian state emerged from a determination to build a nation through TSTYPEXMSR�HVMZIR�IGSRSQMG�HIZIPSTQIRX��*VSQ��XS��'EREHE�VIGSVHIH�MXW�FMKKIWX�IZIV�MRƽ�Y\�SJ� MQQMKVERXW� VIPEXMZI� XS� TSTYPEXMSR� WM^I�1�1SVI� XLER�SRI�QMPPMSR� MQQMKVERXW� EVVMZIH��QSWXP]� JVSQ�)YVSTI��EXXVEGXIH�F]�XLI�TVSWTIGX�SJ�JVII�PERH�MR�XLI�[IWX��3XLIVW�GEQI��XSS��PMOI�XLI�'LMRIWI�[SVOIVW�who arrived to build the railroads that stitched a young country together.

-QQMKVEXMSR�TIEOIH�MR��E�]IEV�XLEX�WE[�SZIV��MQQMKVERXW�EVVMZI��QSVI�XLER�Ƽ�ZI�TIVGIRX�of the population at the time2��XLI�GYVVIRX�MQQMKVEXMSR�VEXI�MW�PIWW�XLER�SRI�TIVGIRX3 ��*VSQ�XLI��W�XS�XLI��W��XLI�TSTYPEXMSR�SJ�1SRXVIEP�MRGVIEWIH�F]��TIVGIRX4��8SVSRXS�F]��TIVGIRX�� Winnipeg’s TSTYPEXMSR�KVI[�QSVI�XLER�Ƽ�ZI�JSPH��:ERGSYZIVƅW�KVI[�QSVI�XLER�WIZIR�JSPH��)HQSRXSR�KVI[�QSVI�XLER�XLMVX]�Ƽ�ZI�JSPH��

For our purposes, three lessons relating to population growth and prosperity can be drawn from this history.

First, the settlement of the country by immigration was a colonial exercise that left a legacy of distrust and should never be repeated.

7IGSRH��[I�LEZI�E�TVIGIHIRX�JSV�VETMH��TPERRIH�I\TERWMSR��'EREHE�LEW�XVMTPIH�MXW�TSTYPEXMSR�FIJSVI�MR� VIPEXMZIP]� WLSVX� XMQIJVEQIW�� -XW� TSTYPEXMSR� QSVI� XLER� UYEHVYTPIH� MR� XLI� �� ]IEVW� PIEHMRK� YT�to Confederation.��%RH�SYV�GYVVIRX�TSTYPEXMSR�MW�QSVI�XLER�XVMTPI�XLI��QMPPMSR�TISTPI�[I�GSYRXIH�MR��11, 12

14

%�XLMVH�PIWWSR�MW�XLEX�VETMH�TSTYPEXMSR�KVS[XL�XIRHW�XS�HVMZI�IGSRSQMG�KVS[XL��8LI�PEXI��th and early 20th

GIRXYV]�I\TERWMSR�[EW�E�HIPMFIVEXI�ETTVSEGL�XS�IGSRSQMG�HMZIVWMƼ�GEXMSR�ERH�MRGVIEWIH�XVEHI�XLVSYKL�population growth, piggy-backed onto the transcontinental railroad’s major advance in infrastructure. 8[S�SJ�XLI�WXVSRKIWX�TIVMSHW�SJ�+(4�KVS[XL�MR�'EREHMER�LMWXSV]�GSVVIWTSRH�XS�SV�JSPPS[�GPSWIP]�SR�XLI�TIVMSHW�SJ�SYV�QSWX�VETMH�TSTYPEXMSR�KVS[XL��XS��ERH��XS��13

Conversely, periods of slower population growth have contributed to economic slow-downs. 8LMW� MW�RSX�E�TYVIP]�'EREHMER�TLIRSQIRSR��%�GPIEV�I\EQTPI�GSQIW�JVSQ�XLI�9RMXIH�7XEXIW��[LIVI�XLI�WXSGO�QEVOIX�GVEWL�SJ��[EW��EX�PIEWX�MR�TEVX��XVMKKIVIH�F]�WIZIVI�MQQMKVEXMSR�VIWXVMGXMSRW�[LMGL�GEQI�MRXS�JSVGI�MR�XLI��ƅW�14

8LIWI�VIWXVMGXMSRW�[IVI�E�VIWTSRWI�XS�E�REXMZMWX�FEGOPEWL��[MXL�VEGMWX�YRHIVXSRIW��EFSYX�XLI�WM^I��WTIIH�ERH�SVMKMRW�SJ� MQQMKVEXMSR� XS� XLI�9RMXIH�7XEXIW� MR� XLI�TVIZMSYW�HIGEHIW��8LI��.SLRWSR�6IIH�%GX� WIZIVIP]� GYVXEMPIH� MQQMKVEXMSR�� LMXXMRK� LSYWMRK� ERH� GSRWXVYGXMSR� MRHYWXVMIW� LEVH�� GSRXVMFYXMRK�to the severe economic contraction to come.��

Today’s conditions are vastly different from those Canada faced during earlier eras of rapid population expansion. We live in a time of sluggish economic growth.�� We have a social contract that commits us to expensive, universal social programs. We are now sensitive to the environmental consequences of our activities in ways we weren’t before.

But what those previous eras of immigration tell us is that, when it comes to expanding our country, TPERRMRK�QEXXIVW��%RH�MJ�[I�KIX�XLEX�VMKLX��MJ�[I�TYX�MRJVEWXVYGXYVI�MR�TPEGI�ERH�[I�WLEVI�XLI�FIRIƼ�XWof economic growth, it is possible for people from different places and cultures to live together,building a peaceful, prosperous country.

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Real GDP Growth – Status Quo Immigration vs. 100 Million

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

2015

1.08 1.08

1.71

1.59 1.61

1.92

2.34

2.562.6

2030 2050 2070 2100

100 Million

Status Quo

��

Annual GDP growth of 2.6 percent, a full percentage point higher than if we maintain our current course on population growth

%�]SYRKIV�REXMSREP�TSTYPEXMSR��[LMGL�[SYPH�XVERWPEXI�MRXS�E�WYƾ��GMIRXP]�PEVKI�PEFSYV�TSSP�ERH�XE\TE]IV�base to ensure we can afford the social programs infrastructure we will need and want50

A larger domestic market, big enough to drive both consumption and innovation, provide enterprises a broad and deep pool of employees with relevant skills and expertise, and improved access to capital and international markets

A vibrant and commercially successful cultural sector, from literature to art, music to sport, creating a larger talent pool and national market for culture and a more powerful platform for Canadians to contribute their diverse perspectives to the world

6IKMSRW�ERH�GMXMIW�[MXL�WYƾ��GMIRX�HIRWMX]�XS�EPPS[�JSV�QSVI�GSRGIRXVEXIH�MRRSZEXMSR�GPYWXIVW��ERH�[MXL�accessible and more environmentally sustainable housing and transportation infrastructure

)RLERGIH�KPSFEP�MRƽ�YIRGI�ERH�WIGYVMX]��OIITMRK�'EREHE�EX�XLI�XST�MRXIVREXMSREP�XEFPIW�XS�IRWYVI�SYV�voice is heard on transnational issues that affect us

;MXL� GEVIJYP� TPERRMRK� ERH� WQEVX� MRZIWXQIRXW�� XLMW� MW� E� WM^I� EX�[LMGL�'EREHE� GSYPH� FI� I\TIGXIH� XS� LEZI��

��

8LMW�MW�RSX�E�GEPP�XS�GEWYEPP]�XLVS[�STIR�'EREHEƅW�FSVHIVW��4STYPEXMSR�KVS[XL�QYWX�FI�TEVX�SJ�E�PEVKIV�WXVEXIKMG�TPER��%PXLSYKL�TYFPMG�STMRMSR�TSPPW�WLS[�XLEX�QER]�'EREHMERW�I\TVIWW�E�[IPGSQMRK�EXXMXYHI�XS�RI[GSQIVW� and a generous view of immigration policies,�� no country can sustain popular support for large-scale immigration unless strong corresponding measures ensure the expansion is done smartly and smoothly. We need a plan to support a scenario of accelerated and thoughtful population growth, one that foresees XLI� WOMPPW�� XEPIRXW� ERH� ]SYXL� RIIHIH� XS� SJJWIX� XLI� GLEPPIRKIW� SJ� ER� EKMRK� TSTYPEXMSR� ERH� XS� STXMQMÎ� Canada’s potential.

That means aligning a population growth plan with upfront investment for infrastructure that can EGGSQQSHEXI�QMPPMSRW� SJ�QSVI� GMXMÎRW��;I� RIIH� XS� PE]� SYX� ERH� FIKMR� XS� FYMPH� XVERWTSVXEXMSR� RIX[SVOW��LIEPXLGEVI� ERH� WGLSSPW� MR� ERXMGMTEXMSR� SJ� E� PEVKIV� TSTYPEXMSR�� %RH� XLEX� TPERRMRK� RIIHW� XS� TVMSVMXMÎ� sustainable development, making sure growth occurs with low environmental impact.

7SGMEP�TSPMGMIW�[MPP�RIIH�XS�IZSPZI��IRWYVMRK� XLEX�[I�LEZI�WXVSRK�REXMSREP�TVSKVEQW�XS�WIXXPI�ERH� MRXIKVEXI�MQQMKVERXW��;I�EPWS�RIIH�XS�WLETI�ERH�MQTVSZI�TVSKVEQW�XLEX�FIRIƼX�EPP�'EREHMERW��RI[�ERH�IWXEFPMWLIH��XS� TVSZMHI� WYTTSVX� JSV� GLMPHGEVI� ERH� E� /�XS�KVEHYEXI� WGLSSP� IHYGEXMSR� W]WXIQ� XLEX� TVSHYGIW� TISTPI� with the abilities required in a knowledge-driven economy and the capacity to translate those skills into jobs and new businesses.

8LMW�[SVO�RIIHW�XS�FIKMR�MQQIHMEXIP]��%W�%PI\�0IFPERG��)\IGYXMZI�(MVIGXSV�SJ�XLI�2I[�&VYRW[MGO�1YPXMGYPXYVEP�'SYRGMP�TYXW�MX��

We are at a crossroads. We have a choice. To manage the challenges of growth or to manage the challenges of decline.

Because whether your ideal number of Canadians at the end of the century is 100 million or something less XLER�XLEX��MX�MW�WYVI�XS�FI�KVIEXIV�XLER�XLI��QMPPMSR�SJ�XSHE]�

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II. STARTING NOW

%�TSPMG]�XLEX�XEVKIXW�WYGGIWW�MR�XLI�]IEV��MW�EQFMXMSYW�F]�HIƼ�RMXMSR��0MOI�E�QSSRWLSX��MX�VIUYMVIW�KSSH�TPERRMRK� EW� [IPP� EW� EKMPMX]� XS� GMVGYQZIRX� YRI\TIGXIH� GLEPPIRKIW� EW� XLI]� EVMWI�� -X� [MPP� LEZI� XS� GETXYVI� ��and vigilantly maintain -- public support for the mission. Without it, the public spending and the social license required for major population growth will dissipate.

That means setting shorter-term goals along the way so that progress can be measured as we grow, we can leverage and replicate our successes and we can address any unexpected consequences from greater TSTYPEXMSR�WM^I��%�NSYVRI]�XLEX�WTERW�KIRIVEXMSRW�[MPP�VIUYMVI�GSRWMWXIRX�VIQMRHIVW�SJ�XLI�PMROEKI�FIX[IIR�TSTYPEXMSR�KVS[XL�ERH�IGSRSQMG�TVSWTIVMX]��&YX�XLI�IGSRSQMG�GEWI�[MPP�LEZI�XS�HIQSRWXVEXI�XERKMFPI�FIRIƼ�XW�for Canadians from the beginning.

&VSEHP]��[I�QYWX�

�� IRWYVI�XLEX�XLI�FIRIƼ�XW�SJ�KVS[XL�EVI�FVSEHP]�WLEVIH

carefully assess and mitigate environmental impacts

work in full collaboration with Canada’s provinces, territories, cities, towns and Indigenous communities on strategies for managed population growth

-R� XLEX� WTMVMX� [I� LEZI� JSVQYPEXIH� �� VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW� Ɓ� EPP� WXITW� XLEX� KSZIVRQIRX� ERH� MRHYWXV]� PIEHIVW�can take today to put us on the path to strategic population growth. On their own, each recommendation WXERHW�XS�FIRIƼ�X�XLI�GYVVIRX�KIRIVEXMSR�SJ�'EREHMERW��8SKIXLIV��XLI]�JSVQ�E�QSWEMG�SJ�TSPMGMIW�ERH�KSEPW�XLEX�are essential to our long-term goal of a bigger, bolder Canada.

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1 RECOMMENDATION 1

Set TargetsTo Begin IncreasingImmigrationImmediately

%W�VIGIRXP]�EW�XLI�IEVP]��W�MQQMKVEXMSR�EGGSYRXIH�JSV�NYWX�SZIV��TIVGIRX�SJ�TSTYPEXMSR�KVS[XL�MR�'EREHE��But since 2001, immigration has been the biggest driver, and its importance continues to rise as natural increases wane.

8SHE]�� MQQMKVEXMSR� EGGSYRXW� JSV� RIEVP]� �� TIVGIRX� SJ� SYV� TSTYPEXMSR� MRGVIEWI�� ERH� 7XEXMWXMGW� 'EREHE�TVSNIGXW�XLEX�RYQFIV�XS�MRGVIEWI�XS�QSVI�XLER��TIVGIRX�F]�� By 2033, according to The Conference Board of Canada, immigration will be the sole factor driving population growth in Canada.��-R�SXLIV�[SVHW�� without immigration we will be shrinking, as a country.

20

We can see the evolution of our dependence on immigration in the chart below.

Annual Average Growth Rate, Natural Increase and Migratory Increase per Intercensal Period

'EREHE��XS��

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

%

1851to

1861

1861to

1871

1871to

1881

1881to

1891

1891to

1901

1901to

1911

1911to

1921

1921to

1931

1931to

1941

1941to

1951

1951to

1961

1961to

1971

1971to

1981

1981to

1991

1991to

2001

2001to

2011

2011to

2021

2021to

2031

2031to

2041

2041to

2051

2051to

2061

Note: Data from 1851 to 2011 is observed and data from 2011 to 2061 is projected.Source: Statistics Canada. 2012. “Population growth in Canada: From 1851 to 2061,” Census in Brief,Census of Population 2011, Catalogue no. 98-310-x.

Observed Projected

Natural increase

Migratory increase

Growth related to the addition of Newfoundland and Labrador

Total growth

21

The path to reach 100 million Canadians in 2100 requires setting higher immigration targets now, because MRGVIQIRXEP�MRGVIEWIW�MR�TSTYPEXMSR�WM^I�[MPP�VIET�GSQTSYRHMRK�FIRIƼ�XW�SZIV�XMQI��EW�KIRIVEXMSRW�SJ�GLMPHVIR�are born to Canadians, new and established, each year. Without this near term change, the required levels SJ�MQQMKVEXMSR�[SYPH�FI�QYGL�LMKLIV��ERH�QYGL�QSVI�HMƾ��GYPX�XS�QEREKI�

-R�XLI�2018 Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration��XLI�'EREHMER�1MRMWXIV�SJ�-QQMKVEXMSR�%LQIH�,YWWIR�revealed government plans to admit over one million new permanent residents in the next three years.��

But what sounds like a large number is actually a modest increase over past quotas.��

;I�FIPMIZI�'EREHE�WLSYPH�WIX�XLI�JSPPS[MRK�MQQMKVEXMSR�XEVKIXW��

In 2022, increase immigration numbers to 400,000 – up from the 350,000 already targeted by the government in the year preceding.

