25NAASAevwyNational Aeronautics andSpace Adninistration

Washington. D.C. 20546AC 202 755-8370

For ReeaseDavid GarrettHeadquarters, Washington, D.C. IMMEDIATE(Phone: 202/755-3090)

John LawrenceJohnson Space Center, Houston, Texas(Phone: 713/483-5111)

RELEASE NO: 83-75

ASTRONAUT RECRUITMENT PLANNED THIS YEAR

The first of what will become an annual selection of Space

Shuttle astronauts will be instituted later this year by the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

NASA anticipates openings for six pilots and six mission

specialists in this selection. Pilot astronauts are responsible

for control of Space Shuttles during launch, reentry and other

required maneuvers, and for maintenance of flight systems. Mis-

sion specialists' responsibilities include management and opera-

tion of Shuttle systems which support payloads during flight.

Applications from civilians will be accepted-between Oct. 1

and Dec. 1, 1983. Selections will be made in the spring of 1984

and successful candidates will report to work that summer.

May 16, 1983

-more-

9A

-2-

Later this month, the military services will begin their

process of screening candidates for nomination to NASA.

Minimum qualifications for pilot astronauts are:

* A bachelor's degree from an accredited institution inengineering, biological or physical science, ormathematics;

* At least 1,000 hours time as pilot in command of high per-formance jet aircraft - flight test experience is highlydesirable;

* Ability to pass a NASA Class I space flight physicalexamination which is similar to military and civilianflight physicals.

* Height between 64 and 76 inches.

Mission specialist astronauts, minimum qualifications are:

* A bachelor's degree from an accredited institution inengineering, biological or physical science, ormathematics;

* Degree must be supplemented by at least three yearsrelated professional experience. An advanced degree isdesirable and may be substituted for the experience;

* Ability to pass a NASA Class II space flight physicalexamination, which is similar to military and civilianflight physicals;

* Height between 60 and 76 inches.

NASA has an affirmative action goal of including qualifiedminorities and women among the newly-selected candidates.

The number of candidates to be recruited in subsequentselection periods will vary, depending upon mission requirementsand the rate of attrition in the existing astronaut corps.

-end-

(Index: 5, 37)

25th AnnhwesaryNational Aeronautics and 858-1963Space Administration

Washington, D.C. 20546AC 202 755-8370

For Release:

Kenneth Atchison IMMEDIATENASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.(Phone: 202/755-3280)

Sharon WanglinDryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, Calif.(Phone: 805/258-3311)

RELEASE NO: 83-76

NASA'S B-57 WILL FLIGHT CHECK TORNADOES

NASA researchers are flying their air turbulence-

instrumented B-57 airplane to Oklahoma this month, to study the

wind dynamics peculiar to tornadoes.

Fitz Fulton of NASA's Dryden Flight Research Facility,

Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., and chief pilot on the project,

plans to fly the piane as close to the funnel clouds as can

safely be done. The project will begin May 16 and continue for

three weeks.

"Torandoes generally move from 20 to 30 miles per hour,"

says Fulton "It is felt that you can fly as close as a half-mile

with safety."

May 12, 1983

more-

-2-

Fulton has a good deal of experience collecting flight data

on storms. Last summer, he flew the B-57 in thunderstorms around

Denver, extending our understanding of wind shear peculiar to the

sort of storm which develops around the Rocky Mountains.

NASA is conducting this spring's tornado study jointly with

the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National

Severe Storms Laboratory in Norman, Okla. While the B-57 checks

out turbulence in the air, Storms Laboratory investigators will

measure data on the ground. NASA also will rely on the

Laboratory's radar to stay a safe distance from the tornadoes.

"They'll help keep us out of the hot spots," says NASA

project manager Wen Painter. Most of the flying is done below

500 feet; and a tornado's suddenly changing winds can top 60

miles per hour. "It keeps you on your toes," says Painter.

The project's main goal is to better our understanding of

severe storm conditions and reduce loss of life and property,

according to Fulton. A big part of NASA's aim is to provide

information for the design of airplanes that can take stresses

and loads encountered in such storms. What we learn in the

coming tornado flights will supply basic material for the needed

designs.

- end -

(Index: 1, 17)

"NA\SA NewsNational Aeronautics andSpace Administration

Washington. D C 20546AC 202 755-8370

For Release

IMMEDIATE

Press Kit ProjectIntelsat V-F

RELEASE NO: 83-77

Contents

GENERAL RELEASE ................................ 1

ATLAS CENTAUR LAUNCH VEHICLE STATISTICS................ 4

LAUNCH OPERATIONS ............... .. 5

LAUNCH SEQUENCE FOR INTELSAT V-F......... .. 6

THE NASA INTELSAT TEAM ................. ******* .*. 7

CONTRACTORS......................... ............................. 8

May 13, 1983

25th Annwersary

National Aeronautics and 1958-1983Space Administrabon

wsh'ngton. D.C. 20546AC 202 755-8370

For PRelease:David GarrettHeadquarters, Washington, D.C. IMMEDIATE(Phone: 202/755-3090)

Mary Ann PetoLewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio(Phone: 216/433-4000, ext. 415)

RELEASE NO: 83-77

INTELSAT COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE SCHEDULED FOR LAUNCH

Intelsat V-F, the sixth of a new series of nine inter-

national telecommunications satellites owned and operated by the

105-nation International Telecommunications Satellite Organiza-

tion (Intelsat), is scheduled to be launched by the NASA Kennedy

Space Center on board an Atlas Centaur launch vehicle no earlier

than May 19, 1983, from Cape Canaveral, Fla.

The five earlier Intelsat Vs were successfully launched by

NASA in December 1980, May 1981, December 1981, March 1982 and

September 1982.

Intelsat V-F weighs 1,996 kilograms (4,400 pounds) at launch

and has almost double the communications capability of early

satellites in the Intelsat series -- 12,000 voice circuits and

two color television channels.

May 13, 1983

-more-

-2-

This will also be the first Intelsat to incorporate a mari-

time communication system for ship to shore communications. It

will be positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Atlantic

Ocean as a major path Intelsat satellite to provide communica-

tions services between Europe and North America.

Intelsat V satellites are built by the Ford Aerospace and

Communications Corp., Palo Alto, Calif., using system components

developed by firms in the United Kingdom, France, the Federal

Republic of Germany, Italy and Japan.

The International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

is headquartered in Washington, D.C. NASA is reimbursed for all

costs of the Atlas Centaur and launch services under the provi-

sions of a launch services agreement.

The Atlas Centaur (AC-61) will place the Intelsat V-F into a

highly elliptical transfer orbit 166.8 kilometers perigee alti-

tude by 35,807.4 km apogee altitude (103.6 by 22,253.5 miles).

It is from this orbit at apogee that a solid propellant rocket

motor attached to the satellite will be fired to circularize the

orbit at geosynchronous altitude over the equator. At that

altitude, because the speed of the satellite in orbit matches the

rotational speed of the earth, the satellite remains in position

over one spot.

-more-

-3-

NASA's Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, has manage-

ment responsibility for Atlas Centaur development and operation.

Intelsat V-F marks the 100th launch by engineers of Lewis Re-

search Center. NASA's Kennedy Space Center, Fla., is assigned

vehicle checkout and launch responsibility once the Atlas Centaur

reaches Cape Canaveral.

Overall direction of the NASA expendable launch vehicle pro-

gram is vested in the Office of Space Flight in Washington, D.C.

(END OF GENERAL RELEASE; BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOLLOWS.)

-more-

-4-

ATLAS CENTAUR LAUNCH VEHICLE STATISTICS

Intelsat V-F will be launched by the Atlas Centaur, NASA'sstandard launch vehicle for intermediate weight payloads. Thelaunch vehicle has the following general characteristics:

Height: 40.8 meters (134 feet) including nose fairing

Diameter: 3.05 m (10 ft.)

Total Liftoff Weight: 148,285 kg (326,907 lb.)including spacecraft

Liftoff Thrust: 1,936,196.6 newtons (435,296 lb.) sea leve.

Atlas Stage

The Atlas stage consists of the booster section (one-halfstage) and the sustainer/vernier section (first stage). The Atlasis manufactured by General Dynamics/Convair, San Diego, Calif.,using the MA-5 engine system supplied by Rocketdyne Division ofRockwell International, Canoga Park, Calif. The MA-5 system con-sists of two booster engines, one sustainer engine and two ver-nier engines. The Atlas stage has the following characteristics:

Height: 22 m (69.5 ft.)

Diameter: 3.05 m (10 ft.)

Propellants: RP-2 kerosene for fuel and liquid oxygen(LOX) as the oxidizer

Thrust: Total Booster: 1,679,120 N (377,500 lb.) sea levelSustainer: 266,880 N (60,000 lb.)Total Vernier: 4,074.4 N (916 lb.)

Total Liftoff Thrust: 1,950,074.3 N (433,416 lb.)

Centaur Stage

The Centaur (second stage) is manufactured by GeneralDynamics/Convair, using the RL-10 engines built by Pratt andWhitney Aircraft Group, West Palm Beach, Fla. This stage hasthe following characteristics:

Height: 9.1 m (30 ft.)

Diameter: 3.05 m (10 ft.)

Propellants: Liquid hydrogen for fuel and liquid oxygenfor the oxidizer.

Thrust: 146,784 N (33,000 lb.) vacuum

-more-

LAUNCH OPERATIONS

Intelsat V is scheduled to be launched aboard Atlas Centaur

61 from Pad A of NASA's Launch Complex 36, Cape Canaveral Air

Force Station, Fla.

The Atlas and Centaur stages of the launch vehicle arrived

at the Cape on Nov. 10, 1982. The Atlas stage was erected on the

pad on Nov. 12, the interstage adapter on Nov. 13, and the

Centaur stage was mated to the vehicle on Nov. 16. The flight

events demonstration test, a comprehensive electrical test of the

launch vehicle, was undertaken on March 14.

Intelsat arrived at Hangar AO at the Cape on Dec. 8 where

the spacecraft's electrical systems were tested and the vehicle's

three earth sensors and two solar wings were installed. The

satellite was moved to Satellite Assembly and Encapsulation

Building No. 2 in the KSC Industrial Area on April 28. Intelsat

underwent additional checkout in SAEF-2 and the apogee kick motor

was installed on May 2. The satellite was enclosed in its pro-

tective fairing on May 15 and the spacecraft was mated with the

launch vehicle on May 16 at the pad.

-more-

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-Id H m Enm z

-7-

THE NASA INTELSAT TEAM

NASA Headquarters

Lt. Gen. James A. Abrahamson Associate Administrator forSpace Flight

Joseph B. Mahon Director, Expendable LaunchVehicles

F. R. Schmidt Manager, Atlas Centaur LaunchVehicle

Lewis Research Center

Andrew J. Stofan Director

Dr. John Klineberg Deputy Director

Lawrence J. Ross Director, Space Flight Systems

John Gibb Atlas/Centaur Project Manager

S. V. Szabo Jr. Chief, Space TransportationEngineering Division

Richard E. Orzechowski Intelsat Mission ProjectEngineer

Kennedy Space Center

Richard G. Smith Director

Thomas S. Walton Director, Cargo Operations

Charles D. Gay Director, Expendable VehicleOperations

D.C. Sheppard Chief, Automated PayloadsDivision

James L. Womack Chief, Atlas-Centaur OperationsDivision

Larry Kruse Spacecraft Coordinator

-more-

-8-

CONTRACTORS

General Dynamics/Convair Atlas Centaur launch vehicleSan Diego, Calif.

Honeywell Aerospace Division Centaur guidance inertialSt. Petersburg, Fla. measurement group

Pratt and Whitney Centaur RL-10 enginesAircraft GroupWest Palm Beach, Fla.

Teledyne Industries, Inc. Digital computer unit/PCMNorthridge, Calif. telemetry

Rocketdyne Division MA-5 propulsion systemsRockwell International Corp.Canoga Park, Calif.

-end-

(Index: 9, 20, 21, 29)

s \. .-. ,...\...

National Aeronautics and 1958-1983Space Administration 1

Washington, D.C. 20546AC 202 755-8370

For Release:Kenneth Atchison

IMMEDIATEHeadquarters, Washington, D.C.(Phone: 202/755-3280)

Jean SaundersLangley Research Center, Hampton, Va.(Phone: 804/865-2934)

RELEASE NO: 83-78

NASA TESTS NEW FABRICATION PROCESS FOR SPACE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Scientists at NASA's Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va.,are experimenting with a fabrication process for componentsmaterials that one day may be used to manufacture components forlarge space structures and space transportation systems.

"Many space system components require long continuous struc-tural lengths of very high specific strength," said Langley's Ian0. MacConochie. "Therefore, we think this process may lend it-self to the manufacture of future earth-to-orbit transportationsystems and to ground or on-orbit manufacture of continuous mem-bers for large antennas, space platforms, space planes and otherstructures.

May 16, 1983

- mcre -

|--- S ~~~ILA. - ioa2.

MacConochie explained that on-orbit manufacture is especi-

ally advantageous, since structural members would not be limited

in length to that of the delivery vehicle's cargo bay.

In the process, (called pultrusion) reinforcing fibers are

continuously pulled from a creeling system, collimated (placed

parallel), and saturated with a resin which becomes the composite

matrix. The material then travels through a series of dies to

eliminate excess resin, consolidate and compact the material, and

begin shaping the cross-sectional profile to the desired config-

uration. A heated die then cures the resin and the polymerized

composite now can be cut to any length.

Structural components can be produced continuously without

splices or mechanical joints and at a speed of up to 6 feet per

minute.

Before pultrusion, composite parts were limited to the size

of vacuum and curing ovens in which they were processed. That

process was time consuming, because it was a batch, rather than

an automated continuous process. The automated process can save

many manhours compared with the time required to hand lay the

materials. "Hand lay-ups are heavier, inconsistent in thickness

and are too time consuming," Langley's Maywood Wilson explained.

-more -

- 3 -

-3-

"We are experimenting now with new lightweight materials and

new reinforcing fibers," Wilson said. He explained that a struc-

tural member made of fiberglass-reinforccd polymer would be 78

percent lighter than steel, 37 percent lighter than aluminum, and

stronger than structural steel. The same structure made of gra-

phite fiber reinforcement would be even lighter and stronger.

A demonstration model of a one-kilometer-long Kevlar rein-

forced cable is being fabricated at Langley. The cable could be

used to tow a structure from one orbit to another or as a tether

to suspend experiments or spacecraft from the Sinuttle or a space

station in a high orbit to a lower orbit.

"Technology exists to pultrude practically any shape whose

planes are parallel to its central axis, and technology is being

advanced to pultrude and rollform or rollshape in the same opera-

tion," Wilson explained. Pultrusion, he continued, is now cen-

tered on thermoset (crosslinked) polymer matrix materials rein-

forced with fiberglass, graphite, Kevlar or hybrids of these

reinforcement materials. Resins generally used are thermoset

polyesters, vinylesters and epoxies. Resins in the development

stages include high temperature thermoplastics.

The real future of pultrusion in the aerospace industry lies

in developing the technology to pultrude and rollform high tem-

perature (315 degrees C -- 500 degrees F.), continuous fiber-

reinforced thermoplastics,

- more -re:X -- Ah Ad Ark K - . ~'~h=t ............L .. - ,- -- j as .-

-4-

Due to the chemistry in curing, thermoplastics (such as a

common, low-temperature polyethylene) can be reheated and formed

to a given shape from stock material; whereas thermosets are

locked in a fixed position during the cure cycle and cannot be

reheated and reshaped. Thermoplastics are also weldable after

cure, which is desirable in fabrication.

- end -

(Index: 18)

25th Anniversary

National Aeronautics and 1958-1983Space Administration

Washington. D.C. 20546AC 202 755-8370

For ReleaseJim KukowskiNASA Headquarters, Washington, D. C. IMMEDIATE(Phone: 202/755-3090)

Sarah KeeganNASA Headquarters, Washington, D. C.(Phone: 202/755-8370)

RELEASE NO. 83-79

ORBITER ENTERPRISE TO TOUR U.S. AND EUROPEAN CITIES

The Space Shuttle orbiter Enterprise will embark on a four-

week tour of U.S. and European cities on May 16. The high point

of the tour will be the exhibition of the Enterprise at the Paris

Air Show May 24 through June 5.

The display of the Enterprise in Bonn/Cologne, London and

Ottawa, in addition to Paris, will highlight international parti-

cipation in the Space Shuttle program. Two major examples of

international involvement are scheduled for flight on the seventh

and ninth Shuttle missions, in June and September.

The Canadian-built Remote Manipulator System (RMS), which

was tested on the second and third Shuttle flights, will be put

into use on the next Shuttle mission -- STS-7 -- June 18 to 24.

May 13, 1983

- more -

-2-

The arm will place a German-built satellite, SPAS-01, into

space for tests near the Shuttle orbiter and then replace it into

its "berth" in the orbiter's cargo bay.

On Sept. 30, 1983, the ninth Shuttle mission -- STS-9 --

will carry a $1 billion "workshop" into space for the first of

many trips. Spacelab was designed and built by the European Space

Agency (ESA) and will provide a pressurized environment, so ex-

perimenters may work in their shirt sleeves rather than bulky

spacesuits. The first Spacelab will carry out 70 experiments in

many scientific fields.

Many other countries are using the Shuttle to launch their

own spacecraft -- 11 are scheduled for launch through 1985. In

addition, 15 countries have signed up so far to conduct experi-

ments in small canisters in the Shuttle's cargo bay.

The Enterprise will begin its tour on May 16 when it leaves

Edwards Air Force Base (AFB), Calif., at 11:00 a.m. (All times

are local.) It will arrive at Peterson AFB, Colorado Springs, at

2:30 p.m. and be on display in Colorado Springs on May 17.

On May 18, the Enterprise will leave Colorado Springs at

8:30 a.m. and make a refueling stop at McConnel AFB, Wichita,

Kan., between 11:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. The Enterprise will

arrive at Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio, at 4:10 p.m. for

another refueling and overnight stop.

- more -

-3-

At 6:30 a.m. on May 19, the Enterprise will leave Wright-

Patterson AFB and arrive at Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada, in the

late morning. In early afternoon, after refueling, the Enter-

prise will-depart for Keflavik Naval Air Station, Iceland, where

it will arrive in the evening and remain overnight.

If weather conditions are favorable, the Enterprise will

leave Keflavik on the morning of May 20 and arrive at Fairford

Royal AFB, England, in the early afternoon. After refueling, it

will leave Fairford and arrive in Bonn/Cologne, Federal Republic

of Germany, late in the afternoon. The Enterprise will be dis-

played in Bonn/Cologne May 21 through May 23, and depart mid-

morning on May 24.

The Enterprise will arrive at Le Bourget Airport, near

Paris, mid-day on May 24. It will be on display at the Paris Air

Show as the centerpiece of the U.S. aerospace exhibit from May 25

to June 4.

