for rural space: a scenario-based approach for readdressing planning practice
TRANSCRIPT
Luca Lazzarini
PhD Student in Urban and Regional DevelopmentDIST/Politecnico di Torino
CCRI Seminar SeriesMarch 16, 2017
FOR (RURAL) SPACEA scenario-based approach for readdressing planning practice
2
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION
1. Theoretical background
2. Cooperation and rural development in Aso Valley
3. Rural marginality and planning innovation in Bologna fringe areas
4. Conclusions: «What if...?»
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Change in the nature of spatial governance (Lovering, 2007; Haughton et al., 2013)
Relational understanding of space in planning (Allmendinger et al., 2015)
Space as socially produced and experienced entity (Massey, 2005)
BACKGROUND OUTLINE
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« Conceptualizing space as open , multiple and relational, unfinished and always becoming, is a prerequisite for history to be open and thus a prerequisite, too, for the possibility of politics » (Massey, 2005: 59)
« Space is the sphere of multiplicity, the product of social relations, and those relations are real material practices, always ongoing. Space can never be closed, there will always be loose ends, always relations with the beyond, always potential elements of chance » (Massey, 2005: 95)
Massey, D. (2005), For Space, Los Angeles: Sage
Doreen Massey (1944-2016)
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«Building scenarios means to construct one or more hypothetical orders amongst the different phenomena investing the city, its economy and society» Secchi, B. (2000), Prima Lezione di Urbanistica, Bari: Laterza
Bernardo Secchi (1934-2014)
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COOPERATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ASO VALLEY
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8
9
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Progetto di Cooperazione Interterritoriale “Valdaso ‐ Un nuovo modello di governance per un territorio rurale di qualità” Regione Marche – Programma di Sviluppo Rurale 2007/2013 ‐ Asse Leader ‐ Misura 4.2.1 Pag. 14 di 48
Tab. 9
Nella zona picena della Valdaso, il 6% della popolazione gestisce il 16% delle aziende e occupa il 25% della SAU della Provincia di Ascoli. I Comuni di Montalto delle Marche, Montemonaco e Force, che ricadono in aree alto‐collinari e montane, sono i territori a maggiore estensione di SAU.
Tab. 10
I titolari delle aziende agricole nella Valdaso (Tab. 10) hanno in maggioranza 65 anni o più anni (ISTAT 2010), con un progressivo insenilimento del settore che genera difficoltà nei processi di modernizzazione dell'attività. Questa realtà è accentuata nei comuni montani e medio collinari, come è il caso del comune di Montefiore dell'Aso, con il 53% di titolari di azienda con più di 65 anni. A livello comparativo, le province di Ascoli Piceno e Fermo hanno una minore incidenza di titolari di azienda anziani, rispetto alla media dei comuni della Valdaso.
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12
13
INSTITUTIONAL FRAGMENTATION
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SPATIAL RESTRUCTURING PROCESSES
Long-lasting processes of policy downscaling (Bracci, 2016)
Gap between «territorial and institutional facts» (Calafati, 2010)
Restructuring of the Provincial bodies brought by 2014 Delrio Law (Ciapetti, 2014)
These overlapping and interacting processes have fostered the cooperation between local institutional (and non-institutional) actors to adapt to the changing economic and social conditions.
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PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH
Analyzing contents, aims of the forms of cooperation and the local actors involved;
Demonstrating that soft space proliferation in Aso Valley has carried out a reconstruction of order of the fragmented institutional panorama;
Proving that soft cooperation was more effective than the hard cooperation in affirming a strategic orientation to development.
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INSTITUTIONAL SPACES AND FORMS OF COOPERATION IN ASO VALLEY
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ACTORS INVOLVED IN THE SPACES OF COOPERATION
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ACTORS INVOLVED IN THE SPACES OF COOPERATION
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VALDASO AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENT
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VALDASO AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENT
The originally bottom-up dimension of the agreement;
The positive contribution in shaping local governance processes;
The integration of agricultural and environmental policies (Coderoni, 2011).
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VALDASO AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENT
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POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION OF SOFT SPACES TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT
The horizontal and vertical interaction;
The mixed and balanced public/private partnership;
The availability/contribution of technical expertise.
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CURRENT LIMITS
Limited production of territorial impacts for scarce funding availability;
Often puzzling coordination/encounters among a variety of actors;
Scarce influence on large-scale planning policy processes and on land-use patterns.