Welcome 420,000 new permanent residents in 2023, 450,000 in 2024, and 475,000 in 2025.

from 2026 onward, pin the annual immigration target to 1.25% of Canada’s population (today it is just under 1%). This would equate to approximately 500,000 immigrants in 2026 if Canada’s population is around 40 million as currently projected.57

8LIWI� MRGVIEWIW� EVI� RIMXLIV� VEHMGEP� RSV� YREGLMIZEFPI�� %RH� MQQMKVEXMSR� PIZIPW� [MPP� RIIH� XS� FI� GSRXMRYEPP]�assessed as time progresses to account for changing fertility, death and emigration rates to ensure that we are on track towards our goal of 100 million by 2100.

,MKLIV� MQQMKVEXMSR� XEVKIXW�QYWX�FI�EGGSQTERMIH�F]� JYVXLIV� MRZIWXQIRX� XS� MQTVSZI� MQQMKVERX�WIXXPIQIRX�supports and better systems to match immigrants to industries, sectors and places where they are most needed and have the best chance of succeeding.

22

7XVEXIKMG� MQQMKVEXMSR� MW� ZMXEP� XS� XLI� JYXYVI� SJ� SYV� [SVOJSVGI�� 7MRGI� �� XLI� 'EREHMER�FSVR� [SVOMRK� EKI�population has been in decline.��%W�SRI�'EREHMER�FYWMRIWW�PIEHIV�LEW�TSMRXIH�SYX�

Everyone knows the country was built by immigrants, but we don’t often acknowledge that the country is still being built by immigrants.59

%R]�WSPYXMSR�XS�SYV�WYJJIVMRK�[SVOJSVGI�RYQFIVW�ERH�EKMRK�HIQSKVETLMGW�[MPP�RIIH�E�PEVKI�MRƽY\�SJ�LMKLP]�educated professionals, skilled trades-people, general labourers, and those with entrepreneurial experience and spirit. We need younger immigrants, to bolster the foundations of an aging workforce pyramid and encourage international students who come to Canada to contribute to the dynamism of our educational institutions to stay and apply their skills and talents to Canada’s future.

8LI�JIHIVEP�KSZIVRQIRX�LEW�QEHI�MQTVSZIQIRXW�[MXL�XLI�4VSZMRGMEP�2SQMRII�4VSKVEQ�� and, more recently, [MXL� MQQMKVEXMSR� TMPSXW� JSGYWIH� SR� XLI� %XPERXMG� VIKMSR� ERH� SR� VYVEP� ERH� RSVXLIVR� GSQQYRMXMIW�� &YX� FYWMRIWWIW�� KSZIVRQIRXW� ERH� 2+3W� EGVSWW� XLI� GSYRXV]� [MPP� RIIH� XS� VEQT� YT� MRJSVQEXMSR�WLEVMRK�� collaboration and support to immigrants to ensure the best outcomes in the integration and retention of immigrants.

-R� GSQTEVMWSR� XS� SXLIV� 3)'(� GSYRXVMIW�� 'EREHE� PIEHW� XLI� [E]� MR� MXW� EFMPMX]� XS� MRXIKVEXI� MQQMKVERXW� MRXS� XLI�IGSRSQ]��8LI�IQTPS]QIRX�VEXI�SJ�XLI�JSVIMKR�FSVR�TSTYPEXMSR�MR�'EREHE�MW��MR�GSRXVEWX�XS�XLI�3)'(�EZIVEKI�SJ��,S[IZIV��[LIR�GSQTEVIH� XS�E�WQEPPIV�WYFWIX�SJ�TIIV�GSYRXVMIW��I�K�� XLI�9RMXIH�/MRKHSQ� ERH�2I[�>IEPERH��'EREHE�HSIW�RSX�TIVJSVQ�EW�[IPP��1SVISZIV��XLI�GSRXVEWX�MR�YRIQTPS]QIRX�VEXIW�FIX[IIR�the foreign born population and the Canadian born population is stark. Unemployment rates for immigrants FIX[IIR��ERH��[LS�LEZI�FIIR�MR�'EREHE�JSV�PIWW�XLER�ƼZI�]IEVW�MW��GSQTEVIH�XS��JSV�'EREHMER�born residents in the same age group.��-R�EHHMXMSR��EGGSVHMRK�XS�'IRWYW�HEXE��MQQMKVERXW�LEZI�E��[EKI� gap in comparison to their Canadian born counterparts.��8LIWI� JEGXW�WLS[� XLEX� XLIVI� MW� WMKRMƼGERX�[SVO� ELIEH�MR�YRPSGOMRK�XLI�XEPIRX�SJ�RI[GSQIVW�XS�'EREHE��1IEWYVIW�XS�MQTVSZI�PERKYEKI�TVSƼGMIRG]�F]�MQTVSZMRK�EGGIWW� XS� PERKYEKI� WYTTSVX� TVSKVEQW�� XS� VIGSKRM^I� JSVIMKR� GVIHIRXMEPW� F]� WXEVXMRK� XLI� VI�GVIHIRXMEPMRK�process prior to arrival and increasing collaboration to align the re-credentialing process with labour market and geographical opportunities can help facilitate integration.

23

There is little doubt that immigration will continue to be the surest and quickest way to jump-start Canada’s population growth to the scale required. For successful population growth, improved economic integration measures are key.

Sounds like a nice idea.But what about...Can’t Canadians just have bigger families instead?

Fertility levels are in decline in advanced industrial societies and Canada is following this trend.1 3YV�JIVXMPMX]�VEXI�MW��[IPP�FIPS[�XLI�VITPEGIQIRX�PIZIP�SJ��2 There is some evidence to suggest that Canadians would ideally like to have more children than they do, but many cite the cost of having children as a reason they have fewer of them.

We do need to provide more help for those couples who would like to have bigger families, from EHHMXMSREP�ƼRERGMEP�WYTTSVX�ERH�TVSKVEQW�XEVKIXIH�EX�IEVP]�GLMPHLSSH�XS�QEOMRK�MX�IEWMIV�JSV�[SQIR�to return to the workforce after childbirth, if they wish.

&YX� XLI� HEXE� WLS[W� QM\IH� VIWYPXW� MR� GSYRXVMIW� XLEX� LEZI� XVMIH� XS� MRGIRXMZM^I� E� LMKLIV� FMVXL� VEXI�� %RH�[LMPI�ƼRERGMEP�WYTTSVX�ERH�SXLIV�RYHKIW�QE]�FSSWX�XLI�JIVXMPMX]�VEXI�WPMKLXP]��MX�MW�EPQSWX�GIVXEMRP]�not going to be enough to keep Canada’s population at the same level, let alone grow. Only immigration can do that.

24

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2 RECOMMENDATION 2

Increase Early ChildhoodSupport For CanadiansWho Want BiggerFamilies

We urge Canadian governments to pursue more ambitious child care and parental leave policies that would FIRIƼX�GSYTPIW�[LS�[ERX�FMKKIV�JEQMPMIW��[LMPI�EPWS�QEOMRK�MX�IEWMIV�JSV�QSXLIVW�XS�VINSMR�XLI�[SVOJSVGI�when they’re ready.

There are many reasons why fertility rates are low in Canada. Choice, for one. The cost of living is another. 0EXIV�QEVVMEKIW�ERSXLIV��3RI�SJ�XLI�WXVSRKIWX�HMWMRGIRXMZIW�XS�LEZMRK�FMKKIV�JEQMPMIW�MR�'EREHE�MW�XLI�EFWIRGI�SJ� EJJSVHEFPI� GLMPHGEVI� ERH� SXLIV� EWWMWXERGI� JSV� ]SYRK� GLMPHVIR� ERH� XLIMV� TEVIRXW�� -X� MW� EPWS� ER� SFWXEGPI� for women wishing to return to the workforce after childbirth.

'EREHEƅW�JIVXMPMX]�VEXI�Ɓ�XLI�EZIVEKI�RYQFIV�SJ�GLMPHVIR�FSVR�XS�[SQIR�MR�XLIMV�GLMPHFIEVMRK�]IEVW�Ɓ�MW�� That’s well-below the 2.1 rate required to keep population steady assuming no difference between immigration and emigration numbers.

��

That lower-than-replacement level is in keeping with most of the industrial world, which has seen a steady HIGPMRI� MR� JIVXMPMX]� VEXIW� WMRGI� XLI� ��W�� -RHIIH� XLI� TSWX�7IGSRH�;SVPH�;EV� HIQSKVETLMG� FYPKI� MR� FMVXLW�[EW�ER�I\GITXMSR�� XLI�TEXL� XS� MRGVIEWMRKP]�WQEPPIV� JEQMPMIW�LEW�FIIR�E��]IEV�PSRK�TLIRSQIRSR��HVMZIR�F]�MRGVIEWMRK�Eƿ��YIRGI��YVFERM^EXMSR��VMWMRK�PIZIPW�SJ�IHYGEXMSR�ERH�PEFSYV�QEVOIX�TEVXMGMTEXMSR�F]�[SQIR��XLI�EHZIRX�SJ�FMVXL�GSRXVSP�ERH�XLI�PSSWIRMRK�SJ�VIPMKMSYW�Eƾ��PMEXMSRW�MR�QER]�TEVXW�SJ�XLI�[SVPH��

7IZIVEP�TSWX�MRHYWXVMEP�GSYRXVMIW�LEZI�HIZMWIH�WSGMEP�TSPMGMIW�ERH�RYHKIW�XS�XV]�XS�GLERKI�XLIMV�HIQSKVETLMG�math—including China, which has abandoned its one-child policy.��

7MRGI��5YʣFIG�LEW�EPWS�LEH�MRGIRXMZIW�XS�MRGVIEWI�JIVXMPMX]��JVSQ�Ƽ�RERGMEP�WYFWMHMIW�XS�PS[�GSWX�HE]GEVI�and legislated parental leave.��-R�Maximum Canada�� NSYVREPMWX�(SYK�7EYRHIVW�RSXIW�XLI�5YʣFIG�TVSKVEQW�LEH��F]��MRGVIEWIH�XLI�TVSZMRGIƅW�JIVXMPMX]�VEXI�JVSQ��XS��5YʣFIGƅW�JIQEPI�IQTPS]QIRX�VEXI�EPWS�MRGVIEWIH� F]� �� GSRXVMFYXMRK� XS� E� �� TIVGIRX� VMWI� MR� XLI� TVSZMRGIƅW� +(4�� IJJIGXMZIP]� GSZIVMRK� XLI� GSWX�of the fertility programs.�� ;LMPI� 5YʣFIG� MW� EXXIQTXMRK� XS� XYVR� XLI� XMHIW� SR� HIGPMRMRK� REXYVEP� TSTYPEXMSR�KVS[XL�� XLMW� GSYPH� FI� HMƾ��GYPX�� ;I� HSRƅX� LEZI� XS� PSSO� JYVXLIV� XLER� %WME� XS� WII� XLI� MRLIVIRX� GLEPPIRKIW�in promoting increased fertility.

2S�GSYRXV]�LEW�WS�TVSQMRIRXP]�WXVYKKPIH�[MXL�HIGPMRI�ERH�ER�EKMRK�TSTYPEXMSR�EW�.ETER��[LMGL�LEW�LMWXSVMGEPP]�resisted large-scale immigration��, has a high suicide rate�� and deals with a fertility rate of just 1.43.��

.ETER�LEW�WIIR�QSHIWX�WYGGIWW�[MXL�REXMSREP�TSPMGMIW�XLEX�SJJIV�E�WGEPI�SJ�Ƽ�RERGMEP�MRGIRXMZIW�XS�JEQMPMIW�XS� VIPMIZI� XLI� Ƽ�RERGMEP� FYVHIR� SJ� VEMWMRK� GLMPHVIR�� The country has also introduced higher participation targets for men taking paternity leave��, subsidies to fertility clinics�� and even subsidies for local authorities to conduct speed-dating as a way to encourage match-making.�� &YX� .ETERƅW� TSTYPEXMSR� MW� SR� E� WLEVT�downward trend that simply having more babies cannot offset.�� -XW� TSTYPEXMSR�I\TIGXIH� XS� JEPP� JVSQ��million today��XS�NYWX�SZIV��QMPPMSR�MR��

South Korea is following Japan’s lead. Its fertility rate plummeted to below 1(0.98) in 201881, one of the lowest in the world. The South Korean government has spent 135 trillion won ($149.2 billion Canadian dollars) since 2005 to increase birth rates, providing child care bonuses and subsidies for parents and for fertility treatments as well as launching campaigns to encourage young Koreans to wed and have children, without success.82

��

Many cite reasons ranging from the growing number of single individuals, the expense of child-rearing, high youth unemployment and a double burden of carrying out the brunt of household chores and childcare for working mothers as the cause of the fall in South Korea’s natural population growth.

=IX�IZIR� MJ� JEQMP]�JVMIRHP]�TSPMGMIW�EPSRI�EVI�RSX�IRSYKL�XS�KIX�YW�XS�XLI�WMÎ�SJ�TSTYPEXMSR�[I�RIIH�� XLIVI�are merits in helping those Canadians who desire a bigger family. There is evidence to suggest that many 'EREHMERW� [SYPH� MHIEPP]� PMOI� XS� LEZI� QSVI� GLMPHVIR� XLER� XLI]� HS�� ER� -TWSW�6IMH� TSPP� GSRHYGXIH� MR� ��JSYRH�XLEX��SR�EZIVEKI��'EREHMERW�WII��GLMPHVIR�EW�XLI�MHIEP�JEQMP]�WMÎ��%�REXMSREP�GLMPHGEVI�WXVEXIK]��QSHIPIH� SR� 5YʣFIGƅW� MRGIRXMZI� TVSKVEQ�� GSYPH� FVMHKI� XLMW� ƈJIVXMPMX]� KETƉ� FIX[IIR� XLI� MHIEP� JEQMP]� WMÎ�and the actual one.

��

��

3 RECOMMENDATION 3

LeverageUnder-RepresentedTalent In TheLabour Force

;I�RIIH�XS�ƼRH�[E]W�XS�EHHVIWW�XLI�W]WXIQMG�FEVVMIVW�XLEX�TVIZIRX�-RHMKIRSYW�4ISTPIW��[SQIR��TIVWSRW�with disabilities and seniors from fully participating in our economy to ensure that everyone participates in the prosperity enabled by population growth.

&IX[IIR��ERH��QMPPMSR�'EREHMERW�EVI�I\TIGXIH�XS�VIXMVI�Ɓ�SZIV��E�]IEV��%X�XLI�WEQI�XMQI��XLI�'SRJIVIRGI�&SEVH�SJ�'EREHE�JSVIGEWXW�XLEX��QMPPMSR�TISTPI�[MPP�PIEZI�'EREHMER�WGLSSPW�ERH�NSMR�the labour force, far less than the number needed to replenish the work force over the same period of time. &]�GSRWIUYIRGI��'EREHEƅW�PEFSYV�JSVGI�MW�I\TIGXIH�XS�WLVMRO�JVSQ��QMPPMSR�[SVOIVW�MR��XS��QMPPMSR�in 2040.��

'EREHEƅW� PEFSYV� JSVGI� TEVXMGMTEXMSR� VEXI� EZIVEKIH� �� MR� �� While the threat of a shrinking labour force due to accelerated retirements is clear, the question of how to unlock the untapped potential of many

30

YRHIV�VITVIWIRXIH� KVSYTW� VIQEMRW� YRWSPZIH�� )REFPMRK� KVIEXIV� PEFSYV� JSVGI� TEVXMGMTEXMSR� F]� -RHMKIRSYW�4ISTPIW��[SQIR��TISTPI�[MXL�HMWEFMPMXMIW��ERH�TISTPI�SZIV�XLI�EKI�SJ��[MPP�KS�E�PSRK�[E]�XS[EVHW�GPSWMRK�the gaps in Canada’s labour force, fostering economic growth and increased living standards for all Canadians.

