for increased production and regeneration of...
TRANSCRIPT
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (Part - I)
CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE For Increased Production
And
Regeneration of Degraded Natural Resources
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TOPICS COVERED
• 1. Introduction to the issue
• 2. Problems with conventional agriculture
• 3. Conservation agriculture
• 4. Principles of conservation agriculture
• 5. Input use
• 6. Economic aspects
• 7. Extension support
• 8. Environmental & other benefits
• 9. Way ahead
• 10. Sum up
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UNIVERSAL ISSUES RELATED TO
AGRICULTURE
• The population is increasing globally.
• Scientists world over are trying to
double the agriculture production in
next few decades.
• Natural resources are shrinking and
degrading at fast pace.
• Focus is on for increasing efficiency of
the available resources
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MORE ISSUES • The emissions from agriculture related and
forest replacement activities are about 30% of total emissions.
• Mindset change of all stake holders including farmers, scientists, government officials and bankers is the first task to introduce a technology.
• Small farm size i.e. less than a hectare (80%) and 40% irrigation efficiency are the challenges for India.
• Approx. 400 kg CO2 is emitted per hectare from farming operations.
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Traditional farming
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Traditional Removal Farm Residue
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Environment Friendly Solutions ??
• Scientists world over are trying to find simple ways to deal with the problem.
• They have taken clues from nature to find out how the rain forests are surviving and producing without human interventions.
• Quality of medicinal herbs produced in forests is much better as compared to that of farms due to balance of micro and macro nutrients in unexploited forest soils.
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CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE-
Technology of Future
• The technological interventions are being planned to reduce the disturbance of soil structure and natural flora and fauna.
• Organic farming and conservation agriculture are the results of ongoing research and have proved their worth in many parts of world.
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INDIA HOSTED WORLD CONGRESS
ON CA IN FEB 2009
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PROBLEMS WITH CONVENTIONAL
AGRICULTURE
• Soil tillage is the main operation.
• The plough is accepted as symbol of agriculture world wide.
• Soil tillage can increase soil fertility in short term.
• Long term effect is reduction of organic matter.
• Organic matter provides nutrients and micro nutrients to soil.
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Soil degradation is the side effect of
conventional agriculture
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Other Problems
• Organic matter also helps in stabilization of soil structure.
• Prolonged conventional agriculture results in soil degradation and leads to erosion.
• Use of mechanical methods - ploughs, disks, rotary cultivators disturb the soil structure.
• Burning of farm residue kills the micro organisms along with the harmful insects.
• Some micro nutrients are also lost due to chemical changes taking place as a result of burning.
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DEGRADED LANDS
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CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
- An Introduction
• This technology has been developed in past
two decades to deal with the growing
problem of loss of natural resources due to
intensive cultivation.
• The soil is not tilled and farm residue is left
on the soil surface to form a layer of mulch
• This layer protects the soil from external
stresses.
• The mulch turns into manure in long run.
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Contd…
• Soil organisms take over the task of tilling.
• The pattern of using fertilizers ,herbicides and pesticides is modified to suit the micro flora of soil.
• Integrated pest management is essential part of the practice.
• This practice is different from organic farming.
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PRINCIPLES OF THE CA
• DIRECT SEEDING OR PLANTING
• Crops are grown without bed preparation
• Soil is not disturbed after harvest of earlier crop.
• Seeds are directly placed with the help of specially designed implements with least disturbance to soil.
• No loose soil is visible on the top.
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ZERO TILL IN ACTION
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EQUIPMENTS FOR ZERO TILLING
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DIRECT SEEDING
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MINIMUM TILL FARMING
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C A IN PRACTISE WITH FARM
EQUIPMENTS
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FARM IMPLEMENTS FOR CA
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Contd…
• Crop residue in sufficient quantity is left to
maintain the soil cover.
• Different implements are used for different size
of the seeds.
• PERMANENT SOIL COVER:
• Permanent soil cover is essential to protect soil
from exposure to sun ,rain and wind.
• It provides continuous food supply for micro or
macro organisms in the soil.
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Contd…
• The main advantages of soil cover are:
• Improved infiltration
• Retention of soil moisture.
• Increased plant nutrients.
• Creation of channels for air and water.
• Increased humus formation.
• Reduced run off erosion.
• Soil regeneration & reduced degradation.
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COVER CROPS
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PIGEON PEA AS COVER CROP
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Contd…
• Better development and seeding growth.
• Proper selection of cover crops results in
fixing nitrogen, restoration of pores in soil
and natural repulsion of pests.
• Reduced use of herbicides.
• CROP ROTATION:
• The practice of monoculture is changed to
crop rotation.
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Contd…
• The different crops provide different food to soil micro organisms.
• The roots of different plants grow at different zone and depth of soils.
• The nutrients which are not available to one plant due to depth can be recycled by other plant.
• It results in diversification of flora and fauna of soil.
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Contd…
• Prevents crossing over of pests from one
crop to other
• It also results in diversified nutrition for
consumers and livestock.
• Results in increased nitrogen fixation .
• The distribution of water and nutrition
through out the soil profile.