On the afternoon of June 5, the Enterprise will leave Paris

for Stansted Airport near London, where it will be on display

through June 6.

The Enterprise will leave Stansted on the morning of June 7

and arrive at Keflavik in the afternoon. In early afternoon on

June 8, Enterprise will leave Keflavik, refuel in Goose Bay, and

arrive in Ottawa late that afternoon.

- more -

-4-

The Enterprise will be displayed in Ottawa on June 9. It

will leave Ottawa early in the afternoon of June 10 and arrive at

Scott AFB, Belleville, Ill., at 2:40 p.m.

Thie Enterprise will be on display at Scott AFB on June 11.

It will leave Scott AFB at 8:00 a.m. on June 12 and stop for re-

fueling at Shepard AFB, Wichita Falls, Texas, between 10:15 a.m.

and 1:00 p.m. Tile Enterprise will arrive back at Edwards AFB at

2:00 p.m.

This schedule is subject to change due to weather conditions

or other contingencies.

-end-

(Index: 20, 37)

nJSNew 225th Anniversary

National Aeronautics and 1958 1983Space Administration

Washington. D.C 20546AC 202 755-8370

For ReleaseDavid Garrett IMMEDIATENASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.(Phone: 202/755-3090)

Mark HessKennedy Space Center, Fla.(Phone: 305/867-2468)

Lynda CywanowiczMarshall Space Flight Center, Ala.(Phone: 205/453-0034)

RELEASE NO: 83-80

NASA TO RECOMPETE BOOSTER ASSEMBLY CONTRACT

NASA announced today it will recompete the Booster Assembly

Contract (BAC) which encompasses the refurbishment, assembly and

checkout of Shuttle solid rocket boosters (exclusive of the solid

rocket motors which are under a separate contract to Morton

Thiokol, Inc.).

The decision reflects NASA's efforts to find, through the

competitive bidding process, the most effective and efficient

means of processing SRBs, and moves the agency another step

toward the goal of reducing the cost-per-flight of the Space

Shuttle.

May 17, 1983

- more -

-2-

The successful bidder will be required to construct a Space

Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster Refurbishment Facility on the

Kennedy Space Center, Fla., to perform SRB operations currently

conducted in the low bay of the Vehicle Assembly Building and

other outlying facilities. This new facility will ultimately

become the property of the U.S. Government. The first production

hardware from the facility should be available about early 1986.

A Request for Proposals is expected to be released in the

fall of this year, with the successful bidder expected to be on-

board about mid-year 1984. Prospective bidders will be invited

to send on-site assessment teams to NASA's Kennedy Space Center

to view cirrent processing activities to aid in the preparation

of the bids.

Advantages to NASA of recompeting the Booster Assembly

Contract are: maximum contractor self-determination which will

promote innovative ideas to ultimately increase productivity and

reduce costs; minimize initial government investment; allow a

transition into a new facility before reaching high launch rates;

and reduce the government's role in the design and contruction of

the SRB Refurbishment Facility.

Work under the current BAC contract is performed by United

Space Boosters, Inc., Huntsville, Ala., under the direction of

NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.

- end-

(Index: 37)

25th Anniversary

National Aeronautics and 1958-1983Space Administration

Washington. D.C. 20546AC 202 755-8370

For Release:

Charles Redmond IMMEDlATENASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.(Phone: 202/755-3054)

Don BaneNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.(Phone: 213/354-5011)

RELEASE NO: 83-81

IRAS DISCOVERS TWO REGIONS WHERE STARS ARE BEING BORN

Two regions where stars like our sun are being born have

been discovered within dark dust clouds in our galaxy, the sci-

ence team of an international astronomy satellite has announced.

Several very young stars, called protastars, were detected

by the telescope on the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), a

joint project of the United States, Netherlands and United

Kingdom, which was launched in late January.

The protostars are no more than one million years old and

are just now coalescing out of the dust and gas clouds. According

to astronomers, the newly discovered protostars are much like the

sun was during its early stages of formation 4.6 billion years

ago. The discoveries are among the first of protostars that will

become low-luminosity stars like our sun.

May 23, 1983

- more -

-2-

The stars were spotted in IRAS telescope scans across two

dark clouds of dust and gas called Barnard 5 and Lynds 1642. As

many as five protostars may be forming within Barnard 5, and one

or two within Lynds 1642.

Because the objects are like the early sun, scientists

believe that incipient solar systems of planets could also be

forming around the young stars.

Stars form out of nebulae -- dense cloud gas (mostly hydro-

gen and helium) and small dust particles. Fragments of these

clouds collapse into protostars, attracting the surrounding mate-

rial. As the protostar gains mass from the cloud, gravity packs

the material tighter in its core. When pressure, density and re-

sulting temperature grows high enough, the core of the protostar

glows in infrared light. Eventually the temperature and density

of the infalling material reaches the critical point where

thermonuclear fusion begins and a new star has been created.

The star is still enshrouded ip the pLacental gas and dust

so that only a faint infrared glow is detectable by IRAS. In

less than a million years, radiation and strong stellar winds

clear away the surrounding material and the new star can be seen

in visible light.

IRAS observations of protostars will help determine what

processes initiate star formation, and help explain the condi-

tions under which the solar system formed.

-more -

The observations of Barnard 5 and Lynds 1642 were among

several IRAS detections reported by the science team today.

IRAS has also observed two interacting galaxies that are

passing one another and being torn apart by each other's gravity

in the process. NGC1888 and NGC1889 have been studied by astron-

omers for many years, but IRAS found the interacting galaxies to

be unexpectedly strong emitters of infrared radiation. IRAS

scientists say the strong infrared radiation indicates that star

formation may be occurring due to the interaction of the

galaxies;

Observations were made of a planetary nebula called NGC6302,

a very old star whose hydrogen fuel is nearly spent. The star's

outer layers have expanded to form a shell as large as our solar

system around the dying core.

IRAS has also studied a wide range of galaxies that emit

varying amounts of infrared light, and are mostly of spiral

structure like the Milky Way. They are typical of the kinds of

galaxies that will be studied throughout the IRAS mission.

IRAS telescope observations of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31)

have also been processed into an image and show areas of intense

infrared emission, indicative of star formation.

The telescope has completed one-third of its all-sky

survey. IRAS project scientists expect more than 200,000

infrared objects will be observed during the mission.

- more -

IRAS is a joint project of the U.S. National Aeronautics and

Space Administration, the Netherlands Space Agency, and the

United Kingdom's Science and Engineering Research Council. Jet

Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., is the U.S. management

center for the project.

Data from IRAS are received at a ground station at the

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Chilton, Didcot, England.

Final processing of the data will be conducted at JPL, where a

catalog and sky map of infrared sources will be produced.

The telescope is expected to operate through early January

1984, when its supply of refrigerant is depleted.

- end -

(Index: 6)

251h AnnivrsaryNational Aeronautics and 1958-1983Space Administration

Washington. D.C. 20546AC 202 755-8370

For Release:

Charles Redmond IMMEDIATENASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.(Phone: 202/755-3054)

Joyce B. MillinerWallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Va.(Phone: 804/824-3411 ext. 579)

RELEASE NO: 83-82

SOUNDING ROCKET EXPERIMENTS SUPPORT SOLAR SYSTEM THEORY

Recent sounding rockets experiments involving the release of

two metallic gases into the ionosphere have provided tentative

additional support for a solar system evolution model which was

first presented in 1942.

This past March an international team of experimenters from

the University of Alaska (Fairbanks), Cornell University (Ithaca,

N.Y.), University of California (San Diego), and the Max Planck

Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, (Garching, Federal

Republic of Germany), carried out two rocket-borne experiments

from Peru as part of the NASA-sponsored Project Condor.

The experiments used shaped explosive charges with liners of

two different metals -- strontium and barium -- to produce high

velocity gases.

May 23, 1983

- more -

-2-

The experiments were designed to test a theory proposed by

Dr. Hannes Alfven, University of California, San Diego, that a

neutral gas will ionize if it crosses magnetic field lines at

certain critical velocities.

Since this theory was first proposed both theoretical work

and laboratory experiments have been devoted to testing the

effect. Until the Project Condor experiments, however, none of

the tests had been carried out in space - the only plasma

laboratory where containment vessel effects are nonexistent.

To verify and understand the physical effects proposed by

this theory, experiments were needed which created conditions

similar to those in the primordial solar nebula. The Project

Condor experiments mimicked those conditions by injecting neutral

gas across magnetic field lines at speeds greater than the

critical velocity. At the magnetic equator, near Peru, this can

be done with sounding rockets due to the horizontal geometry of

magnetic field lines there.

In the barium experiment, measuring instruments were placed

in the gas stream about 2 kilometers from the explosive release

at 447 kin altitude. Electrons, ions and plasma waves expected in

the Alfven ionization mechianism were detected. Because the

sounding rocket experiments are extremely short-lived some

initial ions were required to seed the process. Solar ultra-

violet light provided the seed ionization and the subsequent

barium ionization was observed to be very efficient, Dr. Eugene

Wescott, University of Alaska investigator said.

- more -

The strontium experiment differed in that there was a

negligible seed ionization due to solar ultraviolet radiation

resulting in very little strontium ionization. Although the

strontium experiment was not as efficient as the barium, on the

solar system evolution scale of millions of years, this process

could be quite efficient and would produce the desired different-

iation and energy transfer required to produce the conditions for

planetary formation.

The Alfven - Arrhenius theory is an attempt to answer the

question of why all the gas and dust from the solar nebula did

not fall into the sun and why all the planets have differing

compositions. Dr. Gustaf Arrhenius, Scripps Institution of

Oceanography, University of California (San Diego), has

collaborated with Alfven on this theory.

-end-

(Index: 36)

National Aeronautics andSpace Administration

Washington. D.C 20546AC 202 755-8370

For Release:Mary G. FitzpatrickHeadquarters, Washington, D.C. IMMEDIATE(Phone: 202/755-8370)

RELEASE NO. 83-83

ORBITER ENTERPRISE TO BE FLOWN TO ROME

The Space Shuttle orbiter Enterprise will be flown to Rome

on a one-day state visit as part of its four-week tour of U.S.

and European cities.

Now at the Paris Air Show, the Enterprise will be flown on

its 747 carrier aircraft from Paris on the afternoon of June 1 to

Ciampino, returning to Paris on June 2.

The Enterprise has already been in Bonn/Cologne and in addi-

tion to Paris and Rome, will also be making stops in London and

Ottawa, to highlight international participation in the Space

Shuttle program.

-end-

May 27, 1983

25th AnniversaryNational Aeronautics and 1958-1983Space Administration

Washington, D.C. 20546AC 202 755-8370

For Release:

Mary G. FitzpatrickNASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. IMMEDIATE(Phone: 202/755-8370)

Jim KukowskiNASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.(Phone: 202/755-3090)

RELEASE NO. 83-84:

FRENCH PRESIDENT VISITS ORBITER ENTERPRISE AT PARIS AIR SHOW

French President Francois Mitterand viewed the Space Shuttle

orbiter Enterprise aboard its 747 carrier aircraft during his

visit to the opening day of the Paris Air Show on May 27, 1983.

During the President's visit to the aircraft display area,

NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Hans Mark presented Mitterand with

a small NASA insignia, which had flown aboard the Space Shuttle

orbiter Columbia on its historic first mission into space on

April 12, 1981.

President Mitterand viewed the NASA exhibit at the United

States pavilion, operated by the U. S. Department of Commerce.

The President was shown examples of the Space Shuttle at work

through graphic displays of communication satellite deployment,

spacewalks and the upcoming Spacelab flight, scheduled for Sept.

30, 1983.

May 27, 1983

- more -

-2-

Spacelab is a joint program of the United States and the

European Space Agency, a consortium of 10 West European nations.

Dr. Ulf Merbold of the Federal Republic of Germany will be

Europe's first astronaut to fly on the Space Shuttle, as a

Spacelab crew member.

Later joint NASA/ESA missions will offer opportunities for

other European astronauts to fly on the Shuttle and for ESA

scientists to exploit the advantages of the Shuttle's ability to

conduct scientific and industrial experiments in the Spacelab.

President Mitterand was also given a glimpse into the future

of space exploration with a brief preview of NASA's planning

effort for a Space Station that the United States hopes will be a

cooperative effort in space with Europe, Canada, Japan and other

free world nations.

-end-

(Index: 20, 37)

25th Anniversary

National Aeronautics and 1958-1983

Space Administration

Washington. D.C. 20546AC 202 755-8370

For Release

Charles RedmondHeadquarters, Washington, D.C. IMMEDIATE(Phone: 202/755-3054)

Mary Beth MurrillNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.(Phone: 213/354-5011)

RELEASE NO: 83-85

IRAS DISCOVERS ANOTHER COMET

An extremely faint comet has been discovered in data from

the international Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS).

Comet IRAS was found by the orbiting telescope in mid May,

and confirmed by ground-based observers several days later in

Australia. The comet is considerably fainter than Comet IRAS-

Araki-Alcock, which was discovered independently by IRAS and the

two amateur astronomers for whom the comet is named. IRAS-Araki-

Alcock passed earth May 11.

From preliminary estimates, the new comet came within about

130 million miles of the sun in January 83, and is now traveling

away from the sun. Comet IRAS is so faint that it is visible

only with very powerful telescopes.

June 3, 1983

- more -

-2-

It is currently in the constellation Hydra. The comet

should be observable with very powerful telescopes for the next

few weeks.

IRAS astronomers say that many faint comets may pass through

the inner solar system without being noticed. IRAS' infrared

telescope, however, is proving to be extremely sensitive to the

dust that trails even very faint comets. It is expected that

IRAS could sight many new comets during its year-long survey of

the sky in infrared wavelengths.

IRAS is a joint project of the U.S. National Aeronautics and

Space Administration, the Netherlands Space Agency, and the

United Kingdom's Science and Engineering Research Council. NASA's

Jet Propulsison Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., is the U.S. manage-

ment center for the project.

- end -

(Index: 23, 36)

K* -.n

251h AnniversaryNational Aeronautics and 1958-1983Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546AC 202 755-8370

For Release

David GarrettHeadquarters, Washington, D.C. IMMEDIATE(Phone: 202/755-3090)

RELEASE NO: 83-86

SECOND RELAY SATELLITE DELETED FROM SHUTTLE FLIGHT 8 MANIFEST

The second in a series of Tracking and Data Relay Satellites

(TDRS), that had been scheduled for launch aboard orbiter

Challenger in August 1983, has been officially deleted from the

eighth Shuttle flight cargo list.

The decision by NASA program managers to remove TDRS-B from

the STS-8 cargo was based on the failure of the Inertial Upper

Stage (IUS) solid rocket booster to propel the first TDRS to geo-

synchronous altitude after deployment from Challenger on April 4

during the STS-6 mission. Reasons for the IUS anomaly and final

corrective actions are under continuing evaluation by a joint

U.S. Air Force and NASA Anomaly Investigation Board.

Attempts are under way to gradually boost TDRS-A to the

needed 35,890 kilometers (22,300 miles) circular orbit using the

satellite's small attitude thrusters firing on commands sent by

the TDRS ground station at White Sands, N.M.

May 27, 1983

- more -

-2-

This effort has been highly successful to date and the TDRS

orbit perigee has been raised to 29,870 km (18,559 statute mi.)

as of May 27, 1983. This leaves 5,915 km (3,675 mi.) of perigee

altitude and 92 km (57 mi.) of apogee altitude remaining to place

the satellite in its originally intended geosynchronous orbit.

A Payload Deployment and Retrieval System Test Article

(PDRSTA), originally planned to be carried aboard Challenger on

STS-11, will be loaded on STS-8 in place of TDRS-B. PDRSTA is a

4.6-by-4.9 meter (15-by-16-foot), 3,855-kilogram (8,500-pound)

aluminum and stainless steel structure fitted with four grapple

fixtures.

The test article simulates a large-mass payload for flight

testing the remote manipulator system or robot arm. The purpose

of the tests are to evaluate elbow, wrist and shoulder joint

reaction to higher loads and to gain crew experience in operating

the 15.2-m (50-ft.) long Canadian-built mechanical arm.

Unaffected by STS-8 cargo changes is the Indian National

Satellite 1 (INSAT-1), a communication and meteorological geosyn-

chronous satellite being carried by Challenger for the Indian

Department of Space. INSAT-1 will be boosted from Challenger's

322 km (174-nautical mi.) orbit to geosynchronous altitude by a

Payload Assist Module-D (PAM-D), the type which successfully

boosted a Canadian communications satellite and a Satellite

Business Systems payload from STS-5 last November.

-end-

W~ASA 25National Aeronautics and ¶))t ^ , * I ¶

Space Administration 041 1

STS-7Seventh SpaceShuttle Mission

Pe- KJ

Press Kit June 1 983

RELEASE NO: 83-87 June 1983

CONTENTS

GENERAL RELEASE ............................................ 1

STS-7 PRESS BRIEFING SCHEDULE. .............................. 8

NASA SELECT TELEVISION SC HEDULE E ............................ 9

LAUNCH PREPARATIONS, COUNTDOWN AND LIFTOFF .................. 10MAJOR COUNTDOWN MILESTONES .................................

13LAUNCH WINDOW

15STS-7 FLIGHT SEQUENCE OF EVENTS ............................

16LANDING TIMELINE ...........................................

17STS-7 FLIGHT TIMELINE ......................................

18LANDING AND POST LANDING OPERATIONS ........................

31FLIGHT OBJECTIVES ..........................................

37WHAT IF THINGS GO WRONG ....................................

38CONFIGURATION...............................................

38TELESAT'S ANIK-C2 ..........................................

40PALAPA-B...................................................

44

STS-7 EXPERIMENTS 44

STS..............................................................

46Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS) .......................46OSTA-2 Payload 47........................................Monodisperse Latex Reactor Experiment .................. 51Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System ................. 52Getaway Special (GAS) Experiments ..................... 54Orbiter Experiments Program 57

SPACEFLIGHT TRACKING AND DATA NETWORK ....................... 58

NASA TRACKING STATIONS. ..................................... 60

HUNTSVILLE OPERATIONS SUPPORT CENTER....................... 60

CREW BIOGRAPHIES .........62

SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM MANAGEMENT.............. 68

NAA NewsNational Aeronautics andSoace Administration

Washington. D C 20546AC 202 755-8370

David Garrett For ReleaseHeadquarters, Washington. D.C.(Phone: 202/755-3090)

IMMEDIATEMark HessKennedy Space Center, Fla.(Phone: 305/867-2468)

Terry WhiteJohnson Space Center, Houston, Texas(Phone: 713/483-5111)

John TaylorMarshall Space Flight Center, Ala.(Phone: 205/453-0034)

RELEASE NO: 83-87

AMBITIOUS STS-7 MISSION TO FEATURE FIRST LANDING AT KENNEDY

The seventh flight of the Space Shuttle will be the most

ambitious to date with orbiter Challenger scheduled to deploy two

commercial communications satellites and perform the first land-

ing on the 3-mile long runway located at NASA's Kennedy Space

Center in Florida.