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Limited production of territorial impacts for scarce funding availability;
Often puzzling coordination/encounters among a variety of actors;
Scarce influence on large-scale planning policy processes and on land-use patterns.
CURRENT LIMITS
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Absence of a large-scale planning policy for valley territory
Dispersion of urban developments throughout the valley floor
NEXT STEPS: SCENARIO-MAKING APPROACH
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Absence of a large-scale planning policy for valley territory
Dispersion of urban developments throughout the valley floor
Esploring the possibility to develop a large scale planning policy
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT: SCENARIO-MAKING APPROACH
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FOCUS GROUP among local actors involved in planning making processes
NEXT STEPS: FOCUS GROUP
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RURAL MARGINALITY AND PLANNING INNOVATIONIN BOLOGNA FRINGE AREAS
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31
13
B A U C project
32
14
B A U C project
GIS
dat
a el
abor
atio
n ab
out s
oil c
onsu
mpt
ion
in B
olog
na
1980 2000 1993 2010 1955
THE PROBLEMPATTERN OF GROWING URBANIZATION
33
18
B A U C project
28
2930
25b
27
25
24
21
20
22
3
4
18
17
16
11
8
6
5
26
23
21
19 9
10
7
15
14
13
12
31
loca
lizat
ion
of s
ampl
es
SAMPLE ANALYSISSAMPLE ANALYSIS
34
19
B A U C project
sam
ples
dim
esio
n
35
21
B A U C project
36
22
B A U C project
loca
l uni
ty a
nd e
mlo
yees
for c
lass
of r
ural
ar
eas
(sou
rce:
AS
IA 2
013)
rele
vanc
e of
var
ious
typo
logi
es o
f rur
al a
reas
in E
mili
a R
omag
na
Reg
ion
(sou
rce:
AS
IA 2
013)
land
cla
ssifi
catio
n in
Em
ila R
omag
na R
egio
n(s
ourc
e: R
ER
201
4-20
20)
synt
hetic
arti
cola
tion
of th
e ru
ral c
ompo
nent
s in
the
prov
ince
of B
olog
na(s
ourc
e: P
TCP
Bol
ogna
. Rel
azio
ne g
ener
ale) Local uni,es Local uni,es employees Employees per local
uni,es V.A. % V.A. % V.A.
Urban and periurban areas 166.176 39,98 656.409,0 39,91 3,95
Rural areas with specialized and intensed agriculture 126.672 30,48 512.149,5 31,14 4,04
Intermediate rural areas 93.667 22,53 385.451,1 23,44 4,12
Rural areas with development problems 29.142 7,01 90.607,0 5,51 3,11
Emilia-‐Romagna 415.657 100,00 1.644.616,61 100,00 3,96
Local Unity and Employees (Absolute and perceptual quanRRes) for class of rural area. Source: Da+ ASIA (2013)
RER municipali,es Popula,on Surface Dencity
N. % Inhabitants % sqkm % (Inhabitants/ sqkm)
Urban and periurban areas 9 3% 1.591.328 35,70% 2.355 10% 675,7
Rural areas 331 97% 2.867.918 64,30% 20.092 90% 142,7
Rural areas with specialized and intensed
agriculture 109 32% 1.399.971 49% 4.631 23% 302,3
Intermediate rural areas 116 36% 1.123.889 39% 7.209 36% 155,9
Rural areas with development problems 106 32% 344.058 12% 8.252 41% 41,7
Emilia-‐Romagna 340 22.447 198,7
The relevance of the various typologies of rural areas in Emilia Romagna Region. Source: Da+ ASIA (2013)
AGRICULTURE IN BOLOGNA: PLANS REFERENCES
AGRICULTURE IN BOLOGNA
23
B A U C project
The number of employees in Emilia Romagna, between 2000 and 2001, have increased by 1.2%. The largest increase, compared to 2000, is in the number of employees in the service sector, which recorded an increment of 2.2%. The number of employed people in the industry sector, however, does not undergo major changes, increasing only by 0.3% to 644 000 units. On the contrary, the employees in agriculture continue the decline process which is ongoing from several years, reaching 101 000 employees (+3.8%).