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CROP ROTATION IN FARMS
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Contd…
• PRECISION LAND LEVELLING:
• The field leveling is presently carried out by
using various mechanical methods such as
leveling boards.
• The present methods are not so perfect.
• The leveling is not a new technology but the
improved methods provide perfection to it.
• Laser technology is considered best for the
purpose.
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Contd…
• The near perfect leveling results in high
irrigation efficiency.
• It also reduces load on farm equipments
thus saves energy.
• Seedling emergence is much better .
• Crop maturity is uniform
• Effective increase in cultivable area.
• It also increases nutrient efficiency.
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LASER GUIDED LAND
LEVELLING
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TECHNOLOGY FOR PRECISION
LAND LEVELING
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Contd…
• FURROW IRRIGATED RAISED BED
PLANTING SYSTEM:
• The crops are sown on the ridges or beds.
• The different height and width are in
practice for different crops.
• Very popular in Indo- Gangetic basin.
• It results in better soil structure due to
reduced compaction.
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Contd…
• Reduces chances of water logging.
• Easy machine operations.
• Better surface drainage.
• Improved fertilizer placement and better
weed control.
• Saves irrigation water.
• Reduced seed consumption and high input
efficiency.
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RAISED BED FARMING
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PERMANENT BEDS FOR SHORT
TERM CROPS
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INPUT EFFICIENCY
• No different seed requirement but more density
results in higher efficiency
• Locally adapted cover crops are used to reduce
costs.
• Fertilizer use is reduced over a period of time.
• Use of herbicides and pesticides is reduced over
a period of time.
• IPM techniques minimize the incidence of pests.
• Farm labour is reduced from 50-70%.
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INPUT EFFICIENCY IN CA
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ECONOMIC ASPECTS
• People tend to adopt short term solutions
with immediate returns.
• The CA benefits accrue in medium/long
term
• No visible difference is found in initial
years.
• Demonstrations are to be arranged by
concerned agencies to reach the farmers
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BENEFITS IN SHORT AND LONG
TERM
THE PHASED BENEFITS:
• I PHASE: No increase in out put, decrease in labour, time, reduced production cost in form of saved labour and farm equipment time, increase in cost of weed management, marginal reduction in production.
• II phase: improved soil fertility, decrease in labour ,machine and fuel cost, increase in yield.
• III Phase : diversification of agriculture, stable yield, increase in net income.
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MORE BENEFITS
• IV PHASE: stability in production and
productivity, full benefits and economic
advantages accrue.
• Reduction in labour results in either
extended cultivation areas or non farm
employment, diversification to allied
activities.
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TIME SAVING IN CA PRACTISE
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ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
• It is truly sustainable production system.
• It conserves and regenerates the natural
resources.
• Results in maintaining the yields.
• The zero till fields act as CO2 sinks.
• Potential of earning carbon credits.
• Tilling is highest energy consuming activity
in agriculture.
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MORE BENEFITS
• Reduced erosion and degradation of soil.
• Reduction in silt content of river water.
• Finally increase in life of reservoirs
• Reduced CO2 emissions.
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RESTORATION OF DEGRADED
SOIL THROUGH CA
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IPM KEEPS BIO DIVERSITY & QUALITY
OF GROUND WATER INTACT
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LIMITATIONS
• Initial lack of knowledge among farmers.
• Different models are to developed for
different agro climatic zones.
• Proper coordination between scientists
and farmers .
• Limited documentation of traditional know
how about adapted cover crops and
pest/weed resistant intercropping.
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EXTENSION SUPPORT
• Demonstrations to be arranged to show
the benefits.
• Cost attached to adoption of technology
should be within the affordable range.
• Extension support must continue for
prolonged periods.
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EXTENSION MODEL IN
TAMILNADU
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DEMONSTRATION FOR
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
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INDIAN EXPERIENCE
• The technology is being adopted in Indo-Gangetic plains in wheat rice combination.
• 6-10% increase in yield of crops and 5-10% saving in terms of cost in form of tilling expenditure.
• Small scale machine manufacturers have timely supplied the required equipments.
• IRR of investment is more than 50% .
• The positive impact on environment is additional benefit.
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INDIAN FARMERS ARE PARTICIPATING
IN CA EXPERIMENTS
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WAY AHEAD
• Policy formation at government level for systematic shifting to CA..
• Providing incentive to farmers for adopting the CA.
• Proper extension mechanism to be put in place.
• Sustainable agriculture & protection of resource must be part of academic curriculum to create awareness.
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Contd…
• Easy availability of tools & equipments to
required for CA
• It should be seen as energy efficient
mechanism which save fossil fuels.
• The activity should be eligible for earning
carbon credits.
• The financing institutions may finance the
CA projects under priority sector lending.
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SUMMARY
• The CA should be made popular by the
government and other extension services.
• The timely action will reduce the further
damage to the environment .
• Large scale adoption will reduce the cost
of equipments and tools.
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• CONSERVATION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES IS NEED OF THE HOUR
• LET ALL OF US PARTICIPATE IN IT
• AT LEAST PLANT A TREE..