Challenger will carry a five-person crew on its second trip

into space. Launch of STS-7 is planned for June 18 at 7:33 a.m.

EDT from Complex 39's Pad A at Kennedy. Mission duration will be

approximately 5 days 23 hours and 20 minutes, which would put the

landing on June 24 at about 6:53 a.m. EDT.

June 1, 1982

-more-

-2-

Robert L. Crippen will be commander of the six-day mission.Crippen was pilot on the historic 54 1/2 hour maiden flight ofthe orbiter Columbia in April 1981 and will become the firstastronaut to make two flights aboard the Shuttle. The STS-7 pilotis Frederick H. Hauck. Mission specialists on this flight areJohn M. Fabian, Dr. Norman E. Thagard and Dr. Sally K. Ride, whowill become America's first woman in space.

Dr. Thagard was not originally a member of the STS-7 crew,but was added in December 1982 to conduct medical tests and col-lect additional data on several physiological changes that areassociated with astronauts' adaptation to space.

Challenger will haul the Telesat Canada Anik C and theIndonesian Palapa B communications satellites into low earthorbit for deployment and eventual insertion into geosynchronousorbit. The Anik C satellite will be deployed approximately 9 1/2hours after launch. Palapa B will be ejected from Challenger'scargo bay on the second day of the mission as the Shuttle makesits 19th revolution of the earth.

A McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., St. Louis, developedPayload Assist Module (PAM) will be used to boost each of thesatellites into an elliptical transfer orbit.

Challenger will carry the Canadian-built Remote ManipulatorSystem (RMS) or arm back into orbit on STS-7 to perform the firstdeployment and retrieval exercise with the Shuttle Pallet Satel-lite (SPAS) - a space platform that can operate either inside oroutside the payload bay. On the fourth day of the mission, therobot arm will place the SPAS outside Challenger's cargo baywhere it will free-fly for approximately 9 1/2 hours while Chal-lenger performs a variety of grapple and rendezvous activities.

Carried in the cargo bay will be the first U.S./Germancooperative materials science payload called OSTA-2 for NASA'sOffice of Space and Terrestrial Applications, now called Officeof Space Science and Applications.

-more-

-3-

The crew will operate the Continuous Flow ElectrophoresisSystem (CFES) and Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR) -- two middeckmounted experiments flown on previous Shuttle missions designedto evaluate the gravity-free space environment for developingmaterials with potential pharmaceutical and medical uses.

Seven small self-contained payloads, "Getaway Specials,"will be flown aboard Challenger.

Landing will be on the 5,180-meter (17,000 foot)-long, 91-m(300-foot)-wide runway at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle LandingFacility.

Plans currently call for Commander Crippen to use the north-to-south runway 15 for landing. Facilities at Edwards Air ForceBase, Calif., will serve as backup sites if weather conditionsprevent a landing in Florida.

Configuration of the STS-7 Shuttle is very similar to thatof the STS-6 vehicle when Challenger became the second in NASA'sfleet of reusable spacecraft.

Crew size will require an additional seat which will beinstalled down on the middeck. The other four crewmembers willbe seated on the flight deck for launch and landing.

The external tank for this mission will be the last of thestandard heavyweight tanks. Lighter weight solid rocket boostercasings, like those on STS-6, will be used, and Challenger's mainengines will perform at 104 percent of rated power level.

The Anik C and Palapa B spacecraft were both built by HughesAircraft Co., El Segundo, Calif., and are similar in design.

Anik C-2 is the second of three Anik C satellites that willeventually be put into operation. The first Anik C was placedinto low earth orbit by Columbia on STS-5, in November 1982, theShuttle's first operational mission.

-more-

-4-

The Anik C spacecraft are Canada's first totally dedicatedcommerical satellites to use the 12/14 GhzK band frequencies,allowing a 100 percent increase in telecommunications capacity ofthe first Anik satellite. This Anik C will be stationed at 112.5degrees west longitude and has a design life of 10 years.

Palapa B is the second generation of satellites for Indo-nesia. Two of the communications satellites are being built forPERUMTEL, Indonesia's state owned telecommunications company.

With its 24 transponders, Palapa B will be able to delivervoice, video, telephone and high speed data services electronic-ally linking Indonesia's many islands and bringing advanced tele-communications to the nation's 130 million inhabitants. Palapa Bwill operate at 108 degrees east longitude.

The deployment sequence for both spacecraft will be nearlyidentical. During the final pre-ejection sequence, the orbiterwill be maneuvered into a deployment attitude with the open pay-load bay facing the direction desired for firing the PAM motor.A clamp is released by explosive bolts and a set of springs popsthe spinning payload out of the bay at about .8 m (2.5 ft.) persecond.

The Payload Assist Module is automatically set to fire itssolid propellant motor 45 minutes after deployment. About 15minutes after the spacecraft is ejected from the payload bay, theorbiter will perform an evasive maneuver to make sure it is atleast 14.8 to 18.5 km (8 to 10 miles) away from the satellitewhen the motor ignites.

This firing will punch the satellite into an egg-shapedtransfer orbit with a high point 36,000 km (22,300 mi.) above theequator. On a selected apogee, a solid propellant motor on thespacecraft is fired to circularize the orbit at the geosynchro-nous altitude.

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-5-

The 15-m (50-ft.) long remote manipulator system returnsto space aboard Challenger to deploy and retrieve a unique spaceplatform developed by the West German aerospace firmMesserschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm (MBB).

Called the Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS), the $13 millionplatform will carry 10 experiments, furnished by the governmentof the Federal Republic of West Germany, European Space Agencyand NASA. Some of the experiments will operate continuously forapproximately 24 hours with the SPAS in the attached mode begin-ning on flight day three.

The others will be turned on during the 9.5 hours the SPASis free-flying outside the orbiter's cargo bay.

Detached operations with the SPAS on flight day four willenable NASA to carry out objectives related to testing of thearm, plume disturbance, proximity operations and rendezvous, allof which are important for future flights involving use of theShuttle to retrieve actual satellites.

Elements of the OSTA-2 payload will be located in Challen-ger's cargo bay on a specialized support structure. The NASAdeveloped Materials Experiment Assembly (MEA) will carry outthree experiments in the disciplines of crystal growth/transportphenomena, metallurgy and containerless glass technology.

OSTA-2 experiments provided by the West German Ministry forResearch and Technology are housed in three Getaway Special can-isters and will study fluid dynamics, transport phenomena andmetallurgy.

The Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES) developedby McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., and operated with NASA asa joint endeavor, will continue its demonstration of separatingbiological materials according to their surface electricalcharge.

-more-

-6-

The device, previously flown on STS 4 and 6, could provethat pharmaceuticals of marketable purity can be produced in

quantity in the zero gravity of space.

The Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR), a materials processingin space experiment designed to continue the development of

large, identical-sized (monodisperse) latex particles, will makeits fourth trip into space on STS-7.

The seven Getaway Special canisters mounted inside Challen-

ger's cargo bay, will contain an assortment of experiments thatwill study the effects of zero gravity in many scientific disci-

plines. The canisters represent private, institutional and

government concerns.

A West German canister will contain four experiments de-signed to study crystal growth in a liquid solution, the manu-

facture of metallic catalysts, plant contamination by heavymetals and exposure of plant seeds and eggs of lower animals to

cosmic radiation.

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., will fly threeexperiments to study seed germination, fluid dynamics and trace

the movement of high energy particles.

Camden, N.J., High School will record on motion pictures and

video tape the effects of weightlessness on a colony of carpenter

ants.

Two experiments furnished by the California Institute of

Technology will measure the relation of temperature in mixingnon-soluble liquids, and plant sensitivity to weightlessness.

The firm Engineering Design to Suit Your Needs (EDSYN), Inc.

Van Nuys, Calif., will provide nine experiments in a single can-ister all related to soldering in zero gravity.

-more-

-7-

The Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., will fly

two canisters, including the first with an opening lid to measure

ultraviolet light emissions. The other NRL payload will measure

the effects of the Shuttle bay environment on ultraviolet-

sensitive film.

(END OF GENERAL RELEASE; BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOLLOWS.)

-more-

STS-7 PRESS BRIEFING SCHEDULE

T-2 Days

EST CST PST Briefing Origin

9:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m. 6:00 a.m. Countdown Status KSC

9:30 a.m. 8:30 a.m. 6:30 a.m. Mission Summary/ KSCTimeline

10:30 a.m. 9:30 a.m. 7:30 a.m. Anik C/Palapa B KSC

1:00 p.m. 12 Noon 10:00 a.m. SPAS-01 KSC

1:45 p.m. 12:45 p.m. 10:45 a.m. OSTA-2/MLR KSC

2:30 p.m. 1:30 p.m. 11:30 a.m. CFES KSC

3:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m. 12 Noon Getaway Specials KSC

T-1

9:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m. 6:00 a.m. Countdown Status KSC

9:30 a.m. 8:30 a.m. 6:30 a.m. Overview -- KSCVandenberg ShuttleOperations

10:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m. Air Force Launch KSCTeam

1:30 p.m. 12:30 p.m. 10:30 a.m. Prelaunch Press KSCConference

T-Day

8:30 a.m. 7:30 a.m. 5:30 a.m. Post Launch KSCConference

Launch Thru EOM See Change of Shift Schedule JSC

T+6

8:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m. 5:00 a.m. Post Landing Press KSCConference

10:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m. Crew Ceremony KSC(approx.)

T+7

10:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m. Orbiter Status KSCBriefing

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-9-

NASA SELECT TELEVISION SCHEDULE

The schedule for television transmissions from Challenger

and-for the change of shift briefings from the Johnson Space

Center will be available during the mission at the Kennedy,

Marshall Space Flight Center, Johnson Space Center, Dryden Flight

Research Facility, Goddard Space Flight Center and NASA Head-

quarters news centers. The television schedule will be updated

on a daily basis to reflect any changes dictated by mission

operations.

-more-

-10-

LAUNCH PREPARATIONS, COUNTDOWN AND LIFTOFF

STS-7 processing has been the fastest to date. For a launchon June 18, a total of 60 working days, or 64 calendar days, willhave been spent preparing the STS-7 vehicle for launch. Theprevious record was 77 working (82 calendar) days, achieved onSTS-4.

Challenger was returned from California piggyback on the 747Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and arrived at Kennedy Space Center onApril 16. The orbiter was taken off the jumbo carrier jet anddelivered to the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF) on April 17,kicking off an around-the-clock schedule that enabled the re-usable vehicle to be processed for its next flight in only 35days. Prior to this, the fastest turnaround in the ProcessingFacility had been 41 days on STS-4.

Residual hypergolic propellants remained in Challenger'smaneuvering system tanks, and some testing of systems that oper-ated perfectly in flight was deleted from the schedule, permit-ting the faster turnaround.

Damaged areas of the twin Orbital Maneuvering System podscovered with the advanced felt reusable insulation were replacedwith approximately 170 white thermal protection tiles. Another120 tiles were installed to replace ablative panels located onthe elevons, and approximately 60 tiles were replaced as a resultof damage from flight or as a result of normal turnaroundoperations.

Regular post-flight maintenance included leak and functionalchecks of the main propulsion system, subsystem checkout andservicing of consumables such as nitrogen, ammonia and potablewater.

The Payload Assist Modules for the Anik and Palapa space-craft arrived at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on Nov. 4 andJan. (3'respectively. The Anik and Palapa spacecraft botharri Nv. 30. The four elements went through separateinspec and processing schedules. The satellites were matedto th Eper stages in the Delta Spin Test Facility and theninsta d4 in their support cradles.

eCSPAS-01 payload arrived on Jan. 15. It completed itsassembly and checkout operations in Hangar S, Cape Canaveral, andwas moved to the Vertical Processing Facility on April 26 forintegration with other STS-7 payload elements and checkout.

The Palapa/PAM was moved to the VPF on April 7, and theAnik/PAM followed on April 21. Following integration with theShuttle Pallet Satellite, the three major cargo elements under-went Cargo Integrated Test Equipment checkout.

-more-

The OSTA-2 payload arrived Jan. 3 and was assembled andchecked out in the Operations and Checkout Building. Because itdid not require cargo integration testing in the processingfacility, OSTA-2 was the first payload put in the payload canis-ter. It was installed May 16. The canister moved to the facil-ity on May 18 and the remaining STS-7 payloads were installed.

The STS-7 cargo was moved to the launch site on May 23. Itwas then transferred into the Payload Changeout Room to await theShuttle's arrival at the pad.

The Getaway Special experiments arrived on various dates,were checked out and mounted inside their respective canisters.All seven GAS cans were installed in Challenger's cargo bay onMay 8.

Assembly of the STS-7 vehicle began on Feb. 9 with thestacking of the twin solid rocket boosters on Mobile LauncherPlatform-l. Stacking of the two 45.7-m (150-ft.) tall boosterswas completed on Feb. 23 and the external tank was mated onMarch 2.

Challenger was moved to the Vehicle Assembly Building on May21 and attached to its external tank and twin booster rockets.

The Shuttle Interface Test, designed to verify electrical,mechanical and data paths between mated Shuttle elements, wasperformed on May 24-25, followed by less than one day of prepara-tions for the vehicle's 5.6 km (3.5 mi.) journey to the pad.

On May 26, the Space Shuttle vehicle was moved to Complex39-A by the massive Crawler-Transporter and checks of criticalpad-to-vehicle connections began that same day.

Transfer of the STS-7 payload into the orbiter's cargo baywas accomplished on May 28, and was followed by a series of elec-trical interface checks to make sure the payload was properlylinked to the spaceship.

The Terminal Countdown Demonstration Test with the STS-7crew members was scheduled for June 3 as a final demonstration ofvehicle, flight software and flight crew readiness for launch.

Shuttle vehicle ordnance activities, such as power-on strayvoltage checks and resistance checks of firing circuits, werescheduled to pick up on June 3. Ordnance activities were to besuspended from June 6 through June 7 to load hypergolic propel-lants aboard the vehicle. The period from June 8-10 was reservedas contingency.

Work was to resume on June 11 with a major cleared pad acti-vity -- a final functional check of the range safety and SRB ig-nition, safe and arm devices -- scheduled to be performed.

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-12-

Pressurization of OMS and RCS propellant and helium tanks,and servicing of orbiter fuel cell liquid hydrogen and oxygenstorage tanks, which were countdown activities on previous flows,were to be conducted on June 13, followed by servicing of theContinuous Flow Electrophoresis System on June 14. Closeout ofOMS and RCS systems was scheduled to conclude on June 15.

The 40-hour Launch Countdown was scheduled to pick up June

16. The STS-7 launch will be conducted by a joint NASA/industryteam from Firing Room 1 in the Launch Control Center.

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-13-

MAJOR COUNTDOWN MILESTONES

COUNT TIME EVENT

T-40 Hours Perform the call to stations.

T-39 Hours Begin configuration of pad-to-MLPsound suppression/SRB overpressurewater systems for launch.

T-34 Hours Install Monodisperse Latex Reactor.Start external tank loadingpreparations.

T-32 Hours Checkout orbiter navigation aids.

T-27 Hours Begin orbiter and ground supportequipment closeouts for launch.

T-19 Hours Perform interface check with Houston-Mission Control and activate orbiternavigation aids.

T-18 Hours Activate communications systems andInertial Measurement Units.

T-15 Hours Perform pre-ingress switch list androtating service structure movepreparations.

T-12 Hours Remove flight deck platforms and startGOX vent hood preparations for launch.

T-ll Hours 10 hour and 13 minute hold begins.

T-ll Hours (counting) Retract rotating service structure.

T-8 Hours Configure mission control communica-tions for launch.

T-7 Hours Activate orbiter fuel cells and per-form Eastern Test Range open looptest. Switch from air to GN2.

T-6 Hours Start external tank chilldown andpropellant loading.

T-5 Hours Begin IMU pre-flight calibration.

T-3 Hours 1 hour hold begins. External tankloading is complete. Wake flight crew(launch - 4 hours 20 minutes).

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-14-

T-2 Hours, 50 minutes Flight crew suits up (launuh - 3hours, 10 minutes).

T-2 Hours, 30 minutes Crew departs for pad (launch - 2hours, 50 minutes).

T--l Hour, 55 minutes Crew enters orbiter vehicle (launch -

2 hours, 15 minutes).

T-61 minutes Start pre.-flight alignment of InertialMeasurement Units.

T-20 minutes 10 minute built-in-hold begins.

T-20 minutes Configure orbiter computers for(counting) launch.

T-9 minutes 10 minute built-in-hold begins.Perform status check and receiveLaunch Director "go."

T-9 minutes Start ground launch sequencer.(counting)

T-7 minutes Retract orbiter access arm.

T-5 minutes Start orbiter Auxiliary Power Units.Arm range safety, SRB ignitionsystems.

T-3 minutes, 30 seconds Orbiter goes on internal power.

T-2 minutes, 55 seconds Pressurize liquid oxygen tank andretract gaseous oxygen vent hood.

T-1 minute, 57 seconds Pressurize liquid hydrogen tank.

T-31 seconds "Go" from ground computer for orbitercomputers to start automatic launchsequence.

T-28 seconds Start SRB hydraulic power units.

T-6.6 seconds "Go" for main engine start.

T-3 seconds Main engines at 90 percent thrust.

T-0 SRB ignition, holddown post releaseand liftoff.

T+7 seconds Shuttle clears launch tower andcontrol switches to Houston.

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LAUNCH WINDOW

STS-7 will be launched from Complex 39's Pad A at KennedySpace Center no earlier than June 18, 1983. The launch oppor-tunity opens for two brief periods on that date.

The first window extends from 7:33 until 7:38 a.m. EDT, fora launch opportunity of 5 minutes in duration.

The second window on that day opens at 8:24 a.m. EDT andcloses at 8:26 a.m. EDT, for a launch opportunity of 2 minutes induration.

The opening of the first segment of the launch window isdriven by the earth horizon sensor (EHS) sun "cutout" constrainton the Palapa B spacecraft for a revolution 19A injection. Thisopening time also roughly corresponds to the revolution 113Edwards Air Force Base landing lighting constraint. This firstsegment is closed by an earth horizon sensor constraint on theAnik C spacecraft for a revolution 8A injection.

The opening of the second segment is driven by an earthhorizon sensor Palapa B constraint for a revolution 19A injec-tion. The second segment is closed by the aft thermal constrainton the Anik C for a revolution 8A injection.

STS-7 will be launched on an azimuth of 92.25 degrees, re-sulting in an inclination to the equator of 28.45 degrees.