8LI�-RHMKIRSYW�TSTYPEXMSR�MW�XLI�JEWXIWX�KVS[MRK�TSTYPEXMSR�MR�'EREHE��HYI�XS�LMKLIV�JIVXMPMX]�VEXIW��MRGVIEWMRK�PSRKIZMX]�ERH�KVIEXIV�WIPJ�MHIRXMƼ�GEXMSR��-R��XLIVI�[IVI�EPQSWX��QMPPMSR�-RHMKIRSYW�4ISTPIW�MR�'EREHE��EGGSYRXMRK�JSV��SJ�XLI�XSXEP�TSTYPEXMSR��ERH�VITVIWIRXMRK�E�KVS[XL�VEXI�SJ��WMRGI��ƂQSVI�XLER��XMQIW�XLI�KVS[XL�VEXI�SJ�XLI�RSR�-RHMKIRSYW�TSTYPEXMSR�SZIV�XLI�WEQI�XMQI�TIVMSH��-R�XLI�RI\X�X[S�HIGEHIW��XLI�-RHMKIRSYW�TSTYPEXMSR�MW�PMOIP]�XS�I\GIIH��QMPPMSR�TIVWSRW��

(IWTMXI�XLMW�KVS[XL��XLI�TEVXMGMTEXMSR�VEXI�SJ�-RHMKIRSYW�4ISTPIW�MR�'EREHEƅW�PEFSYV�JSVGI�ƽ�EX�PMRIH�FIX[IIR��ERH��Ɓ�WYWTIRHIH�EX�ETTVS\MQEXIP]��TIVGIRXEKI�TSMRXW�FIPS[�XLI�EZIVEKI�VEXI�JSV�RSR�-RHMKIRSYW�Canadians.�� 'SRZIVKMRK� XLI� KET� MR� TEVXMGMTEXMSR� VEXIW� FIX[IIR� XLI� -RHMKIRSYW� TSTYPEXMSR� ERH� XLI� XSXEP�TSTYPEXMSR� MR� 'EREHE� [SYPH� EHH� �� RI[� [SVOIVW� F]� �� ERH� E� GSRXVMFYXMSR� SJ� EPQSWX� �� FMPPMSR�XS�+(4��,S[IZIV��XLI�FEVVMIVW�XS�IGSRSQMG�MRGPYWMSR�EVI�HIITP]�W]WXIQMG�ERH�TMZSX�YTSR�WXVSRKIV�WYTTSVX�JSV�-RHMKIRSYW�PIH�IGSRSQMG�HIZIPSTQIRX��

7SQI�QIEWYVIW�XLEX�LEZI�EPVIEH]�FIIR�MHIRXMƼ�IH�XS�MRGVIEWI�XLI�TEVXMGMTEXMSR�SJ�-RHMKIRSYW�4ISTPIW�MRGPYHI��

�� 0SRKIV�XIVQ�Ƽ�RERGMRK�JSV�-RHMKIRSYW�FYWMRIWWIW�JVSQ�Ƽ�RERGMEP�MRWXMXYXMSRW�

More public-private sector partnerships for economic development;

Improvement of Indigenous hiring practices, through employment equity and reporting practices; and

Ensuring equity of opportunity in education for Indigenous youth.

8LVSYKL�5YʣFIGƅW� WYFWMHM^IH� GLMPH� GEVI� TVSKVEQ��[SQIR� MR� XLI� TVSZMRGI� EKIH��[MXL� GLMPHVIR� YRHIV�XLI�EKI�SJ��TEVXMGMTEXI�MR�XLI�[SVOJSVGI�EX�E�VEXI�SJ��SJ�XLEX�SJ�QIR��)PWI[LIVI�MR�XLI�GSYRXV]�XLI�VEXI�MW�PS[IV�ERH�LEW�WXEKREXIH�SZIV�XLI�PEWX�X[S�HIGEHIW��EX��MR��EPQSWX��PS[IV�XLER�XLEX�SJ�QIR�

31

Closing the gap of female participation throughout Canada to allow women with children to return to work [SYPH�EHH��QMPPMSR�TISTPI� XS�'EREHEƅW� PEFSYV� JSVGI�ERH��FMPPMSR� XS�'EREHEƅW�+(4�F]��7TIGMEP�EXXIRXMSR� MW� [EVVERXIH� JSV� XLI� 78)1� TVSJIWWMSRW�� [LMGL� EVI� JEGMRK� PEFSYV� WLSVXEKIW� ERH� LEZI� E� LMKLIV�MQTEGX�SR�IGSRSQMG�KVS[XL�ERH�]IX�I\LMFMX�E�LMKL�HIKVII�SJ�KIRHIV�MRIUYEPMX]��-QTVSZIH�JIQEPI�PEFSYV�JSVGI�TEVXMGMTEXMSR�EGVSWW�EPP�WIGXSVW�GSYPH�FI�EGLMIZIH�XLVSYKL�WYGL�QIERW�EW�

A national childcare strategy;

� 1SVI�TEVX�XMQI�ERH�JYPP�XMQI�VSPIW�XLEX�EPPS[�JSV�ƽ�I\MFMPMX]�MR�WGLIHYPMRK��ERH

Initiatives to reduce unconscious bias to create truly inclusive work environments.91

��SJ�[SVOMRK�EKI�'EREHMERW�LEZI�SRI�SV�QSVI�HMWEFMPMXMIW�Ɓ�E�PSRK�XIVQ�SV�LIEPXL�GSRHMXMSR�XLEX�MQTEGXW�XLIMV�IZIV]HE]�EGXMZMXMIW��8LI�IQTPS]QIRX�VEXI�JSV�TIVWSRW�[MXL�HMWEFMPMXMIW�MR��[EW��Ɓ��TIVGIRX�lower than persons without disabilities.�� Converging the rate of participation of persons with disabilities [MXL� XLI� REXMSREP� EZIVEKI�[SYPH� IREFPI� 'EREHEƅW� PEFSYV� JSVGI� XS� KVS[� F]� ER� EHHMXMSREP� ��[SVOIVW�ERH��FMPPMSR�MR�VIEP�+(4�XS�'EREHEƅW�IGSRSQ]�F]��

-R� EHHMXMSR� XS� TVSZMHMRK� MRGIRXMZIW� ERH� WYTTSVX� XS� IQTPS]IVW� JSV� [SVOTPEGI� EGGSQQSHEXMSRW� ERH� SR�XLI�NSF�XVEMRMRK��JIHIVEP�ERH�TVSZMRGMEP�KSZIVRQIRXW�GSYPH�PSSO�XS�

The expansion of the role of educational institutions to better facilitate transition to employment; and

Educational and re-training programs customized for persons with disabilities to help them upgrade skills and learn new ones.94

32

%RSXLIV�IJJIGXMZI�[SVOJSVGI�KVS[XL�WXVEXIK]�Ɓ�IWTIGMEPP]�MR�XLI�WLSVX�XIVQ��PMIW�[MXL�EWWMWXMRK�SPHIV�[SVOIVW�to stay productive and in the workforce for as long as they wish. While not everyone wants to work later in PMJI��QER]�'EREHMERW�EVI�EPVIEH]�WXE]MRK�MR�XLI�[SVOJSVGI�PSRKIV��IMXLIV�SYX�SJ�GLSMGI�SV�Ƽ�RERGMEP�RIGIWWMX]��8LI��'IRWYW�WLS[IH�E�KVS[MRK�RYQFIV�SJ�TISTPI�EKI��EVI�EPVIEH]�VIQEMRMRK�MR�XLI�[SVOJSVGI��QSVI�XLER��TIVGIRX�SJ�XLIWI�QIR�[IVI�[SVOMRK�MR�WSQI�JEWLMSR�MR��YT�JVSQ��TIVGIRX�MR�XLI��GIRWYW��8LI� WLMJX� MW� IZIR� QSVI� HVEQEXMG� JSV� [SQIR�� [MXL� �� TIVGIRX� SJ� ��]IEV�SPH� [SQIR� [SVOMRKƂX[MGI�the proportion of those working in the earlier census.��

There is room to make additional efforts to keep those seniors who want to stay productively engaged MR� XLI�[SVOJSVGI� TEWX� ��8LMW� RIIH� RSX� RIGIWWEVMP]� FI� EFSYX� IRGSYVEKMRK� PSRKIV� XIRYVI� MR� I\MWXMRK� NSFW��-X� GSYPH� JSGYW� SR� GVIEXMRK� QSVI� QIRXSVMRK�� XVEMRMRK� ERH� EQFEWWEHSV�X]TI� VSPIW� XLEX� PIZIVEKI� XLI� WOMPPW�and perspectives of experienced workers.

-HIEW�JSV�JYVXLIV�I\TPSVEXMSR�QMKLX�MRGPYHI�

�� )QTPS]QIRX�QEXGLMRK�TVSKVEQW�WTIGMƼ�GEPP]�JSV�SPHIV�IQTPS]IIW��TIVLETW�VYR�F]�WIGXSV�WTIGMƼ�G�EWWSGMEXMSRW�ERH�SVKERM^EXMSRW�ERH�JYRHIH�F]�KSZIVRQIRXW��ERH

Financial incentives, such as allowing retirees to return to work while still collecting XLIMV�TIRWMSRW�ERH�SXLIV�FIRIƼ�XW�

-RGVIEWMRK�XLI�RYQFIV�SJ�[SVOIVW�FIX[IIR��]IEVW�SJ�EKI��RS[�GSRWMHIVIH�XLI�ƈ]SYRK�SPHƉ�� GSYPH�]MIPH�IRSVQSYW�WSGMIXEP�FIRIƼ�XW�

If the participation rate of this group by 2028 were to be raised from current levels by about 4% in the case of males and 7% in the case of females, this, along with a one-point gain in the prime age female participation rate, would offset two-thirds of the negative impact on population aging in the aggregate labour force participation rate.&IRRIXX�.SRIW�*EPP��)GSRSQMG�3YXPSSO��

33

+SZIVRQIRXW� EVI� E[EVI� SJ� XLI� TSXIRXMEP� FIRIƼXW� SJ� IPMQMREXMRK� XLI� FEVVMIVW� JSV� [SVOJSVGI� TEVXMGMTEXMSR� JSV�YRHIV�VITVIWIRXIH�XEPIRX��8LI]�WLSYPH�EGX��1EMRXEMRMRK�SYV�TSWMXMZI�ETTVSEGL�XS�HMZIVWMX]�ERH� MRGPYWMSR� MW�RSX�NYWX�XLI�VMKLX�XLMRK�XS�HS��MX�FIRIƼXW�SYV�IGSRSQ]�ERH��F]�I\XIRWMSR��EPP�SJ�YW��=IX�KVIEXIV�TEVXMGMTEXMSR� by under-represented talent alone will not solve Canada’s labour force challenges over the long term.�� +VS[MRK�SYV�TSTYPEXMSR�MW�TEVEQSYRX�

Sounds like a nice idea.But what about...;MXL�VMWMRK�EYXSQEXMSR�ERH�ETTPMGEXMSRW�SJ�EVXMƼGMEP�MRXIPPMKIRGI��EVIRƅX�[I�JEGMRK�E�WYVTPYW�of labour in the years ahead?

2S�SRI�GER�TVIHMGX�[MXL�GSQTPIXI�EGGYVEG]�[LMGL� NSFW�[MPP�FI�RIIHIH�MR�XLI�JYXYVI��8LI�1G/MRWI]�+PSFEP� -RWXMXYXI�LEW�TVIHMGXIH� XLEX�� MR�TSWX�MRHYWXVMEP�IGSRSQMIW�WYGL�EW�'EREHEƅW��EW�QYGL�EW��percent of work activity could be displaced by automation.3 But while some jobs or tasks will indeed FIGSQI�SFWSPIXI��EW�XLI]�LEZI�XLVSYKLSYX�LMWXSV] ��QER]�I\TIVXW�GSRXIRH�[I�[MPP�QSWXP]�WII�E�GLERKI�the type and nature of jobs.

'LERKMRK�XIGLRSPSKMIW�ERH�HIQSKVETLMGW�KMZI�E�KSSH�MRHMGEXMSR��FVSEHP]��SJ�[LIVI�XLEX�[SVO�[MPP�FI��in education, healthcare, senior-care and in the digital technologies and platforms that are re-wiring SYV�IGSRSQ]��-X�EPWS�QIERW�XLEX�ƈJYRHEQIRXEPƉ�SV�ƈWSJXƉ�WOMPPW�[MPP�FI�MQTSVXERX�KSMRK�JSV[EVH��

%YXSQEXMSR�[MPP� MRHIIH� VIHYGI� WSQI� SJ� XLI� GSWXW� SJ� TVSHYGXMSR� ERH�QEOI� WSQI� NSFW� VIHYRHERX�� But companies that are more productive are those that can compete and grow, thereby adding jobs in other places, often higher up the value chain, so that overall employment grows.

34

��

4 RECOMMENDATION 4

Build The InfrastructureTo AccommodateA Bigger Canada

Canada needs a 50-year national infrastructure plan that has long-term funding certainty and can both revitalize existing assets and build new links – physical and digital – to connect Canadians, facilitate business and accommodate a country with 100 million people.

Canadian cities are often ranked among the best in the world on liveability.�� But this is not a time for complacency; our cities are undergoing an intensely challenging period of change due to demographic ERH�XIGLRSPSKMGEP�XVIRHW��MRJVEWXVYGXYVI�HIXIVMSVEXMSR�ERH�GPMQEXI�GLERKI�VIPEXIH�MQTEGXW��EPP�[LMPI�ƼRERGMEP�VIWSYVGIW�EVI�MRGVIEWMRKP]�WUYII^IH�

��

*SV�'EREHE�XS�WYGGIWWJYPP]�KVS[�MXW�TSTYPEXMSR��[I�[MPP�RIIH�XS�Ƽ�RH�[E]W�XS�IRWYVI�XLEX�SYV�GSQQYRMXMIW�

have modern high-quality infrastructure

offer affordable housing and convenient public transportation

attract talent and investment and nurture innovation

provide a vibrant and inclusive cultural life

feel secure and welcoming

are environmentally sustainable

-RJVEWXVYGXYVI�KIRIVEPP]�VIJIVW�XS�XLI�TL]WMGEP�EWWIXW�FYMPX�ERH�QEMRXEMRIH�MR�XLI�TYFPMG�MRXIVIWX�XLEX�JEGMPMXEXI�the functioning of society; everything from roads and bridges to water and wastewater, communications, ERH�TYFPMG�XVERWTSVXEXMSR��-X�EPWS�MRGPYHIW�WSGMEP�MRJVEWXVYGXYVI��WYGL�EW�GYPXYVEP��VIPMKMSYW��LIEPXL��IHYGEXMSREP�ERH�VIGVIEXMSREP�JEGMPMXMIW��-R�XLI�RIEV�JYXYVI�MX�[MPP�MRGPYHI�XLI�HMKMXEP�GSRRIGXMZMX]�EX�XLI�LIEVX�SJ�E�HEXE�HVMZIR�IGSRSQ]��WYGL�EW�XLI��+�RIX[SVOW�XLEX�EVI�MR�KIWXEXMSR�100�%X�MXW�FIWX��MRJVEWXVYGXYVI�WQSSXLP]�GSRRIGXW�TISTPI��jobs and markets, enhancing day-to-day quality of life.