As for the province of Bologna, the number of employees, has decreased by 1.7% from the year 2000 at 401 thousand persons. This drop is exclusively due to fact that the number of industrial employees has decreased by 4.9% and the number of people employed in agriculture and services does not change, respectively 14 000 and 252 000 employees. The weight percentage of the agricultural sector and the tertiary sector, in terms of employment, remains unchanged.
There is no substantial change in the number of employees in agriculture, as there is always a prevalence of independent workers, which in 2001 appears to be 10 000. The number of dependent employees undergoes a decrease from 5000 units in 2000 to 4000 units in 2001. Therefore, every year from 1999, there has been a decrease of dependent employees with percentage changes from -14% to -20%. This indicates the clear decline of agricultural activities in the province which is also the focus area.
labo
ur fo
rce
surv
ey in
the
prov
ince
of B
olog
na, a
vera
ge 2
001
(sou
rce:
ISTA
T)
labo
ur fo
rce
surv
ey in
Em
ilia
Rom
agna
regi
on, a
vera
ge 2
001
(sou
rce:
ISTA
T)
1049 1026 997 980 981
592593629642644
101 105 117 123 121
2001 2000 1999 1998 1997
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Employees in agricultural fieldEmployees in industriesEmployees in other kind of activities
2001 2000 1999 1998 1997
252 252 248 239 246
135 142 138 131 126
2021211414
300
250
0
200
150
100
50
Employees in agricultural fieldEmployees in industriesEmployees in other kind of activities
num
ber o
f agr
icul
tura
l ent
erpr
ises
in B
olog
na [2
000-
2014
](s
ourc
e: R
ER
201
4-20
20)
1000
1200
800
600
400
200
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20112010 2012 2013 2014
AGRICULTURE IN BOLOGNA: EMPLOYEES AND ENTERPRISES
37
25
B A U C project
soil
cons
umpt
ion
in th
e P
rovi
nce
of B
olog
na(s
ourc
e: G
iaco
mo
Vent
uri,
‘Il P
TCP
di B
olog
na,
effic
acia
e li
miti
’ in
Ecos
cien
za n
. 4, 2
011)CALCULATION YEAR 1955 1980 1993 2000 2009
urbanized land (sqm) 10424
80
3,2
73
5,6
177 211
34
4,9 2,4
22
233
soil consumption in the analyzed period (sqm)
annual consumption in the analyzed period (sqm)
amou
nt o
f urb
aniz
ed te
rrito
ry in
Bol
ogna
in 1
989
(sou
rce:
PS
C o
f Bol
ogna
)
amou
nt o
f urb
aniz
ed te
rrito
ry in
Bol
ogna
in 2
008
(sou
rce:
PS
C o
f Bol
ogna
)
The urbanization rate that Bologna has been living in the last decades is not something extraordinary but it’s a part of a phenomenon that has interested almost all the Italian metropolitan areas. In this case the Report of the Municipal Structural Plan of Bologna shows what we already knew: the expansion of the urban tissue has developed mostly in the northern part of the city thanks to the geomorphology of the territory, that has been the major cause for the development of a dense infrastructural network and of an active productive tissue of enterprises.
By reading the data of the table on the left, it shows that the consumption of soil has been continued massively even in the past decade; an impressive mass (22 square kilometers), far lower than in the previous decade (34 sqkm) and even more than 80 years (73 sqkm). The trend of change in reduction is confirmed and accentuated by theannual consumption. In the period from 1980 to 1993, the consume is 5.6 sqkm per year. Between 1993 and 2000 the consume is 4.9, while in the last nine years the consume is “only” 2.4. A first consideration is therefore positive: we are consuming less. But at the same time, it’s always consistent the urbanized land that consists on the area covered by 240 football fields.
URBANIZATION GROWTH IN BOLOGNAURBANIZATION GROWTH
38
66
B A U C project
Marking the amount of abandoned and underused rural settlements is an opportunity to demonstrate the loss of memory that the rural system has been living in Bologna. The abandonment of a historical rural building recalls not just the loss of income of the agricultural Bolognese economy but the damage of a greater or lesser wealth of traditions, customs and practices that are part of the rural Bolognese world.
This threat is particularly meaningful in this area because of the historical importance that the intensive agricultural component has had in the local economy.