Two burns of the twin Orbital Maneuvering System engines,the first at 10 minutes, 13 seconds mission elapsed time (MET)and the second at 44 minutes, 23 seconds MET will circularizeChallenger's orbit at 160 nautical (185 statute) miles.

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STS-7 FLIGHT SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

EVENT MET DELTA V PERIGEE/APOGEE(hr:min:sec) (fps) (n.mi.)

Launch 00:00:00

MECO 00:08:20 -1/82

ET separation 00:08:38 -1/82

OMS-1 TIG 00:10:14 240 52/160burn duration 2:31

OMS-2 TIG 00:44:24 194 160/160burn duration 1:59

Anik C deploy 09:29:00

OMS-3 TIG 09:44:00 10.0 160/165burn duration :06

Anik PAM TIG 10:14:00

Palapa B deploy 26:03:00

OMS-4 TIG 26:18:00 10.0 160/170burn duration :06

Palapa PAM TIG 26:48:00

Backup deployment 47:54:00 160/165opportunity forboth deployables

OMS-5 TIG 51:16:00 6.4 157/170burn duration :04

O13-6 TIG 52:02:00 22.5 157/157burn duration :13

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LANDING TIMELINE

EVENT MET(hr :min: sec)

Deorbit TIG 142:23:00Burn duration 2:36

Entry interface 142:50:00

Nominal landing

KSC-15 143:20EAFB-22 146:21

Nominal +1 Day

KSC-15 167:24EAFB-22 168:50

Nominal +2 Days

KSC-15 191:29EAFB-22 192:56

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-18-

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LANDING AND POST LANDING OPERATIONS

The Kennedy Space Center is responsible for ground opera-tions of the orbiter vehicle once it has rolled to a stop on therunway at Kennedy. Convoy activities will be identical to thoseperformed at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. The tow from therunway to the Orbiter Processing Facility is scheduled to be com-pleted approximately three hours after touchdown.

After Challenger has rolled to a stop, the flight crew willbegin safing vehicle systems. At the same time, the recoveryconvoy will be making its way toward the vehicle.

Specially-garbed technicians will first determine that resi-dual hazardous vapors are below significant levels in order forother safing operations to proceed. A mobile wind machine ispositioned near the vehicle to disperse highly concentratedlevels of explosive vapors.

Once the initial. safety assessment is made, access vehicleswill be positioned at the rear of the orbiter so that lines fromground purge and cooling vehicles can be connected to the T-0 um-bilical panels on the aft end of the orbiter.

Freon line connections will be completed and coolant willbegin circulating through the umbilicals to aid in heat rejectionand protect the orbiter's electronic equipment. Other lines willprovide cool, humidified air through the umbilicals to the orbi-ter's cargo bay and other cavities to remove any residual explo-sive or toxic fumes and provide a safe, clean environment insidethe Challenger.

The mobile white room will be moved into place around thecrew hatch once it is verified there ate no concentrations oftoxic gases around the forward part of the vehicle. The hatchwill be opened approximately 30 minutes after landing and theflight crew will leave the orbiter about 10 minutes later. Tech-nicians will replace the flight crew in the cockpit and completethe vehicle safing activity.

A tow tractor will be connected to the Challenger and thevehicle will be pulled down the 2-mile long towway leading toHigh Bay 1 of the Orbiter Processing Facility.

Challenger will be pulled inside the hangar-like facility,jacked and leveled in the OPF workstands and facility power andcooling lines will be connected to the vehicle. Post-flightinspections and in-flight anomaly troubleshooting will begin thefollowing day, in parallel with tihe start of routine systems re-verification to prepare Challenger for the STS-8 mission.

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FLIGHT OBJECTIVES

Deployable payloads loaded aboard Challenger for STS-7 arethe Republic of Indonesia's Palapa B-1 and Telesat Canada, Ltd.Anik C communications satellites. Both will be boosted to a22,300 nautical-mile circular geosynchronous orbit by solidrocket Payload Assist Modules (PAM-D) of the same type used forthe Satellite Business Systems (SBS) and Anik satellites deployedfrom STS-5 in November 1982.

Sharing the cargo bay with the two communications satelliteswill be the Office of Space Science and Applications' OSTA-2 --an array of space science experiments, the German-built ShuttlePallet Satellite (SPAS-1) multi-experiment package which will bedeployed and later retrieved from free flight with the remotemanipulator arm, and seven Get-Away Special (GAS) self-containedpayload canisters.

Orbiter middeck experiments included the twice-flown Con-tinuous-Flow Electrophoresis system (CFES) and the MonodisperseLatex Reactor (MLR).

Payloads and experiments are described in detail elsewherein this press kit.

Mission specialist Dr. Norman E. Thagard will gather infor-mation during the flight on motion sickness and cardiovasculardeconditioning countermeasures. Further data on remote manipu-lator robot arm performance will also be gathered.

No extravehicular activity, or spacewalk, is planned forSTS-7.

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WHAT IF THINGS GO WRONG

Shuttle launch abort philosophy aims toward safe and intactrecovery of the flight crew, the orbiter and the payloads.

In descending order of desirability, abort modes are asfollows:

* Abort-to-orbit (ATO) - partial loss of main engine thrustlate enough to permit reaching a minimal 194-km (105-nm)orbit with orbital. maneuvering system engines.

* Abort-once-around (AOA) - earlier main engine shutdown,but near enough orbital speed to allow one orbit aroundto the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy SpaceCenter.

* Trans-Atlantic abort landing (TAL) - loss of two mainengines midway through powered flight, forcing a landingat Dakar, Senegal International Airport.

* Return to launch site (RTLS) - early shutdown of one ormore engines and without enough energy to make Dakar;pitch-around and thrust back toward Kennedy Space Centeruntil within gliding distance of Shuttle runway. STS-6contingency landing sites are Kennedy; Edwards Air ForceBase, Calif.; White Sands Missile Range, N.M.; Hickam AirForce Base/Honolulu International, Hawaii; Kadena AirForce Base, Okinawa; and Rota Naval Air Station, Spain.

CONFIGURATION

Except for the installation of the 15.2-m (50-ft.) Canadian-built remote manipulator arm on the left mid-fuselage longeron,and the addition of a fifth crew seat on the middeck, OrbiterChallenger is not greatly different than on STS-6. Challenger isfitted with three sets of cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen tanks forsupplying fuel cell reactants.

The STS-7 payloads are arranged, starting from the aft bulk-head, with the Indonesian Palapa B-i, Telesat Canada Anik C,OSTA-2, and SPAS-01, six Get-Away Special experiment canistersare attached along the left longeron forward of the SPAS and theseventh canister bolted amidships on the right longeron.

Orbiter performance data packages, the Mini-Modular Auxil-iary Data System (Mini-MADS) and the Aerodynamics CoefficientIdentification Package (ACIP), are nested in the "bilge" belowthe payload bay between transverse fuselage frames.

The Monodisoperse Latex Reactor (MLR) and the Continuous-Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES) are on Challenger's crewcompartment middeck.

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Challenger and its external tank and solid rocket boosterswill have a total liftoff weight of 2,034,666 kg (4,485,597 lb.)

compared to an STS-6 liftoff weight of 2,036,592 kg (4,489,843lb.). Without cargo, crew, consumables, equipment, or "dry,"Challenger will weigh 67,273.4 kg (148,310 lb.).

Broken down by satellites, experiment package and otherpayload related hardware, STS-7 payloads weights are as follows:

In payload bay -

Palapa B-1 Satellite & PAM-D 3,436.0 kg (7,575 lb.)

ASE (Cradle) 1,085.5 k (2,393 lb.)Palapa B-1 total 4,521.5 k (9,968 lb.)

Telesat-F Anik Satellite & PAM-D 3,344.8 kg (7,374 lb.)ASE 1,098.6 kg (2,422 lb.)

Telesat total 4,443.4 kg (9,796 lb.)

OSTA-2 1,447.9 kg (3,192 lb.)

GAS experiment canisters 1,334.9 kg (2,943 lb.)

SPAS-01 2,278.0 kg (5,022 lb.)

Payload Bay Total 14,025.7 kg (30,921 lb.)

In crew compartment -

MLR 77.1 kg (170 lb.)CFES 346.5 kg (764 lb.)

Crew compartment total: 423.6 kg (934 lb.)All payload totals 14,449.3 kg (31,985 lb.)

Instrumentation in payload bay -

Mini-MADS 296.2 kg (653 lb.)

ACIP 83.0 kg (183 lb.)

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TELESAT'S ANIK-C2

Telesat Canada's Anik-C2 communications satellite will beejected from the orbiter Challenger on the first day of the STS-7mission.

The Anik-C series are the most powerful communicationssatellites available to North Americans until the middle of thisdecade, offering revolutionary new kinds of broadcasting, busi-ness network and other satellite telecommunications services toCanadians through new technology in both spacecraft and earthstation design.

Initially Anik-C2 will be used by the GTE Satellite Corp. ofStamford, Conn., for one of the world's first direct-to-home pay-TV services. It will provide service to the continental UnitedStates until new American communications satellite capacity isavailable in 1985. Anik-C2 will also act as a back-up to Anik-C3, which was launched last November and is currently used byCanadian pay-TV operators, educational broadcasters, cablecastersand the TransCanada Telephone System.

Telesat Canada's three identical Anik-C communicationssatellites are cylindrical, spin-stabilized spacecraft that oper-ate exclusively in the "high frequency" (14 and 12 GHz) satelliteradio bands, with 16 transponders (communications repeaters)each.

Each of these 16 satellite channels is capable of carryingtwo color TV signals, together with their associated audio andcue and control circuits, for a total TV signal capacity of 32programs per satellite.

The combination of higher transmit power (from 15-watt out-put tubes), spot-beam antenna design and use of the 14/12 GHzbands means Telesat's Anik-C satellites are able to work withmuch smaller earth stations than conventional satellites, whichoperate with less power and at lower, more interference-pronefrequencies.

Because of their smaller size, and the fact the higher fre-quencies in use will not interfere with (or be interfered with)existing terrestrial microwave communications that share thelower frequencies used by older satellites, the Anik-C earth ter-minals can be located easily in relatively crowded spaces. Theycan be placed in city centers, or mounted on rooftops of indivi-dual homes. Anik-C can deliver a high quality TV picture to aprivate earth terminal equipped with a dish antenna as small as1.2 m (3.9 ft.) in diameter, making it ideal for direct broadcastsatellite services.

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Telesat Canada was the world's first operator of a domestic,geostationary satellite telecommunications system. Since launch-ing its first Anik satellite Nov. 9, 1972, Telesat has providedCanadians with flexible, reliable services through one of theworld's largest, most technologically advanced satellite systems.

Hovering over the equator, between 104.5 and 117.5 degrees,west longitude, Telesat's four operational satellites cover vir-tually all of Canada. They can, in fact, "see" about one thirdof the earth's surface from their operation altitude of 36,000 km(22,300 mi.)but their antennas are focused on Canada. They oper-ate in both the conventional 6 and 4 GHz radio bands as well asthe higher frequency 14/12 GHz range. The low frequency satel-lites employ broad antenna beams that cover the whole country.The high frequency Anik-C series employ spot-beam antenna systemswhich focus radio energy into four regional coverage patternsthat blanket most of populated Canada in an east-west fashion.Telesat Canada will gain a fifth operational satellite with Anik-C2 and it plans to launch two more by the end of 1984, includingAnik-Cl.

Canada's only commercial satellite communications corpora-tion, Telesat is jointly owned by the Canadian government andCanada's major telephone and telegraph companies.

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TSCBICONEANTENNAS

ANTENNA ANNULAR FORWARD DEPLOYABLESTABILIZER SPINNING THERMAL REFLECTORSTRUTS (2) RADIATOR

FORWARDDESPUN \\\\THERMAL\BARRIER

STABILIZER PSTOEBIPODS (2) MOSITIONE R

¶ AUXILIARYANTENNA >DESPUN SHELFSUPPORTBEAM

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THRUST CONEAFT THERMAL

SOLAR DRUMPOSITIONER (3)

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SOLAR DRUMPOSITIONER

ANI

-43-

AbbreviationsAMF -Apogee Motor FiringAKM - Apogee Kick Motor STABLE GYROSTATRF -Radi F __________________ CONFIGURATIONRF - Radio Frequency GEOSYNCHRONOUSPKS - Perigee Kick Stage * ORBIT

RCS - Reaction Control System EARTHPOINTINGSTS - Space Transportation System MODE

FiNALSTATION AND ---- --AF BEACON - - -ACOUISITION SPACECRAFT

*1V ¢ /ACTiVENU T Y ATIONCONIROL/SPACECRAFT ORBIT TOUCH UP \

AND OKS AND DRIFTSPINNING AND SEPARATEC STOP \FROM STS

- - - DEPLOY ANTENNA % oAND EXTENDPANEL A

/ O LAUNCH DESPIN IPLATFORM

*4SMINICCAST

SPIN AXISSPACECRAFT I REORIENTATION 0ACTRVE R R '

CONTROL 0 BITS HEAR-

\ 9X/ G CEOSYNCHRONOUSSPACECRAFT OR YBOT OITSEPARATED RIPT ORBIT

MOTOR FROM PKS TOUCHUP /

FIRED

-' AMF ATTITUDEoo TTRIM AND

PREBURN USING RCS - /

'~SPACECRAFT SW PACECRAFTIIEDRIENTED AKMJ STABLEAND TRACKED FlRED SPINNER

STS-7/Anik C2 Mission Scenario

A

-44-

PALAPA-B

The Indonesian national telecommunications satellite,Palapa-B, will be ejected from Challenger on the second day ofthe STS-7 mission. Palapa-B is the first in a new series of

communication satellites.

These new satellites are more than twice as large and four

times more powerful than the previous Palapa-A series, whichenabled Indonesia to first link its many islands by space agecommunications.

Palapa will operate on C-band (6/4 GHz) and will have 24transponders compared to 12 on the A series. Palapa-B's trans-

ponders will have 10-watt power outputs compared to 5 in usenow. These improvements will increase capability coverage tosmall Laral terminals in remote locations.

The Palapa-13 satellites will provide improved quality andefficiency to voice, video, telephone, telegraph and high speed

data transmissions.

The new satellite will have outer cylindrical sleeves which,

along with folding antennas, deploy in space. The vehicle'scylindrical body and extensions are covered with solar cells.With a height of 2.73 m (9 ft.) stowed, a diameter of 2.16 m (7

ft.) an(-, an orbit weight of 630 kg (1,400 lb.), Palapa will havean eight-year mission in space.

Palapa-B will serve Indonesia and ASEAN (the Association of

Southeast Asia Nations) which includes the Phillipines, Thailand,Malaysia, Singapore and Papua, New Guinea.

Similar in design to the SBS and Anik-C satellites, Palapawill provide 24 channels of C-band service. Built by Hughes

Communications International, Inc., the name Palapa signifiesIndonesian national unity and commemorates the unification of thenation by advanced satellite communications.

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PALAPA-B STATISTICS

Spacecraft Statistics (with antennas deployed):

Height:6.83 m (22.4 ft.)

Diameter:2.16 m (7 ft.)

Weight:Liftoff (STS Payload with Perigee Stage) 4,366 kg (9,625 lb.)

In orbit:Beginning of Life (BOL) - 630 kg (1,400 lb.)End of Life (EOL) - 515 kg (1,135 lb.)

Orbit:Stationary Geosynchronous

On-station locations - 108, E to 118, E longitude

Communications Payload:

Frequency Range - C-Band (4/6 GHz)Antenna - Dual aperture, 1.83 m diameter vertical

and horizontal linear polarizationRepeater - 24 operational channels, 10 W output per

channel (34 dbw minimum EIRP over Indonesia)5 for 4 traveling wave tube amplifier redundancy

Control System:

Redundant hydrazine; minimum eight years station-keepingcapability

Power System:

Dual solar drum array, extendible; maximum power (BOL)100 W. Redundant nickel cadmium batteries.

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STS-7 EXPERIMENTS

SHUTTLE, PALLET SATELLITE

The Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS) is a reusable platformbuilt by the German aerospace firm Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm(MBB) that Challenger will deploy in space and retrieve afterapproximately 9 1/2 hours of free flight, and bring it back toearth. The satellite is designed to operate either inside oroutside the orbiter's cargo bay.

MBB built the versatile platform to demonstrate how spaceflights can be used for private enterprise purposes. Customerswill be able to fly their experiments into space on the satellitfor a fee. The West German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT) is supporting the SPAS-01 pilot project and hascontributed substantially to the funding.

Six scientific experiments from BMFT, the primary customer,and two from the European Space Agency (ESA) will be the firstEuropean passengers. NASA is the third user with three experi-ments and several cameras onboard.

NASA is carrying the SPAS on STS-7 as part of an agreementwith MBB. The agreement provides that, in return for MBB'sequipping the SPAS-0O for use in testing the deployment and re-trieval capabilities of the Remote Manipulator Arm, NASA willsubstantially reduce the launching charge for SPAS-01.

Operations associated with the SPAS will consist of twomajor phases.

Several objectives are planned with the SPAS in the Sortiemode (in the cargo bay). It will demonstrate the system perfor-mance of the versatile satellite, and serve as a mounted platformfor operation of scientific experiments while remaining in Chal-lenger's cargo bay. Seven scientific experiments, furnished byBMFT and ESA, will be turned on during the third day of theflight and will run continuously for about 24 hours.

In the Free-flyer mode (outside of the cargo bay), the SPASwill be used as a test article to demonstrate the orbiter's capa-bility to deploy and retrieve satellites in low earth orbit, andto validate MBB's concept for the SPAS. During the free-flightphase of the mission, two German and three NASA~ experiments willbe operated for limited periods of time.

Five hours of detached activities, related to testing ofthe arm, plume disturbance, STS proximity operations and rendez-vous, are planned, spread over a period of about 9.5 hours.

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Free-flight activities will begin with the release of theSPAS on flight day four about 93 hours and 7 minutes into theflight. A series of plume disturbance tests, performed by firingvarious orbiter primary Reaction Control System thrusters in thedirection of the SPAS from 10.7 to 61 m (35 to 200 ft.) away,will he conducted at the start of the proximity operations.Angular accelerometers on the detached SPAS will measure andrecord rates induced by the orbiter thrusters.

Next, the orbiter will perform a variety of stationkeepingactivities from both short and long distances, up to 304.8 m(1,000 ft.), away from the free-flying pallet.

Finally, a series of Remote Manipulator tests will be per-formed with the astonauts releasing and capturing the SPAS withthe robot arm. Free-flying activities with the SPAS will con-clude about 120 hours, 30 minutes into the mission, when the armgrapples the pallet and pulls it back into the payload bay forreturn to earth.