&YX�SYV�MRJVEWXVYGXYVI�RIIHW�VITEMV�ERH�YTKVEHMRK��3YV�MRJVEWXVYGXYVI�HIƼ�GMX�Ɓ�XLI�QSRI]�RIIHIH�JSV�VITEMV�ERH�VITPEGIQIRX�Ɓ�RS[�WXERHW�EX�QSVI�XLER��FMPPMSR��EGGYQYPEXIH�WMRGI�XLI��W ��0IJX�YREXXIRHIH��XLEX�Ƽ�KYVI�GSYPH�FEPPSSR�XS��XVMPPMSR�F]��101�-R��'EREHEƅW�MRJVEWXVYGXYVI�[EW�VEROIH��th in the world102,E� JEPP� JVSQ� �th� TPEGI� MR� ��103, primarily based on assessments of transportation and connectivity MR�XLMW�GSYRXV]��%RH�EW�'EREHEƅW�TSTYPEXMSR�KVS[W��SYV�MRJVEWXVYGXYVI�RIIHW�[MPP�KVS[�PEVKIV�

3R�XLI�FVMKLX�WMHI��EW�QYGL�EW��FMPPMSR� MR� MRJVEWXVYGXYVI� MRZIWXQIRX� MW�TPERRIH�F]��EX� XLI�JIHIVEP��provincial and municipal levels, not including private investment that may be added to the mix.104�,S[IZIV��XLMW�spending has not necessarily been budgeted, and there remains a great deal of uncertainty as to when funds QE]�ƽ�S[��XS�[LSQ��ERH�[LIVI�XLI�TVMSVMXMIW�[MPP�FI��&MGOIVMRK�SZIV�[LS�TE]W�JSV�[LEX�XEOIW�YT�ER�MRSVHMREXI�EQSYRX�SJ�XMQI�ERH�IRIVK]��MRWYƾ��GMIRX�JYRHMRK�MW�YRPSGOIH��ERH�HIGMWMSRW�ERH�MRZIWXQIRXW�[MXL�PSRK�XIVQ�

��

impact are too often made with short-term political considerations in mind.

8LI� TSWMXMSR� SJ� 'EREHMER� QYRMGMTEPMXMIW� MW� XIRYSYW�� 8LI]� EVI� VIWTSRWMFPI� JSV� �� TIVGIRX� SJ� 'EREHEƅW�public infrastructure, along with an expanding suite of services, but see only 10 percent of tax revenues.�� &IXXIV�EPMKRQIRX�SJ�JYRHMRK�VIWTSRWMFMPMX]�ERH�ƼWGEP�GETEGMX]�MW�YVKIRXP]�RIIHIH�

To rectify both current issues and to support further population growth, we must re-engineer the planning process and revisit the roles and responsibilities of the various levels of government to enable better GSPPEFSVEXMSR�ERH�JEWXIV�HIGMWMSR�QEOMRK�

We need to begin by putting infrastructure at the heart of Canada’s economic

development… Canada needs a pan-Canadian infrastructure strategy to determine how funds can be best allocated for tomorrow and for the next 30 years.

4YFPMG�4SPMG]�*SVYQ��&YMPHMRK�XLI�*YXYVI��7XVEXIKMG�-RJVEWXVYGXYVI�JSV�0SRK�8IVQ�+VS[XL��

7YGL� E� TPER� [SYPH� VIUYMVI� FSPH� JIHIVEP� PIEHIVWLMT� ERH� WXVSRK� GLEQTMSRMRK�� ERH� XLI� TVMSVMXM^EXMSR� SJ�REXMSREPP]�WMKRMƼGERX�TVSNIGXW��-X�WLSYPH�JSGYW�SR�FSXL�QEMRXEMRMRK�I\MWXMRK�MRJVEWXVYGXYVI�ERH�FYMPHMRK�the new infrastructure we need to better link existing growth centres and to anticipate new developments WYGL�EW�XLI�STIRMRK�SJ�XLI�2SVXL�;IWX�4EWWEKI��8LI�LSTI�MW�XLEX�'EREHEƅW�-RJVEWXVYGXYVI�&ERO�[MPP�LIPT� the country make strides on issues of both process and substance.

%W� XLI�4YFPMG�4SPMG]� *SVYQ�RSXIW�� SYV� TIIV� GSYRXVMIW� JVSQ�%YWXVEPME� XS�+VIEX�&VMXEMR� ERH� XLI�2IXLIVPERHW�have developed comprehensive multi-decade national infrastructure plans. To scale Canada’s potential for population growth, we need one too.

��

��

5 RECOMMENDATION 5

DevelopGreater DensityIn Mega-regions

We urge land use, infrastructure and economic development policies that drive greater population density in our cities and regions. Our mega-regions can be globally competitive hubs of economic power, MRRSZEXMSR�ERH�GYPXYVI��4VSTIVP]�TPERRIH��KVIEXIV�HIRWMX]�MW�IRIVK]�IƾGMIRX��VIHYGIW�IRZMVSRQIRXEP�MQTEGX and delivers a high quality of life for residents.109

-QEKMRI�'EREHE��F]�XLI�XYVR�SJ�XLI�RI\X�GIRXYV]��EW�E�REXMSR�SJ�QIKE�VIKMSRW��1IKE�VIKMSRW�LEZI�FIIR�HIƼRIH�EW�MRXIVPSGOMRK�EVIEW�[MXL�QSVI�XLER�SRI�GMX]�GIRXVI��X]TMGEPP]�[MXL�TSTYPEXMSRW�SJ��QMPPMSR�TISTPI�SV�QSVI��and producing at least $100 billion in goods and services per year. They can be formed by big urban centres amalgamating with smaller nearby cities and towns, but however they come together, they work best when treated as geographical units, with common transportation systems, coordinated economic development strategies and land use decisions.110, 111

40

What might a bigger and bolder Canada look like in 2100 if mega-region growth were central to our plans?,IVI�MW�SRI�WYGL�ZMI[��MRGPYHMRK�QIKE�VIKMSRW�XLEX�EVI�LSQI�XS��QMPPMSR�TISTPI��JSVQIH�EVSYRH�I\MWXMRK�GMXMIW�112

Quebec City

Montreal

Ottawa-Gatineau

Toronto

Based on Simmons and Bourne, 2013,Developed by Pamela Blais,Metropole Consulting

3,000,000 to 5,590,000 (2)1,000,000 to 3,000,000 (4)300,000 to 1,000,000 (10)100,000 to 300,000 (20)30,000 to 100,000 (51)10,000 to 30,000 (60)

Population 2011

2016 population2100 trend estimate

Mega-region

Halifax

Toronto

Edmonton

CalgaryWinnipeg

Vancouver

VANCOUVER3.3M 11.9M CALG-ED

2.8M 15.5MWINNIPEG0.8M 1.7M

NATL CAPITAL1.4M 4.8M

SW ONTARIO1.2M 2.0M

TORONTO8.8M 33.5M

MONTREAL4.4M 12.2M

41

%�QIKE�VIKMSR�ETTVSEGL�[MXL�MRGVIEWIH�HIRWMX]�[SYPH�LEZI�QYPXMTPI�FIRIƼXW�� Population density is important because it creates nodes of economic activity

and opportunity that foster economic innovation, productivity and growth, as well as cultural and artistic opportunities. Dense urban centres allow for economies of scale in spreading the costs of infrastructure, such as transit, across more people, GVIEXMRK�IƾGMIRGMIW�

8LI�*VEWIV�-RWXMXYXI��Canada must grow denser and more populated113

8LI�*VEWIV�-RWXMXYXI�GSQTEVIH�QENSV�GMXMIW�MR�'EREHE�[MXL�XLSWI�MR�SXLIV�LMKL�MRGSQI�GSYRXVMIW�ERH�JSYRH�XLEX�'EREHEƅW�FMKKIWX�GMXMIW�LEZI�QYGL�PS[IV�HIRWMX]�XLER�GIRXVIW�PMOI�4EVMW��0SRHSR��2I[�=SVO�ERH�7ER�*VERGMWGS��'YVVIRX� GSRWXVEMRXW� SR� KVS[XL� MR� SYV� GMXMIW�� JVSQ� WXVMGX� ^SRMRK� VIKYPEXMSRW114 to inadequate infrastructure investment, have made life harder, from more expensive housing to longer commutes.

4IVLETW� GSYRXIV�MRXYMXMZIP]�� MRGVIEWMRK� TSTYPEXMSR� HIRWMX]� [SYPH� LEZI� IRZMVSRQIRXEP� FIRIƼXW�� EX� PIEWX� SR�E�TIV�GETMXE�FEWMW��-R�Maximum Canada�� NSYVREPMWX�(SYK�7EYRHIVW�RSXIW�XLEX�SYV�WTVIEH�SYX�TSTYPEXMSR�ƈJSVGIW� YW� XS� YWI� MRIƾGMIRX� ERH� LMKLP]� TSPPYXMRK� JSVQW� SJ� XVERWTSVXEXMSR�� LIEXMRK� ERH� IRIVK]�� FIGEYWI� SYV�TSTYPEXMSR�HIRWMX]� MW� XSS� PS[�XS�WYTTSVX�QSVI�IRIVK]�IƾGMIRX�XIGLRSPSK]�Ɖ�%�QSZI�XS� MRGVIEWI�HIRWMX]�[MXL�E�QIKE�VIKMSR�ETTVSEGL�[SYPH�PIEH�XS�QSVI�IƾGMIRX�TYFPMG�XVERWTSVXEXMSR�STXMSRW�ERH�JI[IV�WMRKPI�JEQMP]�LSQIW��XLIVIF]�VIHYGMRK�TIV�GETMXE�IRIVK]�GSRWYQTXMSR��%W�7EYRHIVW�TSMRXW��XLI�TEVEHS\�MW�XLEX�[I�“need E�PSX�QSVI�TSTYPEXMSR�XS�SZIVGSQI�XLI�TVEGXMGEP�ERH�IGSPSKMGEP�TVSFPIQW�SJ�TSTYPEXMSR�Ɖ ��

-RGVIEWMRK� XLI� HIRWMX]� SJ� SYV� QIKE�VIKMSRW� ERH� GMXMIW� [MPP� VIUYMVI� FIXXIV� [E]W� SJ� PMROMRK� HIZIPSTQIRX� ERH�XVERWMX�RIX[SVOW�WS�[SVOIVW�GER�QSVI�IEWMP]�GSRRIGX�XS�XLIMV�IQTPS]IVW��=SYRKIV�'EREHMERW�[SYPH�FI�better-able to afford housing within a commuting distance of work, creating the connections that lead to more MRRSZEXMSR� Ɓ� ERH�QSVI� STTSVXYRMXMIW� XS� ƼRH� TEVXRIVW�� ;I� RIIH� XS� FI� GSKRM^ERX� SJ� XLI� VMWOW� SJ� GVIEXMRK�ghettos of new immigrants and those on low incomes, ensuring that development takes account of the need for mixed use.

;I�RIIH�XS�JEGXSV�MR�XLI�IQIVKIRGI�SJ�QIKE�VIKMSRW�XLEX�EVI�QYPXMTPI�XMQIW�XLI�WM^I�SJ�XLSWI�[I�LEZI�XSHE] into our land use, infrastructure and economic development policies in order to plan for a Canada that is built on scale.

42

Sounds like a nice idea.But what about...Rising population are already taking a heavy toll on our environment. Won’t a “bigger Canada” mean greater environmental degradation and increased greenhouse gas emissions?

Underpopulation harms Canada’s climate and ecological future in key ways. First, it forces us to use MRIƾGMIRX� ERH� LMKLP]� TSPPYXMRK� JSVQW� SJ� XVERWTSVXEXMSR� FIGEYWI� SYV� TSTYPEXMSR� HIRWMX]� MW� XSS� PS[� XS�WYTTSVX�QSVI�IRIVK]�IƾGMIRX�XIGLRSPSKMIW��+VIEXIV�TSTYPEXMSR�HIRWMX]�[SYPH�EPPS[�YW�XS�FYMPH�YT�public transportation capacity that would be less energy intensive as well as to reduce emissions per GETMXE�XLVSYKL�QSVI�IRIVK]�IƾGMIRX�FYMPHMRKW�4

7IGSRH�� SYV� VIPEXMZIP]� WQEPP� TSTYPEXMSR� PMQMXW� XLI� ƼWGEP� ERH� LYQER� VIWSYVGIW� [I� RIIH� XS� QSZI�into a greener energy future. Building a low-carbon economy requires scale, innovation and capital. %RH�GSTMRK�[MXL�XLI�IJJIGXW�SJ�GPMQEXI�GLERKI�[MPP�FI�I\TIRWMZI��%QSRK�XLI�GSWXW��• Coastal defenses against rising sea levels•�6ITPEGMRK�YVFER�MRJVEWXVYGXYVI�WS�XLEX�MX�[MPP�FI�QSVI�VIWMWXERX�XS�ZSPEXMPI�[IEXLIV�TEXXIVRW•�4EVXMGMTEXMRK�MR�E�KPSFEP�HVMZI�XS�FYMPH�GEVFSR�VIQSZEP�XIGLRSPSK]• Taking measures to make our extractive industries more carbon-neutral and•�7LMJXMRK�XS�RSR�TSPPYXMRK�IRIVK]�WSYVGIW�

;I�[MPP�RIIH�E�WXVSRK�ƼWGEP�FEWI�XS�QIIX�XLI�GSWXW�ERH�GLEPPIRKIW�SJ�XLI�GSQMRK�IRIVK]�WLMJX�

43

ADDRESSING REGIONAL DIFFERENCES

%R]�HMWGYWWMSR�SJ�ƈTPEGIƉ�MR�XLI�'EREHMER�GSRXI\X�VIUYMVIW�EWWIWWMRK�XLI�ZIV]�HMJJIVIRX�EHZERXEKIW�ERH�GLEPPIRKIW� MR� XLI�GSYRXV]ƅW�ZEVMSYW�VIKMSRW��TVSZMRGIW��GMXMIW�ERH�XS[RW��6IKEVHMRK�TSTYPEXMSR��however, the trendlines are consistent.

