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for for goodnes goodnes s s sake sake Understanding and Responding to Understanding and Responding to Challenging and Aggressive Behaviour Challenging and Aggressive Behaviour Dr. Jean Clinton Dr. Jean Clinton Lois Saunders Lois Saunders

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for goodness sake. Understanding and Responding to Challenging and Aggressive Behaviour Dr. Jean Clinton Lois Saunders. 05-042. S. Suomi. 00-053. Non Human Primate Development. Poor Mothering First 6 Months of Life. Increased anxiety and depression as adults. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: for goodness sake

forforgoodnessgoodnesssakesake

Understanding and Responding to Understanding and Responding to

Challenging and Aggressive BehaviourChallenging and Aggressive Behaviour

Dr. Jean ClintonDr. Jean Clinton

Lois SaundersLois Saunders

Page 2: for goodness sake

S. Suomi

05-04205-042

Page 3: for goodness sake

00-05300-053

Non Human Primate DevelopmentPoor Mothering First 6 Months of Life

Increased anxiety and depression as adults

Excessive alcohol consumption

Impulse aggression and violent behaviour

Females tend to be poor mothers

Highest risk genetically predisposed to high cortisol levels during development

Page 4: for goodness sake

00-05400-054

Poorly Nurtured Rhesus Monkey InfantsBiological Changes

High cortisol levels to mild stress

Chronic deficits in serotonin metabolism

Disrupted circadian rhythms for cortisol

Page 5: for goodness sake

Adrenal Gland

Cycle of Stress

Cortex

Amygdala Locus Coeruleus

Brain Stem

Glucocortocoids (Cortisol)

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

Norepinephrine

04-03804-038

Page 6: for goodness sake

EmotionalStimulus

PIT

Cortisol CortisolCRF

ACTH

Amygdala Hippocampus

AdrenalCortex

HypothalamusPVN

+ + - -

LeDoux, Synaptic Self

03-00203-002

Page 7: for goodness sake

Hypothalamus

Vasopressin

Pituitary Gland

Blood Vessel

Cortisol

CortisolKidney

Adrenal Gland

Cortisol

CRH

ACTH

ACTH

Paraventricular Nucleus

Stress Pathway

04-04-023023

Page 8: for goodness sake

Limbic HPA Pathway - Stress

Cortisol – Over Production

Behaviour, depression, diabetes, malnutrition, cardiovascular disease, memory, immune system, drug and alcohol addiction

Cortisol – Under Production

Chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, immune system (autoimmune disorders) rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, asthma

05-21205-212

Page 9: for goodness sake

Individual differences in stress reactivity of the adult are determined by maternal behaviour during infancy

HIGH LG LOW LG

Development of Stress Reactivity

Modest StressReactivity

Reduced Risk for Disease

Increased StressReactivity

Increased Risk for Heart Disease, Type II Diabetes, Alcoholism, Affective Disorders, Brain Aging, etc.

M. Szyf

05-05605-056

Page 10: for goodness sake

02-06602-066

The Fear Response

Visual Cortex

Visual Thalamus

Amygdala

Scientific AmericanThe Hidden Mind, 2002, Volume 12, Number 1

Page 11: for goodness sake

00-05800-058

Cortisol can be bad for the brain

Hippocampushigh sterol levels cause loss of dendritesand cell death

Frontal brainattention deficits

Page 12: for goodness sake

00-04600-046

-1.2

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0 10 20 30 40 50

Months of Orphanage Rearing

Log1

0 S

aliv

ary

Cor

tisol

*linear trendline

Evening Cortisol Levels Increase with

Months of Orphanage Rearing *

Page 13: for goodness sake

-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

Ch

ang

e in

Sal

ivar

y C

ort

iso

l

LOW HIGH

Secure Attachment Buffers Cortisol Response to Threatening Events

Secure Attachment

Insecure Attachment

The Founders’ Network

Fearful Responses to Stimuli Gunnar (1996).

05-04605-046

Page 14: for goodness sake

02-05002-050

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

6 8 10

Low SESMedium SESHigh SES

Development and Cortisol Levels

Age

Sal

ivar

y C

ortis

ol (

ug/d

l)

Page 15: for goodness sake

Children in Poorer Quality Childcare Show Rises in Cortisol Over the Day

2.0

1.0

-1.0

0.0

Qu

alit

y o

f C

hil

dca

re

-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4

Rise in Cortisol Dettling (2000).

05-04705-047

Page 16: for goodness sake

Daycare Quality & Cortisol Levels(Individual Needs)

0.4

0.6

0.5

AM PM

Ave

rag

ed C

ort

iso

l (l

og

10)

Time of Sampling

High QualitySatisfactory

Unsatisfactory

Sims et al. 2005.

05-06305-063

Page 17: for goodness sake

Daycare Quality & Cortisol Levels(Treat Equitably)

0.4

0.6

0.5

AM PM

Ave

rag

ed C

ort

iso

l (l

og

10)

Time of Sampling

High Quality

Satisfactory

Unsatisfactory

Sims et al. 2005.

05-06405-064

Page 18: for goodness sake

00-04500-045

AM Noon PM

Cortisol Levels in Romanian AdoptedChildren 6 Years Post Adoption

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

Adopted < 4 months in orphanage Adopted > 8 months in orphanage Canadian Control

Page 19: for goodness sake

Dr Megan GunnarDr Megan Gunnar

• Social Relationships control cortisol levels Social Relationships control cortisol levels in infants and young children.in infants and young children.

• Children with secure attachments to their Children with secure attachments to their caregivers show stable cortisol levels.caregivers show stable cortisol levels.

• The key ingredient to buffering stress is The key ingredient to buffering stress is sensitive, responsive, individualized care.sensitive, responsive, individualized care.

• It’s not separation from parents, but the It’s not separation from parents, but the experience in child care that triggers their experience in child care that triggers their stress responses.stress responses.

Page 20: for goodness sake

Research on QualityResearch on QualityTreating children with respect

Developing relationships with families

Ensuring programmes focus on children feeling safe

Hutchins and SIMS 2000

Page 21: for goodness sake

Research on QualityResearch on Quality

Meeting the individual needs of children

Ensuring staff remain in their positions long enough to be able to develop and maintain relationships with children

“All of these dimensions of quality are fundamental to developing and maintaining strong relationships between caregivers and children “(Hutchins & Sims, 2000).

Page 22: for goodness sake

Perry Preschool ProjectPerry Preschool Project

$17 saved for every $1 invested

Page 23: for goodness sake

04-04-012012

Sensing pathways – set in early life

VisionHearingTouch

HPA Pathway (stress) – set in early life

(HPA-Immune Pathway)

Hippocampus - Memory

Plasticity sustained throughout lifeAffected by HPA Pathway

Summary:

Brain Plasticity