The SPAS-01 configuration, with experiments, will be 4.8 m(15.7 ft.) across, 3.4 m (11 ft.) high and 1.5 m (4.9ft.) wideand weigh 2,278 kg (5,022 lb.). Subsystems are of modular de-sign, such as power supply, data processing and attitude stabil-ization, and it is equipped with interchangable mounting panelsfor subsystems and experiments. The orbiter provides the powerand data interfaces via hardware in the attached mode. Communi-cations with the SPAS in the free-flyer mode is by Reactor F.The pallet is non-active during ascent and descent. It has a 40-hour free-flying lifetime; 9.5 hours of that at full operationalpower.

NASA has equipped the SPAS with a Hasselblad still camera,a 16mm motion picture camera and a color/black and white videocamera to record the deployment and retrieval operations. Thesecameras will enable NASA to record for the first time the opera-tional capabilities of the orbiter from a platform outside thevehicle's cargo bay. The television pictures are scheduled to betransmitted live to earth.

OSTA-2 PAYLOAD

The OSTA-2 payload, which will be aboard STS-7, is comprisedof four instrument packages containing six experiments. It willbe the first in a series of planned orbital investigations ofmaterials processing in space.

The payload, managed by the Marshall Space Flight Center, isamong the first cooperative international research projects to beconducted on the Space Shuttle. The materials processing missionwas developed by NASA and the Federal Republic of Germany. It issponsored by NASA's Office of Space Scierce and Applicaticns, andnamed for the acronym of that office's predecessor organization,the Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications.

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The payload is located in the Shuttle orbiter cargo bay andconsists of the Materials Experiment Assembly (MEA), developedand managed by the Marshall Center, and the Materialwissenschaft-liche Autonome Experimente unter Schwerelosigkeit (MAUS),developed by the German Ministry for Research and Technology.

Materials Experiment Assembly

The MEA is a desk-sized, self-contained package designed toaccommodate a range of materials processing experiments. It pro-vides subsystems to record experiment data and provide thermalcontrol, power distribution and structural support for the exper-iments. The top of the rectangular package is a passive thermalradiator attached by a hinge to allow access to the experimentsand subsystems.

The primary objective of this flight is to verify the MEAflight hardware for future space operations. Obtainingqualitative and quantitative science data is the secondaryobjective.

The principal advantage of the automated materials experi-ment assembly package is its ability to accommodate a largevariety of experiments while requiring a minimum amount ofattention by the orbiter crew.

Experiment payload on/off command switches to be activatedby the astronaut crew are located in the orbiter aft flight deck.

For the STS-7 flight, the MEA package will carry two experi-ment furnaces and an acoustic levitator, each contained insideindividual experiment containers. The experiments are: VaporGrowth of Alloy-type Semiconductor Crystals, Liquid Phase Misci-bility Gap Materials, and Containerless Processing of Glass Form-ing Melts.

A brief description of the objectives of each of the MEAexperiments follows:

Vapor Growth of Alloy-type Semiconductor Crystals: Theobjective of this experiment is to grow crystals of alloy semi-conductors (electronic materials) and to provide data for abetter understanding of the fluid dynamics of vapor transportsystems in space. Vapor transport is a process used in growingcrystals at low temperatures.

To conduct the experiment, a substance (germanium selenide)is placed in a sealed glass tube. Both ends of the tube areheated at different temperatures. In a process similar to fogcondensing to form ice crystals on a cold day, the substanceturns into a vapor when heated and moves to the cooler end of thetube where it crystalizes - thus vapor transport.

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Practical benefits and applications that could result fromthis type of research include improved semiconductor technologyfor the electronics industry.

The Principal Investigator for the experiment is Dr. HerbertWiedemeier of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y. Co-investigators are Dr. E.A. Irene of IBM and Dr. C.C. Wang of RCA.

Experiment hardware was developed in the Marshall Center'sSpace Science Laboratory and Test Laboratory.

Liquid Phase Miscibility Gap Materials: This experimentwill produce space-formed alloys difficult to obtain on earth foranalysis of their physical, chemical, and electrical properties.

The experiment process is analogous to mixing water and oilon earth. Even though the liquids mix initially, over a periodof time they separate due to gravity, convection and other influ-ences. In space, however, two liquid metals can be heated, mixed,and cooled down to produce a new solid metal alloy containing thequalities of both materials.

Improving the understanding of the structural, electrical,and magnetic properties of such materials is among the potentialbenefits of this experiment. The data will be used in the studyof metallurgy.

The Principal Investigator is Dr. S.H. Gelles of S.H. GellesAssociates. Coinvestigator is Dr. A.J. Markworth of BattelleColumbus Laboratory.

Experiment hardware was developed in Marshall's SpaceScience Laboratory.

Containerless Processing of Glass Forming Melts: The objec-

tive of this experiment is to gain further knowledge of high-temperature, containerless processing of various compositions ofglass-forming substances. The experiment is designed to elimi-nate impurities and flaws in the space-made glass samples and toproduce glass from substances that do not form glass on earth.

The experiment utilizes acoustic levitation; that is, sus-pending the sample in a sound wave to melt and purify a speci-men. The sample is then cooled and collected.

Possible applications of this experiment include improve-ments in glass technology.

Principal Investigator for the experiment is Dr. Delbert E.Day of the University of Missouri-Rolla.

The acoustic levitator for the experiment was developed byIntersonics Inc., Northbrook, Ill.

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MAUS

Materialwissenschaftliche Autonome Experimente unterSchwerelosigkeit consists of experiments contained in three"Getaway Special" (GAS) canisters. Each cylindrical canistercarries an experiment furnace, which is thermally insulated andhas its own service module containing experiment hardware elec-trical power, experiment controls, data gathering and processingequipment, and general housekeeping sensors.

The MAUS experiments are: two Metallic Dispersions, and aSolidification Front experiment.

A brief description of the objectives of each of the MAUSexperiments follows:

Stability of Metallic Dispersions: This experiment occupiestwo of the GAS canisters. It is designed to deve'op a techniquefor taking X-ray photographs of the melting and s,, dification ofmetals.

The experiment configuration is identical in each canister,but the experiments have different heating and cooling cycles.

The photographs will be used to evaluate the physical pro-cesses (diffusion, convection, sedimentation) that occur inliquid metal alloys shortly before or during solidification.

The investigator for this experiment is Dr. Guenther H. Ottoof DFVLR Institut fur Raumsimulation.

Solidification Front: This experiment, using a generalpurpose rocket furnace, is designed to help determine particlemovement during the melting and solidification of metal alloys.

This knowledge is of value in the fabrication of compositematerials.

The principal investigator of this experiment is Dr. HermannKlein of DFVLR Institut fur Raumsimulation. Co-investigators areDr. Axel Bewersdorff, DFVLR Institut fur Raumsimulation; Dr.-Ing.Jurgen Potschke of Krupp Forschungdindtitut, Essen; and Dr. HansU. Walter of DFVLR Institut fur Werkstoff-Forschung.

MISSION PECULIAR EQUIPMENT SUPPORT STRUCTURE

The OSTA-2 payload is being carried in the cargo bay on aspecially designed Mission Peculiar Equipment Support Structure(MPESS), developed by the Marshall Center. In addition to pro-viding mechanical support for the OSTA-2 payload, the MPESS ele-vates the MEA package to a height above the level of the cargobay so that the MEA thermal radiator can dissipate heat from thepackage into space when the cargo bay doors are open.

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Beginning with the STS-12 mission, the designation of thisseries of materials processing flights will be changed from OSTAto Materials Science Laboratory (MSL) to more closely identifythe payload designation with the science activity being con-ducted. There are five scheduled MSL flights.

MONODISPERSE LATEX REACTOR EXPERIMENT

A materials processing experiment designed to develop large,identical-sized (monodisperse) latex particles, is making itslast scheduled voyage into space on the seventh Shuttle flight.The Monodisperse Latex Reactor, which was operated in spaceon three previous Shuttle missions, was developed at NASA's Mar-shall Space Flight Center, and Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.The experiment package, which is placed in the Shuttleorbiter crew compartment locker area, consists of four, .3-m (1-ft.) tall reactors, each containing a chemical latex-forming

recipe, housed in a .6 m (2-ft.) high metal cylinder. The recipeconsists of tiny latex beads suspended in water with other chem-ical ingredients that cause the beads to "grow" larger when theexperiment is activated on orbit.

The experiment worked perfectly on its first mission inspace on STS-3, producing latex particles of five-microns in dia-meter. Because of a hardware malfunction during the STS-4 flight,only 55 percent of the chemical process was completed.

Engineers identified the malfunction and made modificationsto prevent a similar incident. The experiment produced largequantities of 10-micron-sized latex particles during the STS-6mission and is expected to produce particles in the 20-micronrange on this flight.

In space, because of the absence of the effects of gravity,a higher degree of monodispersity can be achieved in the largersizes. The experiment series was designed to help determinewhether much larger (perhaps as large as 40 microns) monodispersebeads can be produced practically and economically in space.

These latex particles may have major medical and industrialresearch applications. Some possible applications for the latexbeads include measuring the size of pores in the wall of thehuman intestine, in cancer research; measuring the size of poresin the human eye, in glaucoma research; and measuring blood flowin humans, in heart and cancer research.

The National Bureau of Standards has also indicated itsinterest in using the beads as calibration standards in medicaland scientific equipment.

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Prior to launch, each of the reactors is loaded with 100 ccof the chemical latex-forming recipe. A small onboard computerwill control the experiment after the Shuttle crew turns it on.

In orbit, the latex mixture is heated to a constant 70-degrees Centigrade (158 degrees Fahrenheit), which initiates achemical reaction to form the larger plastic beads. A recorderwill store all data produced during operation of the experiment.After 20 hours, the experiment turns itself off.

The reactor will be removed from the Shuttle at the landingsite and returned to the experimenters for sample and dataanalysis.

The principal investigator on the experiment is Dr. John W.Vanderhoff of Lehigh University. The three co-investigators areDrs. Fortunato J. Micale and Mohamed S. El-Aasser, also ofLehigh, and Dale M. Kornfeld of Marshall.

Responsibility for providing the experiment elements andhardware as well as flight-testing the experiment lies with Mar-shall's Spacelab Payload Project Office, supported by the itsSpace Science Laboratory. Marshall's Spacelab Payload ProjectOffice is also responsible for experiment safety and ensuringthat the experiment can be conducted properly on the Shuttleflights.

Design support for the experiment was provided by GeneralElectric Co. Valley Forge, Pa., and Rockwell International,Downey, Calif.

During the mission, members of the investigative team willmonitor the performance of the experiment hardware from a spe-cially equipped room at the Huntsville Operations Support Centerat the Marshall Center.

CONTINUOUS FLOW ELECTROPHORESIS SYSTEM

The Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES), a pharma-ceutical refining device developed by the McDonnell Douglas Astro-nautics Co., St. Louis, Mo., and operated by NASA aboard the SpaceShuttle, makes its third trip into space on STS-7.

On this flight, scientists in the Space Science Laboratoryat the Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., will beusinq the electrophoresis device for the second time to continueNASA's research in the field of fluid separation science. TheNASA use of the device is provided under terms of the NASA-McDonnell Douglas Joint Endeavor agreement.

According to McDonnell Douglas, a cell culture fluid thathas commercial potential will be separated on this flight as thecompany enters into the development stage of its venture.

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The electrophoresis system, the first commercial experimentflown aboard the Space Shuttle, is designed to separate biologi-cal materials according to their surface electrical charge asthey pass through an electric field.

Initially carried into space on the fourth Shuttle mission,the experiment device has the potential for separating biologicalmaterials for both research and the production of pharmaceuti-cals. Unlike previous electrophoresis experiments conducted inspace on the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project and on STS-3, this deviceprocesses large quantities of matepials carried in a continuousstream.

Biological materials are inserted into the bottom of theexperiment chamber which is filled with a conducting fluid. Theseparation occurs as the samples move through the chamber's elec-tric field. The samples then flow into collection ports at thetop of the chamber.

NASA first used the electrophoresis system on STS-6 to sepa-rate a sample containing only hemoglobin and a second sample con-taining a mixture of hemoglobin and polysaccharide (a complexsugar). The separations were designed to expand the understand-ing of the electrophoretic separation process and the effects ofgravity on this process. The hemoglobin sample, at 10 times theconcentration that can be processed in an earth-based laboratory,was designed to explore the concentration limits of electro-phoresis in space. Although the results from the experiment arestill being analyzed, scientists did note some unexpectedbroadening of the sample flow.

The sample of a mixture of hemoglobin and a polysaccharidewas separated to determine the quality of separations in a space-based electrophoresis device. The sample, with a lower concentra-tion of hemoglobin, provided data showing a good separation ofthe biological materials.

On this flight, scientists will use polystyrene latex par-ticles to further investigate the concentration limitations ofcontinuous flow electrophoresis in space and to calibrate theexperiment hardware.

The NASA experiments are carried out under the direction ofDr. Robert Snyder, chief of the Separation Processes Branch inthe Marshall's Space Science Laboratory.

NASA's use of the system for its own research is part of theconsideration provided to the space agency under the terms of theNASA/McDonnell Douglas Joint Endeavor Agreement.

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This agreement provides a vehicle for private enterprise andNASA to work together to promote the utilization of space where atechnological advancement is needed and there is a potential com-mercial application. The agreement also provides that generalperformance data and the results from NASA's experiments usingthe device will be made public. The Commercial Materials Pro-cessing in Low Gravity Office at Marshall manages NASA's effortunder the joint endeavor agreement.

On STS-4 and STS-6, McDonnell Douglas separated samples ofrat and egg albumin and a cell culture fluid.

During the next two years, the 240--kg (550-Lb.), 18-m (6-ft.)-high electrophoresis device is scheduled to be flown threemore times in the middeck section of the Space Shuttle to iden-tify materials that might be candidates for commercial develop-ment. Provided these experimental operations prove successful,the next step would be for a 2,270-kg (5,000-lb.) prototype pro-duction unit to be carried in the cargo bay on two future Shuttleflights. This fully automated system will have 24 times thecapacity of the present unit.

After completion of work under the joint endeavor, it isexpected that McDonnell Douglas will develop a system to carryout production of pharmaceuticals on a long-duration orbitalfacility. The orbital-based unit would be designed to operate,unattended, for periods of up to six months and be serviced bySpace Shuttle crews who would deliver raw materials and collectthe separated products for return to earth.

GETAWAY SPECIAL (GAS) EXPERIMENTS

Seven Getaway Special (GAS) canisters will be flown on theSTS-7 Space Shuttle mission, the largest number yet to be carriedinto space in one orbiter.

The seven canisters, containing 22 different experiments,bring to 12 the number of GAS payloads carried aboard Challengerand Columbia. One payload was on Columbia's STS-4 and STS-5flights, and three were on Challenger's maiden flight, STS-6.

Six of the payloads require active participation by thecrew, while a Goddard Space Flight Center-developed canister willbe turned on by a barometric switch, making it truly a "self-contained payload." Six payloads will be attached to the port(left) sill of the Challenger's cargo bay, and one to the star-board (right) sill.

The seven payloads represent the inherent diversity of theGAS community. They have been conceived, designed and built bypeople who range from high school to college students and tea-chers as well as engineers, and technicians Izom small businessand large corporations.

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One payload is a result of the combined energies of fivecollege students, one high school student, and an experienced

West German industrial firm. The other six payloads are from the

United States. Two are from U.S. Government civilian and mili-tary agencies.

While preparing these seven payloads for the STS-7 missions,the Getaway Special team has inaugurated a new facility dedicated

to the preparation of GAS payloads. The facility is located inthe old Delta third-stage facility on the Cape Canaveral AirForce Station.

The seven payloads on STS-7 include:

* A series of five experiments selected in a nationwide

competition among high school students in West Germany, sponsoredby KayserThrede, a small aerospace company, and Jugend Forscht, a

non-profit organization that organized the competition. The GAS

canister is .14 cu. m (5 cu. ft.) with a 90.7 kg (200-lb.) capa-city, costing $10,000.

The five experiments in the West German payload include acrystal growth experiment (Michael Pascherat, 22); nickel cata-

lysts (Herbert Riepl, 21); plant contamination by heavy metals(Heinz Katzenmeier, 19); -?iostack, designed to determine theinfluence of cosmic radiaLion on plant seeds (Marcus Buchwald,

17); and a microprocessor-cont.rolled sequencer as a new approachto payload control (Gunnar Possekel, 24).

* Three experiments from Purdue University. This canister

is .074 cu. m (2.5 cu. ft.) with a 45.4 kg (100-lb.) capacity,costing $5,000.

The Purdue University experiments will be in space science,biological science, and fluid dynamics. Dr. Harold Ritchey, an

alumnus and long-time benefactor of the university, donated thepayload for use by Purdue. The program to develop the payloadwas established within the School of Science. The space science

experiment is to detect nuclear particles that may be encountered

in the near-earth environment and to record their subsequentpaths as they penetrate a stack of sensitive plastic sheets. The

biological science experiment will have sunflower seeds flown toorbit and allowed to germinate in a low-gravity environment for aperiod of 72 hours. The fluid dynamics experiment will study the

motion in a very low gravity of a drop of mercury immersed in aclear liquid.

* Two experiments by the California Institute of Tech-

nology. Canister is .14 cu. m (5 cu. ft.), 90.7 kg (200-lb)capacity, costing $10,000.

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The two experiments by the California Institute of Tech-nology will test how newly-sprouted radish seeds respond whenthey are subjected to simulated gravity conditions ranging from1/10,000th to 1/32nd those on earth in one and, in the second,oil and water will be mixed and photographed over a 96-hourperiod to see how they separate. The results of the latter inves-tigation will allow predictions to be made about the possibili-ties of manufacturing materials such as improved metal alloys andsemi-conductors in zero gravity.

* Observation of a live ant colony by studei es from Camden

and Wilson High Schools in Camden, N.J., sponsored by RCA Corp.Canister is .14 cu. m (5 cu. ft.), 90.7 kg (200-lb.) capacity,costing $10,000.

In the ant colony experiment, the ants will be housed in aspecial farm and placed in the GAS canister, along with TV and

movie cameras, to see whether weightlessness affects the colony'ssocial structure. Sponsored by the RCA Corp., which also sup-plied technical guidance, the experiment is designed to providedata useful. to the humans who may colonize space some day.

* Nine experiments on soldering and desoldering in space by

Edsyn, Inc., an engineering firm in Van Nuys, Calif. Canister is.14 cu. m (2.5 cu. ft.) with a 27.2 kg (60-lb.) capacity, costing$3,000.