The Atlantic provinces are leading the country in terms of aging populations, due to lower fertility rates and provincial net migration rates.1, 2�&]��XLI]�EVI�TVSNIGXIH�XS�FI�[IPP�ELIEH�SJ�EPP�SXLIVW�MR�QIHMER�EKI�ERH�MR�TIVGIRXEKI�SJ�XLI�TSTYPEXMSR�SZIV��3

Newfoundland & Labrador

Prince Edward Island

Nova Scotia

New Brunswick

Québec

Ontario

Manitoba

Saskatchewan

Alberta

British Columbia

Baseline projection – status quo immigration; Source: R. Saillant (2016)

455.6

178.3

933.9

752.5

9,405.3

16,548.8

1,623.1

1,315.2

6,224.8

5,918.8

53.3

47.7

49.6

49.8

45.2

44.3

40.6

41.1

39.7

44.9

34.5

27.9

30.9

31.3

25.1

24.7

20.6

21.4

18.5

25.1

Province ProjectedPopulationin 2038 (‘000)*

Median Age % PopulationOver 65 Yearsof Age

44

%W�2I[�&VYRW[MGO�IGSRSQMWX�6MGLEVH�7EMPPERX��RSXIW�

Atlantic Canada is in the eye of Canada’s demographic storm. While all of Canada is seeing slower labour force growth as baby boomers are retiring, Atlantic Canada is actually witnessing an absolute decline in its number of workers. From a national perspective, boosting immigration is a top priority. Seen from Atlantic Canadian eyes, however, it is an imperative. 6MGLEVH�7EMPPERX��EYXLSV�SJ�%�8EPI�SJ�8[S�'SYRXVMIW�Ɓ�,S[�XLI�+VIEX�(IQSKVETLMG�-QFEPERGI�MW�4YPPMRK�'EREHE�%TEVX�

'SRWMHIVEFPI�EXXIRXMSR�MW�RS[�FIMRK�TEMH�XS�XLMW�MWWYI�MR�%XPERXMG�'EREHE��8LI�JIHIVEP�ERH�EPP�JSYV�%XPERXMGTVSZMRGMEP�KSZIVRQIRXW�EVI�IRKEKIH�MR�E�TMPSX�TVSNIGX�XS�Ƽ�PP�PEFSYV�KETW�F]�FIXXIV�GSRRIGXMRK�IQTPS]IVW�ERH�MQQMKVERXW��ERH�FIXXIV�WYTTSVXMRK�MQQMKVERX�WIXXPIQIRX��7IZIVEP�SJ�XLI�%XPERXMG�TVSZMRGIW�EVI�EPWSTYXXMRK�KVIEX�IJJSVX�ERH�Ƽ�RERGMEP�VIWSYVGIW�MRXS�TVSQSXMSREP�GEQTEMKRW�XEVKIXMRK�IGSRSQMG�MQQMKVERXW�

RURAL AND SMALL TOWNS – Canada should also have policies to ensure that smaller cities andXS[RW�LEZI�XLI�NSFW��XE\�FEWI�ERH�WIVZMGIW�XS�TVSZMHI�VIWMHIRXW�[MXL�E�KSSH�UYEPMX]�SJ�PMJI��7QEPPIV�GSQQYRMXMIW�GER�FI�HMWTVSTSVXMSREXIP]�EJJIGXIH�F]�XLI�IGSRSQMG�JEPPSYX�JVSQ�ER�EKMRK�TSTYPEXMSR��(MKMXEP�GSRRIGXMZMX]�WLSYPH�FI�SRI�[E]�XS�EPPS[�'EREHMERW�XS�[SVO�JVSQ�WQEPPIV�GIRXVIW�MJ�XLI]�GLSSWI��%RH�XLIWI�GMXMIWERH�XS[RW�GER�EPWS�FIRIƼ�X�JVSQ�XLI�MRNIGXMSR�SJ�IGSRSQMG�EHVIREPMRI�XLEX�GSQIW�[MXL�MRGVIEWIH�MQQMKVEXMSR��

*SVXYREXIP]�� QSVI� MQQMKVERXW� �� TIVGIRX� MR� ��4 � EVI� EPVIEH]� WIXXPMRK� MR� WQEPPIV� GMXMIW�ERH�GSQQYRMXMIW�SYXWMHI�SJ�XLI�YWYEP�GMX]�WYWTIGXW��1SRXVIEP��8SVSRXS�ERH�:ERGSYZIV��8LMW�LEW�FIIR�LIPTIH�F]�XLI�4VSZMRGMEP�2SQMRII�4VSKVEQ��[LMGL�KMZIW�TVSZMRGIW�GSRWMHIVEFPI�WE]�SZIV�XLI�WIPIGXMSR�of immigrants, and by communities that are proactively seeking to build their populations.

*SGYWMRK�SR�WQEPPIV�GSQQYRMXMIW��XLI�2I[�&VYRW[MGO�1YPXMGYPXYVEP�'SYRGMP�HIPMZIVIH�ER�MRRSZEXMZI�TVSKVEQ�MR��GEPPIH�2I[�'SRZIVWEXMSRW��*MJXIIR�WQEPP�GSQQYRMXMIW�MR�XLI�TVSZMRGI�[IVI�TVSZMHIH[MXL�LMKLP]�GYWXSQM^IH�MRJSVQEXMSR�EFSYX�PSGEP�IGSRSQMG�ERH�HIQSKVETLMG�XVIRHW�ERH�SYXPSSOW��

��

Town-hall discussions were held, hosted by community leaders and designed to spark the development of action plans such as immigrant attraction and welcoming initiatives. This program was considered LMKLP]�WYGGIWWJYP�F]�SVKERM^IVW�ERH�TEVXMGMTERXW�ERH�LEW�XLI�TSXIRXMEP�XS�FI�WGEPIH�EGVSWW�'EREHE�to other smaller and/or remote communities.�

QUÉBEC – While this report examines the national need for a bigger population and increased MQQMKVEXMSR�� MX� MW� ZMXEP� XS� ER]� GSRXMRYMRK� HMWGYWWMSR� XLEX� 5YʣFIGƅW� HMWXMRGX� TSWMXMSR� ERH� GLEVEGXIV�EVI�GEVIJYPP]�GSRWMHIVIH��1EMRXEMRMRK�XLI�TVSZMRGIƅW�WM^I�VIPEXMZI�XS�XLI�VIWX�SJ�'EREHE�LEW�PSRK�FIIR�E�GSRGIVR�Ɓ�SRI�IRWLVMRIH�MR�XLI�'EREHE�5YʣFIG�%GGSVH�SR�-QQMKVEXMSR�SJ��-X�TVSZMHIW�XLEX��

An objective of this Accord is among other things, the preservation of Québec’s demographic importance within Canada and the integration of immigrants to that province in a manner that respects the distinct identity of Québec.

9RHIV�XLI�%GGSVH��5YʣFIG�LEW�XLI�VMKLX�XS�WIX�MXW�S[R�MQQMKVEXMSR�XEVKIXW�ERH�GLSSWI�MXW�S[R�IGSRSQMG�immigrants.�

=IX��XLI�HIQSKVETLMG�ERH�IGSRSQMG�VIEPMXMIW�JSV�FSXL�5YʣFIG�ERH�XLI�VIWX�SJ�'EREHE�LEZI�GLERKIH�GSRWMHIVEFP]� WMRGI� XLI� %GGSVH� [EW� GSRGPYHIH�� 0EFSYV� WLSVXEKIW� EVI� FIGSQMRK� QSVI� IZMHIRX� MR�5YʣFIG��[LMGL�RS[�LEW�SRI�SJ�XLI�LMKLIWX�NSF�ZEGERG]�VEXIW� and the second lowest unemployment rate in Canada.��5YʣFIG�RIIHW�QSVI�MQQMKVERXW�XLER�MX�YWIH�XS��LS[IZIV��XLI�RYQFIV�SJ�MQQMKVERXW�EGGITXIH�F]�5YʣFIG�LEW�RSX�OITX�TEGI�[MXL�XLI�RYQFIVW�MR�SXLIV�TEVXW�SJ�'EREHE�EW�E�TVSTSVXMSR�SJ�TVSZMRGMEP�TSTYPEXMSRW��-R��5YʣFIG�XSSO�MR�NYWX�SZIV��SJ�'EREHEƅW�MQQMKVERXW� whereas it had��SJ�XLI�TSTYPEXMSR�10�3RXEVMS�XSSO�MR��SJ�'EREHEƅW�MQQMKVERXW�[MXL��SJ�XLI�REXMSREP�TSTYPEXMSR��

5YʣFIG�[MPP�RIIH�XS�XEOI�MR�JEV�QSVI�MQQMKVERXW�MJ�MX�[MWLIW�XS�QEMRXEMR�MXW�LMWXSVMG�WLEVI�SJ�XLI�TSTYPEXMSRƁ�RSX�XLI�HMVIGXMSR�MX�MW�GYVVIRXP]�KSMRK�MR��8LI�RI[�TVSZMRGMEP�KSZIVRQIRX�MW�EMQMRK�XS�VIHYGI�XLI�TVSZMRGIƅWMQQMKVEXMSR�XEVKIXW��WXEVXMRK�MR��11 a move that appears to have the support of almost two thirds

��

SJ�5YʣFʣGSMW�12�+VIEX�GEVI�RIIHW�XS�FI�XEOIR�XS�IRWYVI�XLEX�ER]�QSZI�F]�'EREHE�XS�FI�FMKKIV�VIGSKRM^IW�I\MWXMRK�SFPMKEXMSRW�SR�HIQSKVETLMG�ERH�TSPMXMGEP�FEPERGI�[MXL�XLI�VIWX�SJ�'EREHE��,S[IZIV��EW�XLI�VIWX�SJ�XLI�GSYRXV]�KVS[W��5YIFIG�VYRW�XLI�VMWO�SJ�WLVMROMRK�MXW�VIPEXMZI�WM^I�[MXLMR�'SRJIHIVEXMSR�

Future success will rely on our ability to effectively manage the growth of urban centres and regions FYX�EPWS�WQEPPIV�ERH�QSVI�VYVEP�GSQQYRMXMIW�ERH�SJ�XLI�2SVXL��%�TVSEGXMZI�IJJSVX�XS�IRKEKI�ERH�QIIX�XLI�RIIHW�SJ�EPP�VIKMSRW�SJ�'EREHE�[MPP�Ɓ�EW�EP[E]W�Ɓ�FI�IWWIRXMEP��

��

6 RECOMMENDATION 6

Look To ExpandIn The NearAnd Far North

We need a national conversation within Canada – characterized by respectful and meaningful dialogue with Indigenous peoples about increasing population in the North.

7TIGYPEXMRK� SR� XLI� JYXYVI� SJ� 'EREHEƅW� 2SVXL� LEW� PSRK�FIIR� E� WSYVGI� SJ� TEWWMSR� ERH� JSGYW� JSV� XLMROIVW��dreamers, developers, environmentalists and others it lures with its promise. But it has never penetrated the daily consciousness of a country in which overwhelmingly, the population is locked in a thin band along our southern border.��

8LEX� WLSYPH�GLERKI��8S� VIEPM^I� XLI�TSXIRXMEP� SJ� XLI�2SVXL��[I�QYWX� GSQI� XSKIXLIV�[MXL�2SVXLIVR�REXMSRW� XS�WTYV�KVS[XL�ERH�HIZIPSTQIRX��8LI�RYQFIV�SJ�TISTPI�MR�'EREHEƅW�2SVXL�MW�KVS[MRK��QIERMRK�HIZIPSTQIRX�ERH�IRZMVSRQIRXEP�MWWYIW�[MPP�VIUYMVI�WMKRMƼGERX�EXXIRXMSR�JVSQ�TSPMG]�QEOIVW�MR�XLI�GSQMRK�]IEVW��&IX[IIR��ERH��TSTYPEXMSR�MR�XLI�2SVXL�MRGVIEWIH�F]��TIVGIRX��E�KVIEXIV�VEXI�XLER�XLI��TIVGIRX�REXMSREP�

��

population increase during that time-period.�� -R� JEGX�� 2YREZYX� WLS[IH� XLI� WXVSRKIWX� TSTYPEXMSR� KVS[XL� MR� XLI� GSYRXV]�� [MXL� E� �� TIVGIRX� MRGVIEWI� �JVSQ� EPQSWX� �� XS� EPQSWX� �� MR� XLEX� XMQIJVEQI�� 8LMW�KVS[XL�MW�PEVKIP]�HYI�XS�2YREZYX�LEZMRK�E�JIVXMPMX]�VEXI�SJ��XLI�LMKLIWX�MR�XLI�GSYRXV]�HYVMRK�XLEX�TIVMSH��

=IX�TSTYPEXMSR�RYQFIVW�MR�XLI�2SVXL�VIQEMR�WQEPP��FSXL�MR�VIEP�XIVQW�ERH�VIPEXMZI�XS�XLI�VIWX�SJ�'EREHE�

'SQTEVI� XLSWI� 'EREHMER� ƼKYVIW� XS� XLI� X[S� QMPPMSR� TISTPI� PMZMRK� MR� %VGXMG� 6YWWME�120 That has strategic MQTPMGEXMSRW�JSV�XLI�JYXYVI�SJ�XLI�2SVXL�ERH�MXW�SGIERW��'EREHE�QYWX�LEZI�E�WXVSRK��ZMXEP�TVIWIRGI�SR�XLI�[SVPH�stage to advance our interests with respect to this strategic, environmentally sensitive land.121, 122

Canada’s Population Distribution Across Its Northern, Middle

and Southern Sectors

115 000 Canadians

2 Million

35 Million

U.S. Border

Far North N

��

-RHIIH�� XLI� WXVEXIKMG� TSWMXMSR� ERH� IGSRSQMG� TSXIRXMEP� SJ� 'EREHEƅW� 2SVXL� KMZI� MX� ER� SYXWM^IH� MQTSVXERGI�EGGSVHMRK�XS�-VZMR�7XYHMR��)HMXSV�MR�'LMIJ��4YFPMWLIV�SJ�+PSFEP�&VMIJ�QEKE^MRI�

Across all three of our Northern territories, we have a total population of about 115,000. Below the territories, across all 10 provinces, I calculate the supporting “quasi-Northern” population of the country, from Fort Nelson to Churchill and Kapuskasing, to be less than two million... We will not be able to protect, control and manage the North, including in environmental terms, with such paltry demographic resources. Even if we do not see Russia or other Arctic countries as necessarily a future threat, we do not have anywhere close to enough people in – and thinking professionally about – the North to sustain serious bilateral or multilateral processes about how to manage the North in our interests and on our terms.123

8LI�%VGXMG�3GIERƅW�VIGIHMRK�MGI�GSZIV�ERH�XLI�VIKMSRƅW�[EVQMRK�EZIVEKI�XIQTIVEXYVIW�EVI�EPVIEH]�WTYVVMRK�international interest for expanded shipping and mineral exploration in a sensitive ecosystem with global climate implications.�� 8LI�%VGXMG� HSIW�RSX� RIIH�ER�YRVIKYPEXIH�HIZIPSTQIRX� JVII�JSV�EPP�� &YX� XLIVI�MW� XLI� PYVI� SJ� STTSVXYRMX]�� +YKKIRLIMQ� 4EVXRIVW� IWXMQEXIW� XLEX� XLI� %VGXMG� [MPP� VIUYMVI� GPSWI� XS� �� XVMPPMSR� in investment for transportation, telecommunications, housing and social services.��

8LI�STTSVXYRMX]�JSV�JYVXLIV�HIZIPSTQIRX�MR�XLI�2SVXL�VEMWIW�UYIWXMSRW�EFSYX�LS[�FMK�E�TSTYPEXMSR�MX�GSYPH�WYWXEMREFP]�WYTTSVX��*SV�EHZSGEXIW�SJ�HIZIPSTQIRX��XLI�JYXYVI�2SVXL�[SYPH�FI�E�LYF�SJ�IGSRSQMG�EGXMZMX]�� %W�&IRNEQMR�6]ER��'LMIJ�'SQQIVGMEP�3ƾGIV�SJ�%MV�2SVXL�MR�;LMXILSVWI�RSXIW��

The North is an incredible place to live and work. As more and more Canadians experience life in the North, and as we continue to see population growth, the cost of living will drop and further favour vibrant communities that contribute to Canada’s competitiveness on the global stage. A North that relies on the South can FI�WIIR�EW�E�HVEMR�SR�'EREHE��FYX�E�WIPJ�WYƾGMIRX�2SVXL�[MPP�FI�E�LYF�JSV�MRRSZEXMSR� and a magnet for talent and visitors from the entire country and world.

��

+VS[XL�MR�XLI�2SVXL�VIQEMRW�GSRWXVEMRIH�F]�PS[�TSTYPEXMSR�HIRWMXMIW��RSX�IRSYKL�NSFW��MRJVEWXVYGXYVI�HIƼGMXW��JSSH�MRWIGYVMX]�ERH�ER�YRHIV�WYTTP]�SJ�EJJSVHEFPI�LSYWMRK�ERH�LIEPXLGEVI��-X�MW�EPWS�SRI�SJ�XLI�FEXXPIKVSYRHW�SZIV�GPMQEXI�GLERKI��KMZIR�MXW�VSPI�MR�XLI�KPSFEP�GPMQEXI�W]WXIQ��2SVXLIVR�KSZIVRQIRXW�[MPP�LEZI�XS�HIXIVQMRI�XLI� HIWMVEFMPMX]� SJ� KVIEXIV� TSTYPEXMSR�� &YX� GPIEVP]�[MXLSYX� E� 'EREHMER� TVIWIRGI� MR� XLI�2SVXL�� XLIVI�[MPP� FI� a diminished Canadian stewardship of its economic and ecological future.

%RSXLIV�TPERRMRK�STXMSR� MW� XLI�ƈ1MH�'EREHE�'SVVMHSV�Ɖ�ER� MHIE�SVMKMREPP]�TVSTSWIH�F]�6MGLEVH�6SLQIV�SZIV��]IEVW�EKS�� ERH�QSVI� VIGIRXP]�GLEQTMSRIH�F]�.SLR�ZER�2SWXVERH�� -X� GEPPW� JSV� GVIEXMRK� PEVKIV�ERH�QSVI�TIVQERIRX�GSQQYRMXMIW�MR�XLI�VIWSYVGI�VMGL�EVIEW�FIX[IIR�SYV�WSYXLIVR�GMXMIW�ERH�XLI�*EV�2SVXL��%GGSVHMRK�XS�ZER�2SWXVERH��XLMW�[SYPH�FSSWX�IGSRSQMG�KVS[XL�ERH�NSF�GVIEXMSR�XLVSYKL�MRZIWXQIRX�MR�XLI�EWWSGMEXIH�MRJVEWXVYGXYVI��8LI�MHIE�MW�XS�QSZI�XLI�RIEV�2SVXL�E[E]�JVSQ�XLI�HEQEKMRK�FSSQ�ERH�FYWX�G]GPIW�SJ�VIWSYVGI�HIZIPSTQIRX�XS�HMZIVWMƼIH�IGSRSQMIW��

��

%VIEW�JSV�JSGYWIH�HIZIPSTQIRX�QMKLX�MRGPYHI�XLSWI�MHIRXMƼ�IH�FIPS[�

St.John’s

SaintJohn

TimminsVal D’Or

Sudbury

ThunderBay

Labrador City

Voisey’s Bay

Energy East

Winnipeg

Saskatoon

Hardisty

Fort McMurrayThompson

Churchill

Snow Lake

Kitimat

Edmonton

Whitehorse

DawsonCity

Tuktoyaktuk

Norman Wells

FortNelson

Calgary

Saskatchewan PotashAbitibi Gold Belt

Northern Manitoba

Ring of Fire

Quebec/Labrador Metals

Hibernia Oil Fields

Oil Sands

Northern Gateway

Mackenzie River Valley

Toronto

YellowknifeHay River

��

These areas are among the most economically productive areas in Canada, and have further growth potential, LEFMXEFPI�GPMQEXIW�ERH�E�KVIEX�HIEP�SJ�WTEGI�XS�EGGSQQSHEXI�QSVI�TISTPI��%�WXVEXIK]�XS�EXXVEGX�ERH�VIXEMR�newcomers to these areas could be developed, based on growing economic opportunities and targeting TISTPI�[MXL�VIPIZERX�WOMPPWIXW��%RH��XLMW�X]TI�SJ�JEV�WTVIEH�TSTYPEXMSR�KVS[XL�GSYPH�VIHYGI�TVIWWYVIW�SR�GMXMIW�MR�XLI�7SYXL��

3J� GSYVWI�� ER]� HIZIPSTQIRX� XLEX� MRGVIEWIW� TSTYPEXMSR� LEW� QENSV� MQTPMGEXMSRW� JSV� -RHMKIRSYW� TISTPIW�ERH� [SYPH� VIUYMVI� E� GSPPEFSVEXMZI� ETTVSEGL�� -RHMKIRSYW� TISTPIW� EVI� ZMXEP� XS� XLI� IGSRSQMG�� WSGMEP� ERH�GYPXYVEP�TVSKVIWW�SJ�'EREHE��8LIMV�GSQQYRMXMIW�QYWX�WLEVI�MR�XLI�IGSRSQMG�FIRIƼXW�SJ�E�FMKKIV�'EREHE�� %RH�XLI]�QYWX�LEZI�XLI�JVIIHSQ�XS�HIZIPST�MR�[E]W�XLEX�EVI�GSQTEXMFPI�[MXL�XLIMV�S[R�XVEHMXMSRW�ERH�[MWLIW��That will remain a challenge until a new relationship is forged. We simply need to imagine new possibilities of what might be.

��

7 RECOMMENDATION 7

Invest In A GloballyRanked Education SystemThat Can Be A MagnetFor Top Talent

Canada should develop its post-secondary institutions to become centres of excellence that would enhance our ability to attract and retain the best students, researchers, and professors from around the world, and ensure the highest quality of education for those born here, the key to a competitive workforce in the knowledge economy.

)HYGEXMSR�MW�E�OI]�QIEWYVI�SJ�SYV�REXMSREP�TVSWTIVMX]��7XVSRK�WGLSSPW�EVI�WTVMRKFSEVHW�XS�IGSRSQMG�KVS[XL�MR�EX� PIEWX� X[S�VIWTIGXW��EX� XLIMV�FIWX�� XLI]� MRWXMPP� XLI�ORS[PIHKI�ERH�HIZIPST�XLI�WOMPPW� XLEX�WXYHIRXW�RIIH� XS�XLMRO��[SVO��ERH�MQEKMRI��%RH�XLI]�GER�EGX�EW�E�QEKRIX�XS�XLI�FIWX�ERH�XLI�FVMKLXIWX�EVSYRH�XLI�[SVPH�� 1ER]�WXYHIRXW�[LS�GSQI�XS�'EREHE�XS�PIEVR��IRH�YT�WXE]MRK��'EREHE�MW�FIXXIV�JSV�MX�

Canadians are already among the most educated populations in the world,�� and we must ensure that they continue to be supported by top-tier educational systems and institutions that are widely accessible.

��

We will need to invest in education in the same way we do in infrastructure and city-building. Our current and expected future labour shortages make it even more critical to get the education piece right. We should RSX�EWWYQI�XLEX�[I�[MPP�EP[E]W�FI�E�XST�HIWXMREXMSR�JSV�XEPIRX��%R�I\TERHMRK�PMWX�SJ�GSYRXVMIW�EVI�EKKVIWWMZIP]�recruiting international students and offer opportunities for a high standard of living post-graduation.

8LEX�QIERW�TVITEVMRK�WXYHIRXW�JSV�XLI�NSFW�SJ�XSQSVVS[�EW�[IPP�EW�XSHE]��%RH�MX�MRGPYHIW�LIPTMRK�WXYHIRXW� to learn to think critically, to develop the “softer skills” that will ensure they can adapt to the changing demand for skills in a digital economy.

Educational institutions need to equip youth with broader skillsets, helping them

develop the human skills that complement technology — skills like communication, collaboration, complex problem solving, creativity, empathy and rapid learning. And because these skills are more enduring and transferable, they will increase job mobility.

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World-class and world-renowned universities and colleges are a vital component of future prosperity. Universities are where much of Canada’s pure research is conducted and many of those institutions RS[� EKKVIWWMZIP]� WIIO� [E]W� XS� GSQQIVGMEPM^I� XLIMV� HMWGSZIVMIW�� JSVQMRK� GSQTERMIW� ERH� GVIEXMRK� NSFW��Colleges and vocational schools provide accessible applied training to meet labour force demands, and fast-track the pace of skills evolution to match an evolving economy.

The quality of Canada’s educational system, institutions and programs will dictate whether we can attract the best and brightest candidates from elsewhere to grow our workforce. The number of international students MR�'EREHE�LEW�FIIR�KVS[MRK�SZIV�XLI�TEWX�JI[�]IEVW��MR��[I�LEH�NYWX�SZIV��WXYH]�TIVQMX�LSPHIVW��ERH�MR��XLI�RYQFIV�LEH�NYQTIH�XS�SZIV��131�%RH�ETTPMGEXMSRW�XS�WIZIVEP�'EREHMER�YRMZIVWMXMIW�JVSQ�MRXIVREXMSREP�WXYHIRXW�NYQTIH�F]��TIVGIRX�SV�QSVI�MR��132

8LMW�MW�EPP�KSSH�RI[W��FSXL�FIGEYWI�MRXIVREXMSREP�WXYHIRXW�GSRXVMFYXI�E�KVIEX�HIEP�XS�'EREHEƅW�IGSRSQ]�Ɓ�ER IWXMQEXIH��FMPPMSR�TIV�]IEV133�Ɓ�ERH�FIGEYWI�XLI]�EVI�]SYRK��IHYGEXIH�ERH�LEZI�VIPIZERX�PERKYEKI�WOMPPW��XLI� MHIEP� TVSƼPI� RIIHIH� MR� XLI� 'EREHMER� [SVOJSVGI�� *YVXLIVQSVI�� XLI]� FVMRK� WOMPPW� ERH� I\TIVMIRGIW� XLEX� are complementary to those of Canadian workers, encouraging new ideas to emerge and broader perspectives to XEOI�WLETI��;LEX�XLI]�RIIH�MW�E�GPIEV�ERH�IEW]�TEXL�XS�GMXM^IRWLMT��XS�IRLERGI�XLI�WGEPI�SJ�'EREHEƅW�EQFMXMSRW�

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8 RECOMMENDATION 8

AttractAnd DevelopTalent With The SkillsFor The Digital Age

Investing in the knowledge, skills and training needed for the digital economy must be the priority for Canadian educators and business leaders. And the corporate sector must play a big role in pushing for immigration and visa rules that attract talent from elsewhere, and for social policies that help them succeed when they get here.

The nature of what constitutes work has forever been in constant evolution, broken by occasional revolutions that mark the shift from one age to the next. There are no clear dividing lines between eras but it is apparent XLEX�XLI�GYVVIRX�VMWI�SJ�HMKMXEP�XIGLRSPSKMIW�MW�XEOMRK�XLI�[SVPH�MRXS�E�RI[�MRHYWXVMEP�EKI��%VXMƼGMEP�MRXIPPMKIRGI��VSFSXMGW��FMK�HEXE�EREP]XMGW�XLI�-RXIVRIX�SJ�8LMRKW�ERH�QSVI�HS�RSX�WMKREP�MRGVIQIRXEP�GLERKI�MR�XLI�[E]W�[I�[SVO��8LIWI�RI[�XIGLRSPSKMIW�ERH�TPEXJSVQW�QIER�XLEX�XLI�JYXYVI�IGSRSQ]��LS[IZIV�STEUYI�MX�ETTIEVW�RS[ �[MPP�FI�QSVI�GSRRIGXIH�ERH�QSVI�HEXE�HVMZIR��-X�[MPP�VI�HIƼRI�WYGL�JYRHEQIRXEP�QEXXIVW�EW�[LEX�ER�EWWIX�

��

MW�ERH�LS[�XS�QIEWYVI�ZEPYI��%RH�[LMPI�QER]�GYVVIRX�NSFW�ERH�XEWOW�[MPP�GEVV]�JSV[EVH�MRXS�XLMW�RI[�IGSRSQ]��'EREHE�MW�KSMRK�XS�RIIH�QEWWMZI�RYQFIVW�SJ�[SVOIVW�[MXL�WOMPPW�XLEX�QEOI�XLIQ�ƽ�YIRX�MR�XLI�RI[�[E]W�SJ�[SVO�

There is and will continue to be informed speculation on the extent of automation-driven job loss in the existing [SVOJSVGI��1G/MRWI]�+PSFEP�-RWXMXYXI�LEW�TVIHMGXIH�XLEX�EW�QYGL�EW�E�UYEVXIV�SJ�[SVO�EGXMZMX]�MR�HIZIPSTIH�countries such as Canada could be displaced by automation.134�8LMW�HSIW�RSX��LS[IZIV��QIER�XLEX��TIVGIRX�SJ�TISTPI�[MPP�FI�[MXLSYX�NSFW��1ER]�SFWIVZIVW�EVKYI�XLEX�EYXSQEXMSR�[MPP�VIPMIZI�[SVOIVW�SJ�WSQI�XEWOW��[LMPI�they shift into other work. But the demographic challenge indicated in this report is evidence that Canada will have healthy demand for jobs in education, healthcare and senior-care, as well as in growing areas from software development to data analytics.

8LI�WYGGIWW�SJ�'EREHMER�GSQTERMIW�[MPP�FI�XMIH�XS�XLIMV�EFMPMX]�XS�Ƽ�RH�ERH�VIXEMR�[SVOIVW�[MXL�E��st century WOMPP�WIX��XLI�VMKLX�GSQFMREXMSR�SJ�ORS[PIHKI��XVEMRMRK�ERH�WSJX�WOMPPW��ERH�XLI�GETEGMX]�XS�FI�GSRXMRYSYW�PIEVRIVW�XLVSYKLSYX�XLIMV�PMZIW��8LIVI�MW�EPWS�KVS[MRK�VIGSKRMXMSR�SJ�XLI�RIIH�JSV�EPP�[SVOIVW��MR�EPP�Ƽ�IPHW��XS�FI�IHYGEXIH�SR�XLI�WOMPPW�MRGVIEWMRKP]�GVMXMGEP�XS�EPP�NSFW��MRGPYHMRK��

Analytical thinking and complex problem-solving

Communication and collaboration

Empathy and all forms of emotional intelligence

Curiosity and creativity

Risk-taking and entrepreneurship

Adaptability

��

%��VITSVX�F]�6&'�IRXMXPIH��ƈ,YQERW�;ERXIHƉ��WYQQEVM^IH�XLI�JSYRHEXMSREP�WOMPPW�XLEX�GSQTERMIW�[MPP�FI�PSSOMRK�JSV�MR�]SYRKIV�[SVOIVW�

The strongest demand is for the foundational skills that separate good from great in every walk of life, and especially in Canada’s increasingly services-oriented economy. Communication, emotional intelligence, critical thinking and analysis: young Canadians will need these skills in an age of rapid change. They will need to work well with an increasingly diverse range of other people – business partners from around the world, plus co-workers of all ages, genders, languages and cultures – and to complement technology, which will become ever more pervasive.135

These skills increase in value as workplaces become more diverse. Companies will need to ensure that their [SVOIVW�GER�EHETX�ERH�FI�MRGPYWMZI��GYWXSQM^MRK�ETTVSEGLIW�XS�HMJJIVIRX�KVSYTW�EW�RIIHIH��2I[�IQTLEWMW�QE]� FI� RIIHIH� XS� IRWYVI� XLEX� EPP� WOMPPW� �LEVH� ERH� WSJX � VIUYMVIH� JSV� NSFW� EVI� GPIEVP]� GSQQYRMGEXIH�� XLEX�new funds are found for employee training needs, and that broader work experience opportunities within companies are available to enhance learning opportunities.