The soldering/desoldering experiments will investigate thoseprocesses in a space environment, looking to the day of spacestations when repair techniques will be necessary to maintainhighly sophisticated electronic equipment and payloads. The nineexperiments include flux behavior, to determine the best flux to

be used in space; wetting and surface tension I, in which fourwires will be connected to a heating element and bent in a mannerthat will allow solder to flow across; wetting and surface ten-

sion II, to determine the solder wetting and surface tensioncharacteristics that relate to the ability of solder to bridgegaps; metallurgical properties, designed to remelt solder in eye-let and twisted pairs for later cross-sectioning and analysis;desoldering I, to determine if contamination resulting from theuse of conventional solder and desoldering tools can be con-trolled by surface tension/wicking; desoldering II, to determineif solder can be removed from a printed circuit board hole by useof air pressure; general contamination, to determine if basicoperation of a soldering tool in space will produce any signifi-cant contamination; solder removal, to determine if an integratedcircuit can be removed with a multiple head desoldering tool thatapplies heat then absorbs solder into a braid mesh and for eachsolder hole in a circuit board; and static, to determine if basicsolder tools can be used in space without the requirement of re-maining pressurized as they are transported from one spacecraftto another or, if personnel must repair a satellite in space,when the repair must be made outside a repair shop environment.

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* An experiment by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center tomeasure the effect of the Shuttle bay environment on ultravioletsensitive film. Canister is .14 cu. m (5 cu. ft.) with a 90.7 kg(200-lb.) capacity.

In the experiment to analyze the Shuttle-indtced effects onEUV-sensitive film, being conducted by Dr. Werner Neupert ofNASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, 12 stainless steel canisters,each containing unexposed strips of film will be flown. Sevencanisters will be located inside a large stainless steel cylinderwhich is initially seiled off from the outside environment bymeans of a motor-driven valve located between the central purgeport of the GAS cover and the large stainless steel cylinder.

* A payload by the U.S. Air Force Space Division's SpaceTest Program/ Naval Research Laboratory, which will be the firstto use the motorized door assembly on a GAS canister. Canisteris .14 cu. m (5 cu ft.) with a 90.7 kg (200-lb.) capacity.

Initially, each of the seven cylinders is open to the in-terior of the large container. After the experiment timer opensthe large container valve, the valves of the individual film can-isters are closed at various intervals so film strips are exposedto the Shuttle bay environment for varying periods of time. Onecanister within the large container remains sealed throughout theflight as a control unit. Five canisters mounted on the outsideof the large container will be used for a variety of film tests.The U.S. Air Force Space Division's Space Test Program/Naval Re-search Laboratory experiment will be the first to use the motor-ized door assembly on the GAS canister, which will allow the doorto be opened.

ORBITER EXPERIMENTS PROGRAM

The NASA Headquarters Office of Aeronautics and Space Tech-nology, through its Orbiter Experiments Program, is providingexperiments onboard the Shuttle orbiter to record specific,research-quality data. The primary objective is to increase thetechnology reservoir for development of future space transporta-tion systems.

STS-7 Orbiter Experiments include:

Aerodynamic Coefficient Identification Package:

* To collect aerodynamic data during the launch, entry, andlanding phases of the Shuttle;

* To establish an extensive data base for verification ofthe Shuttle's aerodynamic performance and the verificationand correlation with ground-based data, including assessmentsof the uncertainties of such data;

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* To provide flight dynamics data in support of othertechnology areas, such as aerothermal and structure dynamics.This package has flown on STS-1 through 6. Principal tech-

nologists is Doug Cooke of the Johnson Space Center.

High Resolution Accelerometer Package:

The High Resolution Accelerometer Package measures changesin vehicle accelerations caused by aerodynamic forces acting onthe Shuttle orbiter during the high altitude portion of atmos-pheric reentry (above 45 mi./73 km). The triaxial accelerometerpackage is 100 times more sensitiv? than accelerometer packagespreviously flown on the Shuttle.

These measurements will aid in the design of aeroassistorbi: transfer vehicles (OTV), which will carry payloads from thelow-earth orbit to geosynchronous orbit and return for reuse. Onits return trip, the OTV will briefly dip into the earth's upperatmosphere for aerodynamic braking and maneuvering before rendez-vousing with the Shuttle or a space station.

Principal technologist is Robert C. Blanchard of NASA'sLangley Research Center., Hampton, Va.

SPACEFLIGHT TRACKING AND DATA NETWORK

One of the key elements in the Shuttle mission is the capa-bility to track the spacecraft, communicate with the astronautsand obtain the telemetry data that informs ground controllers ofthe condition of the spacecraft and the crew.

The hub of this network is NASA's Goddard Space Flight Cen-ter (GSFC) in Greenbelt, Md., where the Spaceflight Trackinq andData Network (STDN) and the NASA Communicat4.ons Network (NASCOM)are located.

STDN is a complex NASA worldwide system that provides real-time communications with the Space Shuttle orbiter and crew, aswell as with other earth-orbiting satellites. The network ismanaged and operated by Goddard. Approximately 2,500 people arerequired to operate the system.

The network consists of 15 ground stations equipped with4.3-, 9-, 12-, and 26-m (14-, 30-, 40- and 85-ft.) S-band antennasystems and C-band radar systems, augmented by 15 DOD geograph-ical locations providing C-band support and one DOD 18.3-in (60-ft.) S-band antenna system.

In addition, there are six major computing interfaceslocated at the Network Operations Control Center and the Opera-tions Support Computing Facility, at Goddard; Western Space andMissile Center, Calif.; Air Force Satellite Control Facility,Colo.; White Sands Missile Range, N.M.; and Eastern Space andMissile Center, Fla., providing realtime network computationalsupport.

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The network has agreements with the governments of

Australia, Spain, Senegal, Botswana, Chile, United Kingdom and

Bermuda to provide NASA tracking station support to the Space

Transportation System program.

Should the Johnson Mission Control Center be seriously

impaired for an extended period of time, the Goddard NetworkOperations Control Center becomes an emergency mission center

manned by Johnson personnel with the responsibility of safely

returning the orbiter to a landing site.

The Merritt Island, Fla. S-band station provides the appro-

priate data to the Launch Control Center at Kennedy and the John-son Mission Control Center during prelaunch testing and the ter-

minal countdown. During the first mainutes of launch and during

the ascent phase, the Merritt Island and Ponce de Leon, Fla., S-

band and Bermuda S-band stations, as well as the C-band stations

located at Bermuda; Wallops Island, Va.; Grand Bahama; Grand

Turk; Antigua; Cape Canaveral and Patrick Air Force Base, Fla.,provide appropriate tracking data, both high speed and low speed,

to the Kennedy and Johnson control centers.

During the orbital phase, all the S-band and some of the C-

band stations that see the Space Shuttle at three degrees above

the horizon support and provide appropriate tracking, telemetry,air-ground and command support to the Mission Control Center at

Johnson through Goddard.

During nominal entry and landing phase planned for Runway 15

at Kennedy Space Center, Fla., C-band stations at San Nicholas

Island, off the California coast; Vandenberg Air Force Base;White Sands, N.M.; Stallion Station, Ariz.; Scotts Peak, Ariz.;

and Mt. Lemmon, Ariz., will provide highly critical tracking data

on the orbiter before it comes into view of the Eastern TestRange (ETR) C-band radars at Merritt Island and Patrick Air Force

Base, Fla., and the GSFC Merritt Island S-band station will pro-

vide highly critical telemetry, command and air-ground support as

well as tracking data to the Johnson and Kennedy Control Centers.

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NASA TRACKING STATIONS

LOCATION EQUIPMENT

Ascension Island (ACN) S-band, UHF A/GBermuda (BDA) S-band, C-band, UHF A/GBuckhorn (BUC) S-band, C-bandGoldstone (GDS) S-band, UHF A/GGuam (GWM) S-band, UHF A/GHawaii (HAW) S-band, UHF A/GMerritt Island (MIL) S-band, UHF A/GSantiago (AGO) S-bandPonce de Leon (PDL) S-bandMadrid (MAD) S-band, UHF A/GOrroral (ORR) S-bandBotswana (BOT) UHF A/GDakar (DKR) UHF A/GWallops (WFF) C-bandYarragadee (YAR) UHF A/G

Personnel:

Tracking Stations: 1,100*Goddard Space Flight Center: 1,400

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* more than 500 of whom are local residents

HUNTSVILLE OPERATIONS SUPPORT CENTER

The Huntsville Operations Support Center is a facility atthe Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., which sup-ports launch activities at the Kennedy Space Center, Fla. Theoperations center also supports powered flight and payload oper-ations at the Johnson Space Center, Houston.

During pre-mission testing, countdown, launch, and poweredflight toward orbit, Marshall and contractor engineers and sci-entists man consoles in the support center to monitor realtimedata being transmitted from the Shuttle.

Their purpose is t-j evaluate and help solve problems thatmight occur with Marshall-developed Space Shuttle propulsionsystem elements, including the Space Shuttle main engines, ex-ternal tank, and solid rocket boosters. They will also workproblems with the overall Main Propulsion System and the RangeSafety System.

The data providing information on the "health" of these sys-tems are gathered by sensors aboard the Shuttle and are instan-taneously transmitted from the launch site to the two-storyHuntsville Operations Support Center.

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There the information is processed by computers and dis-played on screens and other instruments at 12 stations in theEngineering Console Room on the second floor. More than 3,000temperature, pressure, electrical voltage and other measurementsare made every second. During the 10 hours of peak activitybefore and during launch, more than 11 million measurements areassessed by teams of experts in the support center.

Support center personnel view the Shuttle via two closedcircuit television lines. They also have access to more than 25direct communications lines that link them with the launch siteat Kennedy Space Center, Mission Control at Johnson Space Center,and with Shuttle propulsion system contractor plants.

If a problem is detected by the experts at one of the sta-tions in the support center console room, engineers on the con-soles immediately alert appropriate individuals at the Kennedyand Johnson centers, and operations center managers in theShuttle action center, a conference room adjacent to the consoleroom. They also pass the information to the appropriate teams ofspecialists in the operations center working area nearby. Thereare separate teams to work Space Shuttle Main Engine, ExternalTank, Solid Rocket Booster, Main Propulsion System, and RangeSafety System difficulties.

In addition to launch support, payload services are providedby teams of scientists operating out of specially equipped pay-load support rooms.

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CREW BIOGRAPHIES

NAME: Robert L. Crippen (Captain, USN),NASA Astronaut, STS-7 Commander

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE: Born in Beaumont, Texas, on Sept. 11,1937. He grew up in Porter, Texas.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Brown hair; brown eyes; height: 5 ft.,10 in.; weight: 160 lb.

EDUCATION: Graduated from New Caney High School in New Caney,Texas; received a bachelor of science degree in aerospaceengineering from the University of Texas in 1960.

MARITAL STATUS: Married to the former Virginia E. Hill. Herparents, Mr. and Mrs. James D. Hill, reside in CorpusChristi, Texas.

CHILDREN: Ellen Marie, June 14, 1962; Susan Lynn, Dec. 24, 1964;Linda Ruth, May 10, 1967.

NASA EXPERIENCE: Crippen became a NASA astronaut in September1969. He was a crew member on the highly successful SkylabMedical Experiments Altitude Test (SMEAT) -- a 56-day simu-lation of the Skylab mission, enabling crewmen to collectmedical experiments, baseline data and evaluate equipment,operations, and procedures.

Crippen was a member of the astronaut support crew for theSkylab 2, 3, and 4 missions, and he served in this samecapacity for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) missionwhich was completed successfully in July 1975.

Crippen completed his first space flight as pilot of STS-1,the first orbital test flight of the Shuttle Columbia, April12-14, 1981. He was accompanied by John W. Young, spacecraftcommander, on this 54-1/2 hour 36 orbit engineering testflight to evaluate and verify Shuttle systems performanceduring launch, on-orbit, and landing operations. STS-1achieved a nominal 270 km (146 nm) circular orbit. Testsincluded evaluation of orbiter hardware and software systems,investigation of the orbiter thermal response while in orbit,evaluation of orbiter attitude and maneuvering thruster sys-tems and guidance navigation system performance, and evalua-tion of orbiter crew compatibility. Columbia was the firsttrue manned spaceship. It was the first manned vehicle to beflown into orbit without benefit of previous unmanned"orbital" testing; the first to launch with wings using solidrocket boosters.

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It is also the first %,nged reentry vehicle to return to aconventional runway landing, weighing more than 99 tons as itwas braked to a stop on the dry lakebed at Edwards Air ForceBase, Calif.

CURRENT ASSIGNMENT: Captain Crippen is spacecraft commander forSTS-7--a planned six-day mission of the orbiter Challenger;and is commander of STS-13, a five-day flight to deploy theLong Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) and capture and repairthe orbiting Solar Maximum satellite.

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NAME: Frederick (Rick) H. Hauck (Captain, USN)

NASA, astronaut, STS-7 Pilot

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE: Born April 11, 1941, in Long Beach, Calif.,

but considers Winchester, Mass., and Washington, D.C., to be

his hometowns. His mother, Mrs. Virginia Hauck, resides in

Winchester, Mass. His father was the late Captain Philip F.

Hauck, USN.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Blond hair; blue eyes; height: 5 ft.,

9 in.; weight: 175 lb.

EDUCATION: Graduated from St. Albans High School in Washington,

D.C., in 1958; received a bachelor of science degree inphysics from Tufts University in 1962 and a master of science

degree in nuclear engineering from Massachusetts Institute of

Technology in 1966.

MARITAL STATUS: Married to the former Dolly Bowman of Washing-

ton, D.C. Her father, Joseph E. Bowman, resides in SilverSpring, Md.

CHILDREN: Whitney Irene, March 6, 1963; Stephen Christopher,Dec. 17, 1964.

NASA EXPERIENCE: Captain Hauck was selected as an astronaut

candidate by NASA in January 1978. In August 1979, he

completed a one-year training and evaluation period making

him eligible for assignment as a pilot on future SpaceShuttle flight crews. He was a member of the support crew

for STS-1, the first shuttle orbiter mission, and was the

reentry capsule communicator (CAPCOM) on the support crew for

STS-2.

CURRENT ASSIGNMENT: Hauck has been selected to serve as pilot

for STS-7--a planned six-day flight in the orbiter

Challenger.

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NAME: John M. Fabian (Colonel, USAF)NASA astronaut, STS-7 Mission Specialist (MS-1)

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE: Born Jan. 28, 1939, in Goosecreek, Texas,but considers Pullman, Wash. to be his hometown. Hisparents, Dr. and Mrs. Felix M. Fabian, Sr., reside inLongview, Texas.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Brown hair; green eyes; height: 6 ft.,1 in.; weight: 175 lb.

EDUCATION: Graduated from Pullman High School, Pullman, Wash.,in 1957; received a bachelor of science degree in mechanicalengineering from Washington State University in 1962; a mas-ter of science in aerospace engineering from the Air ForceInstitute of Technology in 1964; and a doctorate in aeronau-tics and astronautics from the University of Washington in1974.

MARITAL STATUS: Married to the former Donna Kay Buboltz ofSpokane, Wash.; her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Ted Buboltz, areresidents of Seattle.

CHILDREN: Michael K., Aug. 6, 1962; Amy L., Nov. 15, 1965.

NASA EXPERIENCE: Colonel Fabian was selected as an astronautcandidate by NASA in January 1978. In August 1979, he com-pleted a one-year training and evaluation period making himeligible for assignment as a mission specialist on futureSpace Shuttle flight crews.

CURRENT ASSIGNMENT: Colonel Fabian has been selected to serve asa mission specialist for STS-7 -- a planned six-day flight ofthe orbiter Challenger.

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NAME: Sally K. Ride, (PhD)NASA Astronaut, STS-7 Mission Specialist (MS-2)

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE: Born May 26, 1951, in Los Angeles, Calif.,and considers Encino, Calif., to be her hometown. Herparenits, Mr. and Mrs. Dale B. Ride, reside in Encino, Calif.PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Brown hair; blue eyes; height: 5 ft.,5 in.; weight: 115 pounds.

EDUCATION: Graduated from Westlake High School, Los Angeles, in1968; received from Stanford University a bachelor of sciencein physics and bachelor of arts in English in 1973, and mas-ter of science and doctorate degrees in physics in 1975 and1978, respectively.

MARITAL STATUS: Married to Dr. Steven A. Hawley, an astronaut,of Ottawa, Kans. His parents, Dr. and Mrs. Bernard Hawley,reside in Salina, Kans.

NASA EXPERIENCE: Dr. Ride was selected as an astronaut candidateby NASA in January 1978. In August 1979, she completed a one-year training and evaluation period making her eligible forassignment as a mission specialist on future Space Shuttleflight crews. She subsequently performed as an on-orbit cap-sule communicator (CAPCOM) for the STS-2 and STS-3 missions.CURRENT ASSIGNMENT: Dr. Ride has been selected to serve as amission specialist for STS-7 -- a planned six-day flight ofthe orbiter Challenger.

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NAME: Norman E. Thagard (M.D.)NASA Astronaut, STS-7 Mission Specialist (MS-3)

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE: Born July 3, 1943, in Marianna, Fla., butconsiders Jacksonville, Fla., to be his hometown. His father,James E. Thagard, is deceased; his mother, Mrs. Mary F.Nicholson, is a resident of St. Petersburg, Fla.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Brown hair; blue eyes; height: 5 ft.,

9 in.; weight: 159 lb.

EDUCATION: Graduated from Paxon Senior High School, Jackson-ville, Fla., in 1961; attended Florida State University wherehe received bachelor and master of science degrees in engi-neering science in 1965 and 1966, respectively, and subse-quently performed pre-med coursework; received a doctor ofmedicine from the University of Texas Southwestern MedicalSchool in 1977.

MARITAL STATUS: Married to the former Rex Kirby Johnson ofAtlanta, Ga. Her mother, Mrs. Rex Johnson, resides inDallas, Texas.

CHILDREN: Norman Gordon, May 15, 1968; James Robert, Nov. 29,1970; Daniel Cary, Nov. 22, 1979.

NASA EXPERIENCE: Dr. Thagard was selected as an astronaut can-didate by NASA in January 1978. In August 1979, he completeda one-year training and evaluation period, making him eli-gible for assignment as a mission specialist on future SpaceShuttle flight crews.

CURRENT ASSIGNMENT: Dr. Thagard has been designated to serve asa mission specialist for STS-7--a planned six-day flight inthe orbiter Challenger.

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SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

NASA HEADQUARTERS

James M. Beggs Administrator

Dr. Hans Mark Deputy Administrator

Lt. Gen. James A Abrahamson Associate Administrator forSpace Flight

Jesse W. Moore Deputy Associate Administratorfor Space Flight

Neil B. Hutchinson Director, Space ShuttleOperations Office

Chester M. Lee Director, Customer Services

Robert E. Smylie Associate Administrator forSpace Tracking and Data Systems

GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER

Dr. Noel Hinners Director

Gary A. Morse Network Director

J. M. Stevens Network Support Manager

James S. Barrowman Project Manager, GetawaySpecial Program

JOHNSON SPACE CENTER

Gerald D. Griffin Director

Clifford E. Charlesworth Deputy Director

Glynn S. Lunney National Space TransportationSystems Progam Office

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER

Richard G. Smith Director

George F. Page Deputy Director

Thomas E. Utsman Director, Shuttle Managementand Operations

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Thomas S. Walton Director, Cargo Management andOperations

Alfred D. O'Hara Director, Launch and LandingOperations

MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER

Dr. William R. Lucas Director

Robert E. Lindstrom Manager, Shuttle ProjectsOffice

-end-

GPO 899-1 6I

(Index: 20, 29, 37)

251h AnniversaryNational Aeronautics and 1958-1983Space Administration

Washington, D.C. 20546AC 202 755-8370

For ReleaseCharles Redmond IMMEDIATEHeadquarters, Washington, D.C.(Phone: 202/755-3054)

Henry FuhrmannNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.(Phone: 213/354-5011)

Eric WattHeadquarters, Washington, D.C.(Phone: 202/755-8370)

RELEASE NO: 83-88

JPL RESEARCH USED AS BASIS FOR NEW CANCER TREATMENT

Researchers are using a new cancer treatment that combines

conventional chemotherapy with a technique that uses magnetic

particles to physically separate healthy from cancerous cells.

The basic research leading to the new procedure was spon-

sored by the National Institutes of Health and NASA's Office of

Technology Utililization, through its Jet Propulsion Laboratory,

Pasadena, Calif.

An international team of three chemists worked with London

doctors to treat an often fatal cancer called neuroblastoma,

which commonly spreads to the body's bone marrow. To date they

have treated a 23 year-old man and a young Irish boy.

June 2, 1983

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Neuroblastoma is a solid tumor of nerve cells that claims

the lives of half its sufferers, usually young children. The new

technique uses magnetic "immunomicrospheres," or beads, of poly-

styrene plastic to cleanse the bone marrow of the intruding can-

cer cells. In laboratory tests, the researchers have been able

to remove 99.9 percent of tumor cells from marrow samples.

Referring to the treatment given to both patients, JPL's Dr.

Alan Rembaum states, that to his knowledge, "this is the first

time magnetic microspheres, containing a form of iron called mag-

netite, have been used to remove cancer cells from bone marrow

that is returned to the patient." Both patients are reported to

be in good post-operative condition.

The success should give impetus to American scientists to

continue this research on neuroblastoma, diagnostic tests, the

separation and purification of proteins, labeling of cell mem-

branes and the study of mechanisms of drug actions.

Neuroblastoma usually originates in the adrenal glands near

the kidney. It can arise, however, in almost any part of the

body, and then spread from the point of origin. The incidence of

the disease -- 1 in 100,000 children -- makes neuroblastoma the

most common solid childhood tumor that occurs outside the brain.

The other scientists involved in the research are biochemist John

T. Kemshead of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF) in London

and chemist John Ugelstad of the University of Trondheim, Norway.

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The new treatment of neuroblastoma proceeds as follows:

At a London hospital, doctors use a syringe to remove about

10 percent of the patient's bone marrow from the diseased areas.

While the marrow is taken across town to the Imperial Cancer Re-

search Fund for treatment the patient is given chemotherapy or

radiation or both to kill the malignant cells in the marrow that

is left behind. Only a fraction of the marrow can be removed

safely, because the marrow is the foundation of the body's immune

system, responsible for fighting infection.

At the Research Fund the removed bone marrow samples are

mixed with antibodies that attach themselves only to the cancer

cells that may be present. The next stage involves the applica-

tion of tiny polystyrene beads, developed by Dr. Ugelstad, to

cell-separation techniques pioneered by Dr. Rembaum.

Ugelstad's spheres, 3 microns in diameter, are made of poly-

styrene surrounding a small magnetic core of magnetite. They are

coated with a second kind of antibody that will recognize -- and

only attach to -- the original antibodies on the cancer cells.

The microspheres are said to be "smart" because they will stick

only to the cancer cells, and not to healthy ones.

The mixture is passed through a plastic container surrounded

by strong samarium-cobalt magnets. The magnets, which attract the

magnetite in the beads, hold the tumor cells against the sides

while normal bone marrow cells pass through. The bone marrow, at

99.9 percent pure, can then be safely returned to the patient's

body.

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The purified marrow, its basic immunological properties

intact, is able to carry on its immune functions until the bulk

of the bone marrow -- damaged by the chemotherapy used to kill.

the cancer cells -- can regenerate.

Rembaum has investigated the synthesis and properties of

various plastic microspheres for 10 years. He carried out the

basic immunomicrosphere research leading to the separation pro-

cedure largely at JPL. The gw al of Rembaum's basic research was

to produce pure strains of cells for laboratory use. But recog-

nition of broader medical applications led to development of the

current procedure by the European team.

Rembaum spent two months on leave from JPL in 1981, working

with Dr. Kemshead at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund to refine

the surgical application before the medical treatment process

began.

-end-

(Index: 22)

25th Anniversary

National Aeronautics and 1958-1983Space Administration

Washington, D.C. 20546AC 202 755-8370 - O Y<

For Release:

David GarrettNASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. IMMEDIATE(Phone: 202/755-3090)

David HessMetropolitan Washington AirportsFAA/DOT(Phone: 703/557-1155)

RELEASE NO: 83-89

ORBITER ENTERPRISE TO BE DISPLAYED IN WASHINGTON

The Space Shuttle Orbiter Enterprise, returning from a

triumphant international tour, will make a stop in the nation's

capital on June 12. The Enterprise will arrive aboard its 747

carrier aircraft at Dulles International Airport mid-morning on

June 12 and will be displayed until dusk.

Prior to the Dulles landing, the mated aircraft and space-

craft will fly over the Washington metropolitan area.

By the time it stops in Washington, D.C., the Enterprise

will have been viewed by crowds in Bonn/Cologne, Paris, Rome,

London and Ottawa.

June 1, 1983

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The Enterprise will leave Washington early on June 13 on thefinal leg of its return trip to Edwards Air Force Base, Calif.It will make a refueling stop at Shepard Air Force Base, WicnitaFalls, Texas.

The next assignment for the Enterprise will be to assist theAir Force in fit checks of its mobile transporter and launch padfacilities at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. Vanden-berg will be the site of future Shuttle polar orbit flightlaunches.

Details of the Washington Enterprise display are still beingworked out. Further information will be available next week.

-end-

(Index: 37)

25th AnniversaryNational Aeronautics and '95-1983Space Administration

W/ashington. D.C. 20546AC 202 755-8370

For Release:Charles RedmondHeadquarters, Washington, D.C. IMMEDIATE(Phone: 202/755-3054)

David GarrettHeadquarters, Washington, D.C.(Phone: 202/755-3090)

Steve NesbittJohnson Space Center, Houston, Texas(Phone: 713/483-5111)

RELEASE NO: 83-90

HAM RADIO TO FLY ON STS-9

When Spacelab, an international scientific research

facility, orbits the earth this fall on its first mission aboard

STS-9, there will be more than one communications network in

touch with its crew.

Dr. Owen Garriott, a NASA mission specialist astronaut and

amateur radio operator, will use a hand-held radio during part of

his off-duty time to communicate with some of the thousands of

"ham" radio operators around the world. Garriott's call sign is

W5LFL.

June 3, 1983

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'argina' proposals to place an emateur radio transueiver

aboard an orbiting U.S. spacecraft surfaced when ?4ASA wa.s aboutts launeh Skylab in the early 1970s. 14ASA rejectcad the pian,then dabbed SKYLARC (for Skylab Armateur Radio Communicati}onsbecause it c'Ump too late in the d.vYopmenL of the proiam.

Space Shg`ttle flights presented unother opportunity. TheAmerican Radio Relay League (ARRL) and the Amateur Radio Sat e]-lite Corp. (AMSAI) jointly requested that NASA 3upply a sroall

transceiver to b-. carried by Garriott, a ham operator since hi;teens .

NASA accepted the proposal with the stiptlation that theplan would not interfere with mission activities and that safetyrequirements werA met.

Crew members aboard the Spdcelab 1 flight will work on a 12-hour-on, 12-hour-o'f schedule. Use of the transceiver will belimited to one hour a day.

All "ham" radio operations for STS-9 will be in the two-meter band. Transmissions will be in the range 145.51 MHz to45.770 MHz FM. Reception will be in the range 144.910 to 145.470MHz FM. Twenty kilohertz steps will be used to both transmit andreceive.

The radio will be operated from the aft flight deck of theSpace Shuttle orbiter Columbia, which is carrying the Spacelab inits cargo bay.

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The transceiver itself will be a battery-powered unit cap-

able of five watts of output. The printed-circuit antenna will

be placed in the upper crew compartment window on the aft flight

deck.

Garriott will wear the standard in-flight headset when

operating the radio.

Most of the earth's land mass will be within line-of-sight

transmission of the spacecraft during a typical day. The Space-

lab 1 mission will have an orbital inclination of 57 degrees.

The times when Garriott will communicate with "ham" operators

will be announced later.

"Amateur radio is a valuable national, even international,

asset and it is certainly appropriat3 that Spacelab be used to

demonstrate this capability," said Garriott, who will operate

Spacelab 1 systems and conduct many of its experiments during the

mission. "I look forward with great enthusiasm to brief conver-

sations with as many of my fellow hams around the world as our

work schedule will permit."

- end -

(Index: 37)

25th Anniversary

National Aeronautics and 1958-1983

Space Administration

Washington. D.C. 20546AC 202 755-8370

For Release:Charles RedmondHeadquarters, Washington, D.C. IMMEDIATE

(Phone: 202/755-3054)

Peter WallerAmes Research Center, Mountain View, Calif.

(Phone: 415/965-5091)

John GustafsonAmes Research Center, Mountain View, Calif.(Phone: 415/965-5091)

RELEASE NO: 83-91

PIONEER 10 SPACECRAFT DEPARTS SOLAR SYSTEM

The first departure of a spacecraft from the solar system

will occur on Monday, June 13 at approximately 5:00 a.m. PDT.

At that time, the Pioneer 10 spacecraft will cross the orbit

of Neptune and be farther from the sun than all of the known

planets.

Pioneer's final step across Neptune's orbit happens at a

distance of 2.81 billion miles from the sun. Neptune is cur-

rently the outermost planet. Pluto will be nearer to the sun

than Neptune for the next 17 years because part of its elongated

oval orbit lies inside Neptune's orbit.

It was the first spacecraft to cross the asteroid belt, fly

by Jupiter, chart Jupiter's intense radiation belts, measure the

mass and density of its four: planet-sized moons, and find that

Jupiter is a liquid planet. It now becomes the first craft to

depart from the solar system.

Scientists calculate that Pioneer will travel among the

stars virtually forever because the vacuum of interstellar space

is so empty and, hence, non-damaging to spacecraft. Pioneer

should even outlast the solar system itself when, about five

billion years from now, the sun becomes a red giant and engulfs

the earth.

June 7, 1983

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"It's exciting to think about the spacecraft," saysCatherine McGhan, mission operations manager. "Every time a DeepSpace Network receiver locks onto Pioneer, it's like an athletesetting a record."

Pioneer continues to gather and relay detailed scientificinformation from the previously unexplored outer reaches of thesolar system. Virtually all systems are performing flawlesslyafter more than 11 years in space.

"Tracking Pioneer for so long lets us measure the sun's fullrange of phenomena, something we'll never do for similar starseven with the best telescopes," says project scientist PalmerDyal.

Perhaps the most important finding about the outer solarsystem is that the sun's atmosphere, the heliosphere, does notend at the orbit of Jupiter as previously believed. Pioneer isnow six times that distance and has not yet detected the boundaryof the solar atmosphere or any lessening of the sun's influence.Scientist's now believe that this boundary may be twice Pioneer'spresent distance.

A tenth planet or, more likely, a dark star at the outerfringes of the solar system may well be located by measuringchanges in Pioneer's flight path. Such an object has long beensuggested by unexplained irregularities in the orbits of Uranusand Neptune.

Tracking Pioneer to its great distance also gives scien-tist's a unique opportunity for detecting "gravity waves," a formof radiation predicted by Einstein's Theory of Relativity.

In theory, huge events such as collisions between galaxiesor two massive black holes would "rattle" the entire universe,and such waves may be detectable in the extremely long wave-lengths (one to three billion miles) that Pioneer can measure.

Scientists have been expecting that as Pioneer nears thelimit of the sun's influence it should detect increasing numbersof cosmic rays. But even at almost three billion miles, the mag-netic field of the heliosphere still shelters the solar systemfrom all but the fastest-moving cosmic ray particles.

Because Pioneer will last in interstellar space for billionsof years, it is being used much as a castaway uses a bottle tocarry a message across the seas.

Pioneer carries an easily-interpreted message in the rareevent that it encounters any beings on its journey. Engraved ona gold-anodized aluminum plaque, the message features a drawingof a man and woman, a diagram of the solar sys.tem, and a maplocating the solar system with reference to some galactic "light-houses" (pulsars).

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Pioneer crosses Neptune's orbit at 2,813,685,909 miles fromthe sun and departs at 30,558 miles per hour to travel among thestars in the sun's neighborhood of the Milky Way. It joins thosestars in orbit around the center of the galaxy.

Pioneer's first encounter with a star happens 10,507 yearsfrom now when it passes Barnard's Star at a distance of 3.8 lightyears. Barnard's Star, a cool, small red star, changes its posi-tion in the sky faster than any other star.

The spacecraft's nearest encounter will be with a star namedRoss 248, a red dwarf "flare" star. Ross 248 gives off flaressimilar to solar flares only much more powerful. Pioneer passesRoss 248 at 3.2 light years more than 32,000 years from now.

Also among the scores of stars Pioneer will pass in the next800,000 years is Altair, a star hotter and bigger than the sunand nearly nine times as bright.

Pioneer's primary mission was an encounter with Jupiter inDecember 1973, 21 months after its launch in March 1972. Now,nearly a decade later, the craft is on an "extended" missionlooking for a tenth planet and gravity waves, charting galacticcosmic rays, and making a range of findings about theheliosphere.

The heliosphere is created and maintained by the solar wind,a million-mile-an-hour flow of charged atomic particles "boiling"off the sun's surface.

Pioneer is seeking the heliopause, the boundary where thesolar wind "dies" as it hits the interstellar gas. Scientistsbelieve that at this boundary the solar wind piles up and isheated in a shock front.

The leading edge of the heliosphere is thought to be bluntedand the trailing edge stretched out as the solar system moves at66,000 mph through the interstellar gas. Because Pioneer 10 isthought to be traveling down the extended "tail" of the helio-sphere, opposite the direction of the sun's motion, it may notreach the heliopause while it still has electrical power.

Project manager Richard Fimmel expects that NASA will beable to track Pioneer until the craft's radioisotopic generatorsgive out around 1994. The craft would then be some five billionmiles from the sun.

Even now, though, Pioneer's sun sensor is almost insensitiveto the sun's fading image. To get information for determiningPioneer's orientation, controllers are reprogramming the imagingphotopolarimeter, which returned pictures during Pioneer's pas-sage by Jupiter. The imaging photopolarimeter, or camera, willdetect star images and take over the sun sensor's duty.

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"The science instruments need to know the craft's orienta-tion," says Alan Fernquist, assistant flight director forPioneer. Without that information they can, for example, onlytell how strong the solar wind is, but not which way it blows.

Once Pioneer enters interstellar space it will last essen-tially forever. The most damage Pioneer suffers is due to thesolar wind and micrometeoroid impacts.

The solar wind wears away a tenth of a centimeter of themoon's unprotected surface in 10 billion years. Micrometeoroidimpacts would remove a full centimeter in this same time.

Pioneer will experience these slow erosive processes forless than 100 years, so their total damage will only be slight.

In interstellar space only cosmic rays disturb the craft.But they either pass completely through the craft or only tem-porarily disturb the electrons in the metal of the spacecraft.cosmic rays have almost no net effect on Pioneer 10.

Pioneer's departure from the solar system will be honored byceremonies at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, Calif., atTRW in Redondo Beach, Calif., and at the Smithsonian Institutionin Washington, D.C.

Pioneer is managed by NASA's Ames Research Center. Ames isthe site of the Pioneer Operations Control Center which controlsand communicates with the spacecraft.

TRW Space and Communications Group built both Pioneers 10and 11.

(END OF GENERAL RELEASE; BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOLLOWS.)

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PIONEER 10 BACKGROUND

To editors: Pioneer 10 will be beyond all the known planetson June 13, 1983 at 5 a.m., PDT, the first such flight in humanhistory.

Pioneer has a large number of accomplishments to its credit.

Descriptions of times, distances, performance, and othercircumstances of the spacecraft and its operating system also arestriking, and are listed here.

Pioneer is operated and managed by NASA's Ames ResearchCenter, Mountain View, Calif. The spacecraft was built by TRWSpace and Communications Group, Redondo Beach, Calif. Trackingand data return is by NASA's Deep Space Network.

Features of Pioneer 10's Journey:

1) Pioneer will pass beyond the outermost planet at a speedof 30,558 mph. This is more than five million miles a week, morethan 267 million miles a year.

2) Pioneer carries the longest-distance letter ever sent --a plaque designed by Carl Sagan, showing a man and a woman, loca-tion of the solar system and other information. This "letter" tobeings who might find the spacecraft has so far traveled 3.5 bil-lion miles.

3) NASA hopes to track Pioneer 10 with the Deep Space Net-work (DSN) radio receivers for another 10 years, out beyond 5billion miles, 2.2 billion miles beyond the spacecraft's presentdistance.

4) Round-trip "light time" for Pioneer's 2.8 billion milecommunications is now 8 hours and 40 minutes. This means thatcommands sent when controllers get to work are answered byPioneer at quitting time.

5) Pioneer sends its information with an 8-watt radio trans-mitter, which has a power equivalent to that of a Christmas treelight. When it is received by the 210-foot-diameter radio an-tennas of the DSN, the original 8-watt signal has weakened to onebillion-trillionths of a watt (.000,000,000,000,000,000,001watt).

6) If the signal from the spacecraft could be collected andstored with one of the DSN radio dishes for 67 million years, thetotal energy collected would not be enough to power an 8-wattlight bulb for even one-thousandth of a second. That such a tinysignal is detectable at all is a tribute to the tremendous in-creases in receiver sensitivity achieved by the Deep Space Net-work since the spacecraft's launch in 1972.

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7) Pioneer uses a 9-foot, parabolic radio dish to focus theradio signal into a narrow, degree-and-a-half-wide, conical beam.Despite such a "tight" beam, by the time the signal has coveredthe 2.8 billion miles to earth, it has spread over an area morethan 11 million miles across.

8) Because the orbit of Pluto, normally the outermostplanet, is such a stretched-out oval, Pluto will be inside Nep-tune's orbit for the next 17 years. It will be close to Nep-tune's orbit for the next 50 years. By 2050, Pluto will be faroutside Neptune's orbit, as well as high above the plane of theother planets. Pluto and its newly-discovered moon Charon, take250 years to complete a trip around the sun.