%R�IQTLEWMW�SR�PMJIPSRK�PIEVRMRK�ERH�IQTPS]EFMPMX]�[MPP�KVS[�MR�XLI�GSQMRK�HIGEHIW��8LI�EWWYQTXMSR�XLEX�education is to be completed early in life is outdated, and will not serve the interests of a bigger, bolder 'EREHE��%GGSVHMRK�XS�XLI�1G/MRWI]�+PSFEP�-RWXMXYXI��

It’s not enough to think or talk about ‘retraining’ and ‘reskilling’. These terms sound episodic... Instead, employers, employees, educational institutions and public sector leaders need to start talking about ‘lifelong employability’: helping people continually and successfully adapt as the economy evolves.136

+SMRK� JSV[EVH�� MX�[MPP� FI� I\TIGXIH� XLEX� WOMPPW�[MPP� FI� GSRXMRYEPP]� EGUYMVIH� SZIV� GEVIIVW�� -XƅW� MQTSVXERX� XLEX�the emphasis on lifelong learning applies to all workers, not only those on the highly educated and highly motivated end of the spectrum. This will mean ensuring that workers can “earn while they learn”, or at least that the learning is incented and broadly available.��

��

-RZIWXMRK� MR� XLI� ORS[PIHKI�� WOMPPW� ERH� XVEMRMRK� RIIHIH� JSV� XLI� HMKMXEP� IGSRSQ]�QYWX� FI� E� WLEVIH� TVMSVMX]�for Canadian educators and business leaders. The corporate sector must play a big role in encouraging immigration policies and improved visa rules that attract talent from elsewhere, and for social policies to help RI[�EVVMZEPW�ETTP]�XLIMV�WOMPPW��+SZIVRQIRXW�ERH�XLI�TVMZEXI�WIGXSV�RIIH�XS�FI�EPMKRIH�ERH�XS�TEVXRIV�XS�IRWYVI�'EREHE�LEW�XLI�XEPIRX�MR�TPEGI�XS�GETMXEPM^I�SR�XLI�TSXIRXMEP�SJ�XLI�HMKMXEP�EKI��%FSZI�EPP��XS�WGEPI�XLI�TSXIRXMEP�of a growing population, educators and employers must incent and enable everyone to embrace a new reality of work-integrated, lifelong learning.

Sounds like a nice idea.But what about...Won’t millions more immigrants take jobs away from Canadians already here?

%�TIVMSH�SJ�WIVMSYW�PEFSYV�WLSVXEKIW�MW�EPVIEH]�YTSR�YW��8LI�REXMSREP�NSFPIWW�VEXI�LMX�E��]IEV�PS[�MR��[LMPI�QSVI� XLER� LEPJ� E�QMPPMSR� NSFW�[IVI� YRƼPPIH�� YT� RIEVP]� �� JVSQ� XLI� WEQI� TSMRX� MR��3ZIV�XLI�GSYVWI�SJ�XLI��W��MX�MW�TVSNIGXIH�XLEX��'EREHMERW�[MPP�VIXMVI�IZIV]�]IEV��

)ZIV]�ZEGERX�NSF�MW�E�TIVWSR�RSX�TE]MRK�XE\IW�[LMGL�KS�XS��EQSRKWX�SXLIV�XLMRKW��SYV�WSGMEP�WEJIX]�RIX�

;I�RIIH�QSVI�[SVOIVW��2S[��%RH�[I�RIIH�XS�HS�E�FIXXIV�NSF�SJ�EPMKRMRK�XLIMV�WOMPPW�XS�PEFSYV�QEVOIX�requirements.

1IER[LMPI�� MQQMKVERXW�EVI� NSF�GVIEXSVW�ERH�FYWMRIWW�FYMPHIVW��(EXE�JVSQ�7XEXMWXMGW�'EREHE�WLS[W� that established immigrants have been more likely than Canadians born here to start and own businesses.�� %RH� E� VITSVX� JVSQ� XLI� %HZMWSV]� 'SYRGMP� SR� )GSRSQMG� +VS[XL� RSXIW� XLEX� ƈUYEPMƼIH�immigrants can bring critical skills that will help small Canadian companies scale into large, established enterprises that create high-quality jobs for all Canadians”.�

��

9 RECOMMENDATION 9

Scale InnovationAnd Entrepreneurship

Removing barriers to the scaling-up of talent, capital, connectivity and markets for Canadian companies will foster a sustainable, growing economy – and create high quality jobs and prosperity for all Canadians.

Canada must build a cutting-edge, new-century economy that leads invention and innovation, dynamism, EHETXMZIRIWW�� VIWMPMIRGI�� ERH� XLI� HIZIPSTQIRX� SJ� OI]� MRZIWXQIRX� RIX[SVOW� ERH� VIPEXMSRWLMTW�� -J� [I� KIX�XLMW�VMKLX��'EREHE�[MPP�FI�ER�IRKMRI�SJ�MRRSZEXMSR��IRXVITVIRIYVWLMT�ERH�XEPIRX�Ɓ�OI]�HVMZIVW�SJ��st century GSQTIXMXMZIRIWW��7GEPMRK�YT�'EREHEƅW�TSTYPEXMSR�MW�E�RIGIWWEV]�GSRHMXMSR�SJ�XLMW�WYGGIWW�

-R��'EREHE�VEROIH�XLMVH� MR� XLI�+PSFEP�)RXVITVIRIYVWLMT� -RHI\��,S[IZIV��HIWTMXI�SYV�IRXVITVIRIYVMEP�WTMVMX��JI[�GSQTERMIW�WGEPI�YT�Ɓ�SRP]��SJ�QMH�WM^IH�FYWMRIWWIW�MR�'EREHE�WYGGIIH�MR�KVS[MRK�MRXS�PEVKI�businesses.��8LI�VSPI�SJ�PEVKI�FYWMRIWWIW�MR�WYWXEMRMRK�SYV�GSPPIGXMZI�TVSWTIVMX]�MW�GPIEV�Ɓ�XLI]�EGGIPIVEXI�NSF�GVIEXMSR�ERH�GEXEP]^I�MRRSZEXMSR��IRXVITVIRIYVWLMT�ERH�IGSRSQMG�KVS[XL�

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8S�EGLMIZI�WGEPI�MR�MRRSZEXMSR�ERH�IRXVITVIRIYVWLMT��[I�RIIH�

A vibrant, constantly replenishing pool of talent amid intense global competition

Ready access to capital and investors for good ideas

National, provincial and municipal laws and regulations that constantly evolve to favour Canadian economic success

The development of world-class Canadian superclusters, such as the Toronto-Waterloo Innovation Corridor:

Turning the Toronto-Waterloo Innovation Corridor into a global innovation hub has the potential to deliver a $50 billion increase in direct equity value, $17.5 billion in direct annual GDP, and more than 170,000 high quality jobs by 2025. ƈ8IGL�2SVXL��&YMPHMRK�'EREHEƅW�*MVWX�8IGLRSPSK]�7YTIVGPYWXIVƉ��1G/MRWI]��'SQTER]140

Highly innovative Canadian companies, large and small alike

� %�WYƾ��GMIRXP]�PEVKI�REXMSREP�GSRWYQIV�QEVOIX�

,S[IZIV�� XLI� PEXIWX� ��*SVFIW list of the 100 world’s most innovative companies does not include any 'EREHMER�GSQTERMIW�EQSRK�XLI�XST��3RP]�SRI�'EREHMER�GSQTER]�GVEGOW�XLI�XST��8LMW�MW�E�TVSFPIQ�

��

With a few exceptions, all of the leading innovative companies in the *SVFIW�PMWX�GSQI�JVSQ�PEVKI�GSYRXVMIW�Ɓ�QSWX�MQTSVXERXP]��JVSQ�GSYRXVMIW�[MXL�PEVKI�GSRWYQIV�QEVOIXW��[MXL�E�KVS[MRK�%WMER�JSSXTVMRX��XLI�97��'LMRE��-RHME��7SYXL�/SVIE��.ETER��-RHSRIWME��8LEMPERH��*VERGI��-XEP]�ERH�XLI�9RMXIH�/MRKHSQ ��3RP]�SRI�ƼVQ�LEMPMRK�JVSQ�E�GSYRXV]�[MXL�E�WQEPPIV�TSTYPEXMSR�XLER�'EREHEƅW�GVEGOW�XLI�XST��[LMPI�SRP]��WQEPPIV�GSYRXV]�ƼVQW�make the top 100 list altogether.141

-R�XLMW�VIKEVH��XLIVI�MW�WXVSRK�VIWIEVGL�XS�WYKKIWX�RSX�SRP]�XLEX�MRRSZEXMSR�MW�EJJIGXIH�F]�KVIEXIV�GSQTIXMXMSR��FYX�EPWS�XLEX�MRRSZEXMSR�KVS[W�[LIR�XLI�WM^I�SJ�E�GSQTER]�KVS[W��PEVKIP]�HYI�XS�XLI�EQSVXM^EXMSR�SJ�MRRSZEXMSR��6(��ERH�RI[�XIGLRSPSK]�GSWXW ��%RH��SJ�GSYVWI��PEVKIV�GSQTERMIW�X]TMGEPP]�VIUYMVI�PEVKIV�QEVOIXW��

3J� XLI� �� WQEPPIV�GSYRXV]� ƼVQW� MRGPYHIH� MR� XLI�*SVFIW� PMWX�� GSQI� JVSQ�QIQFIV� WXEXIW�SJ� XLI� )YVSTIER�9RMSR��GSYRXVMIW�PMOI�&IPKMYQ��2IXLIVPERHW�ERH�-VIPERH ��QIERMRK�XLEX�XLIWI�ƼVQW�IRNS]�VIPEXMZIP]�JVII�EGGIWW� XS�E�GSRWYQIV�QEVOIX�SJ�SZIV��QMPPMSR�TISTPI�

1

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3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

ServiceNow

Workday

Salesforce.com

Tesla

Amazon.com

Netflix

Incyte

Hindustan Unilever

Naver

Facebook

Monster Beverage

Unilever Indonesia

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India

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Ranking Company Country

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The federal government has committed over $1 billion to support venture capital investments across the country. But unless we have the necessary size and diversity SJ�GSQTERMIW��TISTPI�ERH�MHIEW��XLIVI�[MPP�RSX�FI�E�WYƾGMIRX�RYQFIV�SJ�MRZIWXQIRXW�to produce a return on these funds and to help create the future companies and industries that will be needed to generate increasing levels of productivity, standards of living and well-paying jobs. Size does matter!

*VIH�0E^EV��%WWSGMEXI�4VSJIWWSV�EX�XLI�7GLYPMGL�7GLSSP�SJ�&YWMRIWW��=SVO�9RMZIVWMX]�

��

10 RECOMMENDATION 10

EducateCanadians AboutThe Economic CaseFor Immigration

We need the tools and organizations to base the coming discussion about expanded immigration in facts. We need to engage critics by making the economic case for a bigger Canada.

&]� XLI�QMH�� W�� MQQMKVEXMSR�[MPP� EGGSYRX� JSV� �� SJ� TSTYPEXMSR� KVS[XL�142� (IWTMXI� XLI� ZMXEP� RIIH� JSV�increased immigration to ensure Canada’s long-term prosperity, Canadian public opinion around immigration MW�GSRƽMGXIH�

On one hand, Canadians tell pollsters they are very accepting of immigration, believing it to be more SJ�E�TSWMXMZI�XLER�RIKEXMZI�MRƽYIRGI�SR�XLI�GSYRXV]�ERH�XLEX�SYV�GYVVIRX�EGGITXERGI�PIZIPW�EVI�RSX�XSS�LMKL��8LI�+EPPYT�1MKVERX�%GGITXERGI�-RHI\�VEROW�'EREHE��th among 140 countries for openness to immigration.143 %RH� EPXLSYKL� RYQFIVW� ZEV]� EGVSWW� XLI� EGVSWW� XLI� GSYRXV]�� SXLIV� TSPPMRK� VIZIEPW� XLEX� MQQMKVEXMSR� MW� RSX� a top-of-mind issue for the vast majority of Canadians.

��

6IGIRX�TSPPMRK�GSRƼ�VQW�XLMW�KIRIVEPP]�TSWMXMZI�ZMI[�SJ�MQQMKVEXMSR�EQSRK�'EREHMERW�

�� E�WMKRMƼ�GERX�RYQFIV�FIPMIZIW�XLEX�XLI�IGSRSQMG�MQTEGX�SJ�MQQMKVEXMSR�MW�TSWMXMZI (76 percent in a fall 2018 Environics Institute poll144)

a majority believes that immigration levels are not too high (58% in the Environics Institute poll)

=IX�XLI�WYVZI]W�EPWS�WLS[�XLEX�'EREHMERW�HS�LEZI�GSRGIVRW�EFSYX�XLI�MQTEGX�SJ�MQQMKVEXMSR�SR�SYV�ƈGYPXYVI�ERH�ZEPYIWƉ�ERH�ƈNSFW�Ɖ�8LI�)RZMVSRMGW�-RWXMXYXIƅW�*SGYW�'EREHE�WYVZI]�MR�XLI�JEPP�SJ��JSYRH�XLEX��TIVGIRX�of Canadians agreed with the statement that “there are too many immigrants coming into this country who are RSX�EHSTXMRK�'EREHMER�ZEPYIW�Ɖ�%RH�E�VIGIRX�-TWSW�TSPP�VIZIEPIH�XLEX��TIVGIRX�SJ�XLSWI�TSPPIH�EVI�GSRGIVRIH�EFSYX�MQQMKVERXW�QEOMRK�MX�QSVI�HMƾ��GYPX�JSV�'EREHMER�GMXM^IRW�XS�KIX�NSFW��

These are worryingly high numbers given that studies repeatedly show the idea of the “job-stealing immigrant” to be a myth,�� and that cutting immigration would have a negative impact on the economy.�� The numbers WLS[�XLEX�MQQMKVERXW��

are highly educated: over 39 percent of immigrants have a bachelor’s degree or higher (compared to 24 percent of the Canadian-born population),148 while 36 percent of immigrants’ children between 25 and 35 years old have a university degree (compared to 24 percent their peers with Canadian-born parents)149

are, in the case of recent immigrants, approximately seven years younger on average than the general population150

� �LEZI�VIPIZERX�PERKYEKI�TVSƼ�GMIRG]��[MXL��TIVGIRX�SJ�MQQMKVERXW�LEZMRK�ORS[PIHKI�of English or French;151

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are in good health, indeed healthier on average than Canadian-born residents, and remain so twenty or more years after they arrive;152

commit less crime, which has the effect of lowering our overall crime rate. Every 10 percent increase in the share of immigrants in a population lowers its property crime rate by 2-3 percent;153 and

are highly entrepreneurial. Immigrants start more businesses than their Canadian-born counterparts: 10.8 percent of immigrants who have been in Canada for 10-30 years are self-employed, as compared with 7.5 percent of those born in Canada.154

The statistics show that vastly more effort needs to be made to inform the public about the meaningful social ERH�IGSRSQMG�GSRXVMFYXMSRW�SJ�RI[GSQIVW��;I�RIIH�SYV�GSQQYRMX]� PIEHIVW�ERH�GMXM^IRW�EPMOI�XS�FIGSQI�better-informed about the data on immigration, and to be willing to share those facts when they encounter disinformation wherever they are, at work, among family and friends, or online.

Community engagement will be enhanced by better data and information. Canada needs good quality data on the economic and social impact of immigration so we can have an informed debate. We are calling for the following elements included in any public education strategy.