9) Pioneer's basic mission was for a 21-month trip toJupiter. However, by now the rugged spacecraft has lasted 11years, and may well last another 10 years.

10) Because sunlight beyond Mars is too weak to power solarcells, the spacecraft uses a radioisotope power supply, which maywell run it for 21 years.

11) Currently, pioneer is exploring the outer solar atmos-phere, the heliosphere.

12) It is also looking for a tenth planet or dark star, andfor evidence of universe-shaking collisions, in the form ofgravity waves. These would have wave-lengths of 1 to 3 billionmiles.

13) At the long-lived spacecraft's current distance (2.8billion miles), the earth would be seen as a pin point of light,never more than 2.2 degrees away from a sun still intenselybright (20 times brighter than the moon appears to earth), but nolarger than a pin head.

14) Over the next 850,000 years, Pioneer's closest approachto any star system probably will be to the star, Ross 248. Thiswill take place 32,610 years from now, with passage at 3.27 lightyears from the star (a big distance). Star trajectories are notwell-known, and beyond 850,000 years, closer approaches may welloccur. At typical star-separation distances, Pioneer might ex-pect a relatively close approach to a star system on an averageof once every million years.

15) Since launch in 1972, pioneer 10 has operated almostwithout flaw. By June 13, 1983, Pioneer 10 will have traveled3.59 billion miles on its flight path, will have received morethan 98,900 commands from earth, and transmitted more than 126billion bits of scientific data.

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Firsts for Pioneer 10:

1) First flight beyond Mars.

2) First trip to Jupiter.

3) First crossing of the asteroid belt and discovery that itpresents little hazard to spacecraft.

4) First passage through Jupiter's tremendously powerfulradiation belts (five to 10 thousand times as intense as earth's,with millions of times the energy).

4) First closeup pictures of Jupiter's Great Red Spot andbelts and zones showing details of atmosphere circulation.

6) First crossings of the orbits of Uranus, Pluto, andNeptune.

Discoveries by Pioneer 10:

1) Pioneer 10 has found that the heliosphere (the sun'satmosphere) extends much farther than previously thought. Pre-viously, the heliosphere's boundary, or "heliopause," was be-lieved to lie just beyond Jupiter. But Pioneer 10 is six timesthat far out and has yet to encounter the boundary.

2) Discovery that Jupiter is a liquid planet.

3) First model of Jupiter's huge, pulsating, magnetosphere(a million times the volume of earth's).

4) First description of jupiter's magnetic field.

5) First accurate measurements of mass and densities ofJupiter's planet-sized moons, key to the planet's formationhistory.

6) Proof of origin of the gegenschein and zodiacal light(reflections of interplanetary dust near the sun and innerplanets).

7) The heliosphere (the magnetic bubble formed by the solarwind, containing the solar system) appears to "breathe" in andout once every 11-year solar cycle.

8) The shock waves of the enormous storms on the sun seem topersist in the heliosphere for as long as a year, probably chang-ing the heliosphere bubble's shape, as if it were a huge pulsat-ing jelly fish.

9) The solar wind was expected to slow with distance fromthe sun, but this has not happened. Almost no motion energy hasbeen lost as heat.

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10) As the solar wind thins out going away from the sun,scientists expected to find many more cosmic ray particles pene-trating the protective solar atmosphere. This has not happennedso far.

11) The primary source of turbulence in the outer helio-sphere is storms on the sun, not solar wind collisions, as in theinner solar system.

12) Near solar maximimum, cosmic ray particles incoming fromthe galaxy in all velocity ranges (even near light speed) becomehalf as numerous or are shut out completely from the heliosphere.

13) For unexplained reasons, high velocity streams of elec-trons from Jupiter moving through the heliosphere don't wobble asexpected from the planet's axial tilt.

14) The heliosphere is bisected by a 'flapping' currentsheet, aligned with the sun's equator, and believed to extend tothe interstellar boundary.

15) As solar storm activity builds up, the heliosphere isbelieved to deform into a more oval shape lined up with the sun'sequator, from its rounder shape at solar minimum. It also mayexpand in size.

-end-

(Index: 28. 36)

P Nes 225th Anniversary

National Aeronautics and 1958-1983

Space Administration

Washington. D.C. 20546AC 202 755-8370 -^ V ;V ' ' [ ) .A

For Release

David GarrettHeadquarters, Washington, D.C. IMMEDIATE

(Phone: 202/755-3090)

Sarah KeeganHeadquarters, Washington, D.C.(Phone: 202/755-8370)

RELEASE NO: 83-92

FINALISTS CHOSEN IN THIRD SHUTTLE STUDENT INVOLVEMENT PROJECT

Ten finalists have been selected in the third national

Shuttle Student Involvement Project (SSIP), a joint venture of

NASA and the National Science Teachers Association.

The objective of the project is to stimulate the study of

science and engineering in grades 9 through 12 through a competi-

tion to develop experiments suitable for flight aboard the Space

Shuttle. To date, six student experiments have been flown on the

Shuttle.

Finalists were chosen from 200 semifinal entriet based on

individual scientific or engineering merit for potential assign-

ment on future Space Shuttle flights.

June 9, 1983

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NASA will pair each student with a corporate sponsor and a

NASA scientist or engineer to work with the student to determine

the feasibility of developing the proposal into an actual experi-

ment for flight.

For those proposals determined to be feasible, a tentative

development schedule will be established. For those proposals

determined not to be feasible, NASA will attempt to assign the

student to work with a principal investigator as part of an

existing research team on a project in the student's field of

interest.

Interdisciplinary teams of teachers, scientists and engi-

neers reviewed almost 3,000 proposals submitted to 10 regional

offices and selected semifinalists. Regional conferences for the

semifinalists were held this spring at various NASA field centers.

Semifinalists' proposals were then judged by a national team

which selected the finalists. Panelists on the judging team in-

cluded high school science teachers, university professors of

science and engineering, and representatives of NASA and U.S.

aerospace corporations.

The 10 national winners and their teacher-advisors will

attend a National SSIP Awards Conference in late July at NASA

Headquarters in Washington, D.C.

At the conference the participants will present their papers

to NASA officials and the press, tour the National Air and Space

Museum and attend a reception at the Museum.

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Although all winning proposals were submitted separately, in

several cases, similar proposals were declared as winners. In the

experiment preparation phase of the project, it may prove advan-

tageous for these students to work as collaborators or at least

cooperate on the collection and evaluation of data.

Most student experiments will be placed in storage lockers in

the mid-deck section of the Shuttle orbiter. The mid-deck place-

ment will allow easy astronaut access to the student experiments.

As much as one hour of an astronaut's time during the flight may

be allocated to work on the project.

Assisted by a sponsor and/or a NASA convultant, the student

will analyze the data returned from the experiment and prepare a

final report. All scientific data from the student experiments

will be in the public domain and made available from the National

Space Science Data Center at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center,

Greenbelt, Md.

A fourth Shuttle Student Involvement Project will open in

September with regional conferences to be held in spring 1984 and

student winners selected in May 1984. Information on entry proce-

dures can be obtained by writing to the National Science Teachers

Association, 1742 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009.

(SEE ATTACHED LIST FOR WINNERS' NAMES AND EXPERIMENTS.)

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The 10 student winners and experiments selected for poten-tial flight on future Space Shuttles are:ELIZABETH A. CAMPBELL, 7917 Rosewood, Prairie Village, Kans.66208; Shawnee Mission East High School, Shawnee Mission, Kans.;Rick Gould, teacher-adviser; "Immunological Reactions in Zero-Gravity."

The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the degreeto which immunological reactions are influenced by gravity. Theattachment of red blood cells to specific antibodies in a closedsystem will be compared for zero gravity and gravity-influencedenvironments.

CONSTANTINE N. COSTES, 4216 Huntington Road, Huntsville,Ala. 35802; Randolph School, Huntsville; Edgar D. Mason, teacher-advisor; "Zero-Gravity Capillary Rise of Liquid Through GranularPorous Media."

The behavior of a wetting liquid through densely packedassemblies of equal-sized glass spheres, with smooth and chemi-cally clean surfaces, will be studied through flow measurements/observations, photographic documentation and examination of spe-cimens returned to earth.

ANDREW I. FRAS, 33 Avon Road, Binghamton, N.Y. 13905;Binghamton High School, Binghamton; Howard B. Fisher, teacher-advisor; "The Effects of Weightlessness on the Aging of BrainCells."

This experiment, using matched houseflies, is expected toshow accelerated aging in the flies' brain cells based on anincreased accumulation of age pigment in, and deterioration of,the neurons.

DANIEL J. HEBERT, 2924 Peachtree Lane, Appleton, Wisc.54911; Appleton High School West, Appleton; David W. McKay,teacher-advisor; "A Study of Paper Fiber Formation in MicroGravity."

This experiment involves a drainage study of paper fiberformation in microgravity and a comparison to formation underearth conditions. In space, water will be drained throughscreens, leaving fiber mats, as various polymers control thefloccing.

DANIEL B. SAAL, 110 Terrace Avenue, West Orange, N.J. 07052;Yeshiva University High School for Boys, New York City; Albert S.Tarendash, teacher-advisor; "Effects of Conditions in Outer Spaceon Hemoglobin."

This experiment will perform spectrophotometric studies ofhemoglobin's 02 binding in space and on earth to obtain informa-tion on the functions of hemoglobin and related allosteric pro-teins in space.

-more-

RACHEL M. SAFMAN, 19104 North Pike Creek, Gaithersburg, Md.20879; Montgomery Village Junior High School, Gaithersburg;Edward I. Johnson, teacher-advisor; "Argon Injection in Galliumas an Alternative to Honeycombing."

This experiment will investigate the feasibility of produc-ing a high stiffness-to-density-ratio, low-weight casting with aninternal framework by injecting argon gas bubbles at specificintervals into molten metal.

ALEXANDER H. SWIRNOFF, 69-55 Cloverdale Blvd., Bayside, N.Y.11364; The Bronx High School, Bronx, N.Y.; Madeline Schmuckler,teacher-advisor; "An in Vitro Study of Bone Decalcification inWeightlessness, and the Effects of Calcitonin, DichloromethaneDiphosphonic Acid, Fluoride, and Axial Pressure on the Rate ofDecalcification."

This experiment will utilize a radioactive tracer to measurecalcium loss from chicken tibiae in culture in weightlessness,under various other conditions.

MICHAEL THADDEUS, 606 W. 116th Street, New York, N.Y. 10027;Hunter College High School, New York City; Lester A. Rubenstein,teacher-advisor; "Effects of Zero- and Microgravity on the GreyCrescent in Polyspermic, Monospermic, and ParthenogeneticallyActivated Amphibian Embryos."

This experiment will obse:rve the grey crescent and its loca-tion relative to other dorsal structures in both fertilized andparthenogenetically stimulated amphibian eggs in zero gravity toobtain information on the crescent's origin and function.

JOHN C. VELLINGER, 922 Rochester Street, Lafayette, Ind.47905; Jefferson High School, Lafayette; Stanley W. Poelstra,teacher-advisor; "Chicken Embryo Development in Space."

This experiment will utilize white Leghorn chicken eggs tostudy the effects of weightlessness and space radiation on embryodevelopment.

LORI H. WOODWARD, 420 Lincoln, Brush, Colo. 80723; BrushHigh School, Brush; Linda J. Preston, teacher-advisor; "ThinLayer Metallic Crystal Formations With Respect to Direct Currentand Ultrasonics."

This experiment will perform photographic analysis througha microscope of the effect of ultrasonics on various saturatedchemical solutions in cells connected to a 6V power source.

-end-

(Index: 26, 37)

25th AnniversaryNational Aeronautics and -193Space Administration

Washington. DC 20546AC 202 755-8370

P1-1I11111For Release.

Dave GarrettHeadquarters, Washington, D.C. IMMEDIATE(Phone: 202/755-3090)

Mary G. FitzpatrickSarah Keegan FI! rF'Headquarters, Washington, D.C. Em <

(Phone: 202/755-8370) 0 t

RELEASE NO. 83-93

ENTERPRISE TO FLY OVER D.C. METROPOLITAN AREA, LAND AT DULLES

The Space Shuttle Orbiter Enterprise, on its 747 carrier

aircraft, will make a low level aerial circuit of the Washingtcn,

D. C. metropolitan area and Baltimore Sunday morning, June 12,

before it lands and is displayed at Dulles Airport from 10:30

a.m. until 8:00 p.m. EDT. It is returning from a tour of Europe.

The Enterprise will be flown at an altitude of about 2,000

feet and is scheduled to circle Baltimore about 9:30 a.m. It

will arrive in the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area about 10

a.m., proceed north up the Potomac River, then circle the entire

Beltway route (Route 495) counterclockwise, then back over the

Potomac in a northwest direction to the Dulles access road before

landing at the airport at 10:30 a.m.

June 8, 1983

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As it approaches Dulles, it will drop down and circle the

airport before landing. Brief welcoming ceremonies will be held

on the tarmac and then the crew of the 747 carrier aircraft will

meet the press inside Dulles.

The orbiter and its carrier aircraft will not be open for

viewing. Airport and local law officials are expecting large

crowds at the airport and are advising early arrival at Dulles.

There will be a public viewing area and special parking will be

available on a runway, but it will be at some distance from the

viewing area and long walks must be anticipated for some viewers.

Normal traffic patterns to the airport are being adjusted to

handle the crowds most efficiently. The general public may reach

the airport via the Dulles access road. Police will direct cars

to the special parking areas and exit routes. There will be no

special treatment for any vehicles and motorists are advised to

have a full tank of gas in their vehicles in case of traffic

delays.

Persons taking flights out of Dulles that morning are

advised to allow sufficient time to reach the terminal.

The Shuttle and its 747 carrier aircraft are subject to

stringent weather restrictions and there is a possibility that

modifications may have to be made to the schedule.

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Hundreds of thousands viewed the Enterprise at each of its

stops here and abroad as it was en route to the Paris Air Show

where it was on exhibition, highlighting international partici-

pation in the Space Shuttle program. The Paris Air Show ran from

May 24 through June 5.

The orbiter's European exhibitions began May 21 through 23

when it was on display at Bonn/Cologne, Federal Republic of

Germany. It arrived at Le Bourget Airport near Paris, for the

air show on May 24 and during an off day of the show was flown

to and from Rome for a state visit on June 1.

On its way back to the United States, Enterprise was on dis-

play at Stansted Airport near London on June 5 and 6; stopped at

Keflavik Naval Air Station, Iceland on June 7; refueled at Goose

Bay, Labrador, Canada on June 8; and was displayed in Ottawa,

Canada, on June 9. Its final stop before Washington was Scott

AFB, Belleville, Ill., where it was on display June 11.

The Enterprise began its tour on May 16 when it left Edwards

Air Force Base, Calif. It arrived at Peterson AFB, Colorado

Springs, that afternoon and was on display there May 17. On May

18, it made a refueling stop at McConnel AFB, Wichita, Kan., and

then went to Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio, for another re-

fueling and overnight stop. It also stopped in Goose Bay,

Keflavik and Fairford Royal AFB, England, on its way to Bonn/

Cologne.

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The Enterprise will lenve Washi ngton on June 13 on the final

leg of its return trip to Edwards Air Force Base, Calif.

The next nssignment for the Enterprise will be to assist the

Air Force in fit cheeks of its mobile transporter and launch pad

facilities at Vandenberg AF13 in Cal ifornia. Vandenberg will be

thie site of future Shutttle polar orbit flight Iaunches.

- end -

Note to Editors: A press necreditation area will open at

6 a.m. Sunday morning near Gate l in the departure area of the

airport. Press credentials will be required for those covering

the event to be accredited and admitted to restricted press

areas. Free lance writers and photographers must have letters

of assignment from recognized media.

251h AnniversaryNational Aeronautics and 1958-1983Space Administration

Washington. D.C. 20546AC 202 755-8370

For Release:

Charles RedmondHeadquarters, Washington, D.C. IMMEDIATE(Phone: 202/755-3055)

David DrachlisMarshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.(Phone: 205/453-0034)

RELEASE NO: 83-94

SPACELAB 3 PAYLOAD SPECIALISTS SELECTED FOR TRAINING

Four scientists were named by NASA today to train as payload

specialists for Spacelab 3, the first operational mission of

Spacelab, a versatile, reusable, international research facility

carried in the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle orbiter.

Those named are: Dr. Eugene H. Trinh and Dr. Taylor G.

Wang, both of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.;

Dr. Mary Helen Johnston, of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center,

Huntsville, Ala.; and Dr. Lodewijk van den Berg, of EG & G, Inc.,

Goleta, Calif.

Prior to the seven-day mission, which is scheduled for launch

in September 1984, two of the four candidates will be selected to

fly aboard the space laboratory to conduct experiments.

June 8, 1983

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The other two payload specialists will serve as flight alter-

nates and as members of the mission management and science team

responsible for controlling and directing experiment operations

from the ground.

The position of payload specialist is new to the space pro-

gram. Payload specialists will be employed for the first time on

the Spacelab 1 mission now scheduled for September. These special-

ists are not career astronauts and are not required to know how to

pilot the Shuttle or operate its systems. They are, instead,

career scientists and engineers -- men and women identified, eval-

uated and selected by their peers to fly into space on a particu-

lar mission and devote themselves to conducting experiments.

"The Spacelab 3 payload specialists were selected by the

Investigator Working Group, consisting of the principal investi-

gators (scientists) responsible for each of the experiments on the

mission," explained Dr. George H. Fichtl, Spacelab 3 mission sci-

entist at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. As

mission scientist, Fichtl also serves as chairman of the working

group.

"There are two areas of research to be examined on Spacelab 3

that require the presence of crewmembers with specialized back-

grounds," said Fichtl. "The investigator group selected Trinh and

Wang for their expertise in liquid drop dynamics and Johnston and

van den Berg for their expertise in materials science. One pay-

load specialist from each of these two disciplines will be

selected to fly."

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While mission emphasis is on materials processing, other

major Spacelab 3 experiments have been selected from the fields

of life sciences, earth observations, space technology and astro-

physics. Of the 13 scheduled experiments, 11 are from the United

States while India and France will have one each. For Mission 3

the laboratory will consist of a pressurized module, in which the

scientists will work, and a special support structure which will

carry equipment requiring direct exposure to space.

Unlike the free-flying Skylab laboratory of the mid 1970s,

Spacelab remains in the Shuttle cargo bay throughout its mission,

transforming the Space Shuttle into an orbital research facility.

Spacelab was developed for NASA by the European Space Agency, a

consortium of 11 European nations.

NASA's Office of Space Science and Applications has overall

responsibility for all NASA Spacelab missions. The Marshall

Space Flight Center is the NASA center responsible for managing

the first three dedicated Spacelab flights and other Spacelab-

related missions.

-end-

(Index: 20, 26, 37, 39)