1. CREATE AN ECONOMIC RESEARCH CONSORTIUM that will:•��HIZIPST�E�HIXEMPIH�GSWX�FIRIƼ�X�EREP]WMW�SJ�ETTVSEGLIW�XS�MRGVIEWMRK�'EREHEƅW�TSTYPEXMSR�SZIV�XLI�GSYVWI�

of the century, with economic modelling of alternative population levels and timing • advance research into the implications for various regions and populations in Canada• provide a data-informed view on the social and environmental implications for Canada of a population

growth plan

2. CONVENE A CANADA 2100 SERIES OF VISIONING SESSIONS across the country to kick-startpublic conversation, with broad-based participation. Full-day events would encourage discussion on the long-term future of Canada and the obstacles to getting there, and generate ideas for forging the right GSYVWI��%�VITSVX�GETXYVMRK�XLI�REXYVI�SJ�XLI�HMWGYWWMSRW�ERH�XLI�FIWX�MHIEW�KIRIVEXIH�[SYPH�FI�TYFPMWLIH�and promoted and could potentially be a launch-pad for a national event.

��

3. SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY-LED CENTURY PLANS in smaller communities I\TIVMIRGMRK� HIQSKVETLMG� ERH� IGSRSQMG� HIGPMRI�� TSWWMFP]� FEWIH� SR� XLI�2I[�'SRZIVWEXMSRW�QSHIP� YWIH� MR�2I[�&VYRW[MGO��'YWXSQM^IH�JEGX�TEGOW�[SYPH�FI�TVSZMHIH�XS�IEGL�GSQQYRMX]��ERH�XS[R�LEPPW�SVKERM^IH�JSV�GSQQYRMX]�HMWGYWWMSR�ERH�MHIRXMƼGEXMSR�SJ�EGXMSR�TPERW�XS�TVSQSXI�TSTYPEXMSR�ERH�IGSRSQMG�KVS[XL�

4. DEVELOP METRICS TO MEASURE AND TRACK SUCCESS (OR OTHERWISE) OVER TIME on FSXL�TVSWTIVMX]�ERH�TSTYPEXMSR�KVS[XL��[MXL�TIVJSVQERGI�MRHMGEXSVW�SR�JEGXSVW�WYGL�EW��IQTPS]QIRX�PIZIPW��newcomer settlement outcomes, infrastructure maintenance and development, support for immigration, etc. %R�ERRYEP�VITSVX�SR�TVSKVIWW�WLSYPH�FI�QEHI�TYFPMG�

5. ESTABLISH A NATIONAL ADVISORY BODY TO PROVIDE RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ON A GROWTH PLAN FOR 2100. Using the output of the above-recommended research consortium and ideas generated from public discussions, the advisory body would develop recommendations on how to best drive and align immigration reform to issues of economic growth, urban and community development and infrastructure planning. The advisory body’s mandate should include an assessment of the risks and potential negative consequences of the plan. 8LI�EHZMWSV]�FSH]ƅW�[SVO�WLSYPH�FI�XMQI�PMQMXIH�XS��QSRXLW�ERH�E�TYFPMG�VITSVX�[SYPH�FI�TVSHYGIH��

��

Sounds like a nice idea.But what about...How can we avoid losing the values we cherish under a wave of new immigrants from other cultures, backgrounds and experiences?

'EREHE�MW�JSVXYREXI�XS�LEZI�GSRWMWXIRXP]�FVSEH�TYFPMG�WYTTSVX�JSV�MQQMKVEXMSR��&YX�[I�VIGSKRM^I�XLEX�this backing may dissipate if immigration is seen to be carried out in ways that are unfair, or without a commitment to help new immigrants understand our values and integrate into Canadian society.

We believe that there is a powerful economic case for immigration. Canada has tripled its population SZIV�E�WMQMPEV�XMQIJVEQI�FIJSVI��ERH�MX�GER�HS�WS�EKEMR��1EOMRK�'EREHMERW�E[EVI�SJ�XLI�IGSRSQMG�FIRIƼXW�MW�IWWIRXMEP��4EVX�SJ�XLEX�MW�YRHIVWXERHMRK�XLI�IGSRSQMG�YRHIVTMRRMRKW�SJ�SYV�WSGMEP�TVSKVEQW��8LI�ZEPYIW�[I�GLIVMWL�[IVI�QEHI�TSWWMFPI�F]�SYV�TVSWTIVMX]��/IITMRK�XLIQ�VIUYMVIW�E�XLVMZMRK�IGSRSQ]��

We need our national conversation on immigration to be non-partisan and founded on facts. That’s why we believe we need to start smart planning for a bigger Canada now, to ensure we have XLI�MRJVEWXVYGXYVI�ERH�SXLIV�WYTTSVXW�XS�FIRIƼX�EPP�'EREHMERW�ERH�XS�IRWYVI�XLEX�XLI�XLMRKW�XLEX�HIƼRI�us can endure.

��

��

� � �'EREHE�MW�EX�E�GVMXMGEP�QSQIRX��ER�MRƽIGXMSR�TSMRX�[LIVI�EPP�SJ�YW�LEZI�E�VIWTSRWMFMPMX]�to try to bend the arc of history in the right direction, so that our children and their children enjoy the same quality of life and equality of opportunity that we have had. That will not happen if, collectively, we keep going for bronze.

%RXLSR]�0EGEZIVE�ERH�/EXI�*MPPMSR��

CONCLUSION

Long-Term Thinking.Starting Now.

��

7IXXMRK�KSEPW�JSV�XLI�IRH�SJ�XLI�GIRXYV]�GER�JIIP�PMOI�E�UYM\SXMG�YRHIVXEOMRK��-X�MW�SRP]�LYQER�XS�RSH�ETTVSZMRKP]�at the ambition, then put the hard thinking about how to make it happen aside. We have other demands for our attention, no shortage of serious problems to deal with today.

But the questions posed by Canada’s demographic prospects are a today problem. We already feel the impact SJ�E�WUYII^IH�[SVOJSVGI��SYV�FYWMRIWWIW�GERƅX�ƼRH�EPP�XLI�WOMPPIH�[SVOIVW�XLI]�RIIH��3YV�EKMRK�MRJVEWXVYGXYVI�affects us now, in cracked pipes under city streets, in too-long commutes or in broadband that crawls the further we get from the city.

The fate of future generations will be determined by the choices made by the generation now emerging into MXW�[SVOMRK�]IEVW��(S�XLI]�WII�IGSRSQMG�STTSVXYRMX]�LIVI�EX�LSQI#�(S�[I�SJJIV�E�UYEPMX]�SJ�PMJI�XLEX�QEOIW�XLIQ�GLSSWI�XS�VEMWI�E�JEQMP]�LIVI#�3V�[MPP�XLI]�LEZI�XS�KS�IPWI[LIVI�XS�ƼRH�STTSVXYRMX]��XS�FYMPH�E�FYWMRIWW�or chase their dreams?

8LEXƅW�[L]�XLMW�VITSVX� MW�VIPIZERX�RS[��8LI��VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW�TPEGI�SYV� PSRK�XIVQ�GLEPPIRKI�Ɓ�XLI�RIIH�JSV� WMKRMƼGERX� TSTYPEXMSR� KVS[XL� Ɓ� MRXS� XLI� PMZI� TSPMG]� HIFEXIW� SJ� XLI� QSQIRX�� -QTVSZMRK� MRJVEWXVYGXYVI� is an urgent problem. The barriers to participation by all Canadians in our shared future can be addressed. The advancement of new century skills, innovation and entrepreneurship to evolve Canada’s economy must continue. These issues and other issues need to be acted upon. Today.

Canada’s population is destined to grow between now and the end of the century. This report makes the case that our long-term prosperity depends upon having more Canadians, with more skilled, well-educated workers, of all sexes, able to generate the wealth that lets us build the kind of country we want. We ask how to best QEREKI�XLEX�KVS[XL��,S[�XS�HS�MX�WYWXEMREFP]��-RGPYWMZIP]��*EMVP]��

-X�MW�E�REXMSREP�GSRZIVWEXMSR�XLEX�QYWX�WXEVX�RS[��

��

ENDNOTES

MAIN REPORT

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127. —. “Guggenheim Partners Endorses World Economic Forum’s Arctic Investment Protocol.” Guggenheim Partners, 2016.LXXTW��[[[�KYKKIRLIMQTEVXRIVW�GSQ�ƼVQ�RI[W�KYKKIRLIMQ�TEVXRIVW�IRHSVWIW�[SVPH�IGSRSQMG�JSVYQW�

128. Van Nostrand, Jonathan. “If We Build It, They Will Stay.” The Walrus, September 8, 2014.https://thewalrus.ca/if-we-build-it-they-will-stay/

129. Charlton, Emma. “These are the most educated countries in the world.” World Economic Forum, 2018.https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/most-educated-countries-in-world-korea-japan-canada/

130. Hirij, Zabeen and Stephen Harrington. “Prepare now for the workforce of the future.” Policy Options, 2018.https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/december-2018/prepare-now-workforce-future/


132. Binkley, Collin. “After Trump’s win, more U.S. students consider university in Canada.” The Associated Press, December 30, 2016.https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/canada-college-us-trump-1.3916657


134. Manyika, James, Susan Lund, Michael Chui, Jacques Bughin, Jonathan Woetzel, Parul Batra, Ryan Ko, Saurabh Sanghvi. “Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: Workforce Transitions in a Time of Automation.” McKinsey Global Institute, 2017.https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/Future%20of%20Organizations/What%20the%20future%20of%20work%20will%20mean%20for%20jobs%20skills%20and%20wages/MGI-Jobs-Lost-Jobs-Gained-Report-December-6-2017.ashx

135. —. “Humans Wanted: How Canadian youth can thrive in the age of disruption.” Royal Bank of Canada, 2018. http://www.rbc.com/newsroom/_assets-custom/pdf/03-2018-rbc-future-skills-report.pdf

136. Davies, Beth, Connor Diemand-Yauman, and Nick van Dam. “Competitive advantage with a human dimension: From lifelong learning to lifelong employability.” McKinsey Global Institute: McKinsey Quarterly, 2019.https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/competitive-advantage-with-a-human-dimension-from-lifelong-learning-to-lifelong-employability

137. —. “Learning Nation: Equipping Canada’s Workforce with Skills for the Future.” Advisory Council on Economic Growth, 2017.https://www.budget.gc.ca/aceg-ccce/pdf/learning-nation-eng.pdf

138. Ács, Zoltán J., László Szerb, Esteban Lafuente and Ainsley Lloyd. “The Global Entrepreneurship Index 2018.” The Global Entrepreneurship (IZIPSTQIRX�-RWXMXYXI��LXXTW��[[[�VIWIEVGLKEXI�RIX�TVSƼPI�0EW^PSC7^IVF��TYFPMGEXMSR��C8LIC+PSFEPC)RXVITVIRIYVWLMTC-RHI\C��links/5c040b02a6fdcc1b8d503a9e/The-Global-Entrepreneurship-Index-2018.pdf

139. Ratté, Sylvie. “The Scale-Up Challenge: How Are Canadian Companies Performing?” Business Development Canada, September 2016. LXXTW��[[[�FHG�GE�IR�HSGYQIRXW�QEVOIXMRK�&('�IXYHI�GEREHMER�ƼVQW�)2��WITX�THJ�

140. —. “Tech North: Building Canada’s First Technology Supercluster.” McKinsey & Company, December 14, 2016. https://www.nextcanada.com/images/TechNorth-McKinsey-Report.pdf

141. —. “The World’s Most Innovative Companies.” Forbes, 2018. https://www.forbes.com/innovative-companies/list/#tab:rank_header:country


143. Esipova, Neli, Julie Ray and Anita Pugliese. “Migrant Acceptance in Canada, U.S. Follows Political Lines.” Gallup, 2018. https://news.gallup.com/poll/233147/migrant-acceptance-canada-follows-political-lines.aspx

144. —. “Canadian public opinion about immigration, refugees and the USA.” Environics Institute for Survey Research, 2018.LXXTW��[[[�IRZMVSRMGWMRWXMXYXI�SVK�HSGW�HIJEYPX�WSYVGI�HIJEYPX�HSGYQIRX�PMFVEV]�JSGYW�GEREHE�JEPP��ƼREP�VITSVX�THJ#WJZVWR!JI��GF��C�

79

145. Bricker, Darrell. “Canadians Becoming More Nervous About Immigration.” Ipsos, 2019.https://www.ipsos.com/en-ca/news-polls/canadians-nervous-about-impact-of-immigration-on-canada

146. Davidson, Adam. “Debunking the Myth of the Job-Stealing Immigrant.” New York Times Magazine, March 24, 2015.https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/29/magazine/debunking-the-myth-of-the-job-stealing-immigrant.html


148. Curry, Bill and Madeleine White. “Census 2016: Canadians, including recent immigrants are most educated in world.” The Globe and Mail, November 29, 2017.https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/census-2016-education-labour-employment-mobility/article37122392/

149. Keung, Nicholas. “Immigrants are largely behind Canada’s status as one of the best-educated countries.” Toronto Star, February 1, 2018.https://www.thestar.com/news/immigration/2018/02/01/immigrants-are-largely-behind-canadas-status-as-one-of-the-best-educated-countries.html

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��Ƃ��ƈ0MRKYMWXMG�MRXIKVEXMSR�SJ�MQQMKVERXW�ERH�SƾGMEP�PERKYEKI�TSTYPEXMSRW�MR�'EREHE�Ɖ�7XEXMWXMGW�'EREHE��'IRWYW��0EWX�YTHEXIH�%TVMP��Accessed May 6, 2019.https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016017/98-200-x2016017-eng.cfm

152. Ng, Edward. “The healthy immigrant effect and mortality rates.” Statistics Canada: Health Reports, 2019.https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2011004/article/11588-eng.htm

153. Zhang, Haimin. “Impact of immigration on Canada : crime, wage, and diversity.” University of British Columbia, 2014.https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0167568

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SOUNDS LIKE A NICE IDEA. BUT WHAT ABOUT...

1. Rosner, Max. “Fertility Rate.” Our World in Data, 2014.https://ourworldindata.org/fertility-rate

��Ƃ��7XEXMWXMGW�'EREHE�8EFPI��'VYHI�FMVXL�VEXI��EKI�WTIGMƼG�JIVXMPMX]�VEXIW�ERH�XSXEP�JIVXMPMX]�VEXI��PMZI�FMVXLW ��%GGIWWIH�1E]��https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1310041801

3. Manyika, James, Susan Lund, Michael Chui, Jacques Bughin, Jonathan Woetzel, Parul Batra, Ryan Ko, Saurabh Sanghvi. “Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: Workforce Transitions in a Time of Automation.” McKinsey Global Institute, 2017.https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/Future%20of%20Organizations/What%20the%20future%20of%20work%20will%20mean%20for%20jobs%20skills%20and%20wages/MGI-Jobs-Lost-Jobs-Gained-Report-December-6-2017.ashx

4. Saunders, Doug. “Maximum Canada: Why 35 Million Canadians Are Not Enough.” Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 2017. pp. 173-174

5. RBC Economics Research. “Navigating 2019.” Royal Bank of Canada, 2019http://www.rbc.com/economics/economic-reports/pdf/other-reports/RBC-Economics-outlook2019.pdf

6. The Conference Board of Canada. “Can’t Go It Alone: Immigration Is Key to Canada’s Growth Strategy.” conferenceboard.ca, 2019. https://www.conferenceboard.ca/e-library/abstract.aspx?did=10150

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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