We already mentioned the prominence of the ‘food economy’ as a justification for the presence of some important facilities and projects in the Bolognese territory (see Caab and FICO project); nowadays the point is trying to develop a set of interventions having the aim of enhancing the development of this traditional sector, with a particular attention to the weak rural areas, those areas which are suffering the competition with more profitable land uses, those areas which guardians of a priceless heritage of values and practices.
dism
isse
d an
d ab
ando
ned
rura
l bui
ldin
gs in
the
Nor
th o
f Bol
ogna
ABANDONED RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE FRINGE TERRITORY
ABANDONED RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN FRINGE AREAS
39
27
B A U C project
loca
lizat
ion
of th
e m
ain
ongo
ing
proj
ects
in B
olog
naONGOING PROJECTS IN BOLOGNA
ONGOING PROJECTS IN BOLOGNA
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T E R R I T O R I A L F R A M E W O R KNorthern part of Bologna
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I N T E R V E N T I O N A R E A SRural vacant and marginal areas
FIRST LEVEL: RURAL MARGINAL AREAS
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70
B A U C project
FIRST LEVEL: RURAL MARGINAL AREASFIRST LEVEL: RURAL MARGINAL AREAS
43
72
B A U C project
SECOND LEVEL: LINEAR MARGINAL AREASSECOND LEVEL: LINEAR MARGINAL AREAS
44
74
B A U C project
THIRD LEVEL: SMALL VACANT PLACESTHIRD LEVEL: SMALL VACANT SPACES
45
76
B A U C project
THE TERRITORIAL FIELD: THREE LEVELS OF MARGINALITYTHREE LEVELS OF MARGINALITY
46
68
B A U C project
POC PLAN AND RURAL MARGINAL AREAS
Source: ‘Piano Operativo Comunale’ of Bologna, Tav. 1 ‘Interventi edilizi, urbanistici e di valorizzazione commerciale’.
LOCAL PLAN AND RURAL MARGINAL AREAS
47
69
B A U C project
PLANNING TOOLS PRESCRIPTIONS ON RURAL MARGINAL AREAS
The recognition of the planning tools has had the results to know exactly what is the current planning discipline of the object of the design, the marginal areas. The three identified typologies of marginal areas, the rural marginal areas, the linear ones and the small vacant spaces (categories that will be clarify better in the following pages) are having a different land use and, obviously, a different planning regulation, well expressed by the plan of the ‘Piano Operativo Comunale’ in which seven typologies of areas are identified. The most meaningful for the project are mainly three and are representing different design attitude that the project have. The first one is the ‘POC area for infrastructure’ in which new construction are avoided; this land use includes the linear vacant spaces underlined by the project. In this case, as we will see later, the design strategy is compatible with the POC prescriptions because no buildings and new constructions are provided. In the second case, we have the ‘POC areas for new settlements’. In this case, the project would like to criticize the forecast for new settlements of the Bologna municipal plan and break up the ‘red big areas’ of the plan into a series of scattered new built up areas to be realized at the edge of the fringe green areas, object of this work. The attempt is to complete existing settlements and to fill small discontinuities into the existing urban environment, more than planning new large districts inside the rural territory. The third land use typology, the ‘POC agricultural areas with landscape value’, is matching more or less with the identification in the project of the natural-rural fingers, that constitute the backbones of the Bolognese rural territory.
PLANNING PRESCRIPTIONS AND RURAL MARGINAL AREAS
48
71
B A U C project
STRATEGIC APPROACH FOR RURAL MARGINAL AREAS: Working at the edge
THE APPROACH FOR RURAL MARGINAL AREAS: Working at the edge
49
THE APPROACH FOR LINEAR SPACES: Water, trees and bikes
73
B A U C project
STRATEGIC APPROACH FOR THE LINEAR SPACES: Water, Trees and Bikes
50
THE APPROACH FOR SMALL VACANT SPACES: Spaces for local communities
75
B A U C project
STRATEGIC APPROACH FOR SMALL VACANT SPACES: Joining the technical and social issues
51
52
CONCLUSIONS «What if...»
In Aso Valley, the scenario making approach has been used to activate a debate about a large scale planning policy
« What if we develop a large-scale planning policy? »
In Bologna, the scenario making approach has given rural marginal areas a new central role in the periurban interface
« What if we see rural marginality as a field for planning policy experimentation? »
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CONCLUSIONS «What if...»
In Aso Valley, the scenario making approach has been used to activate a debate about a large scale planning policy
« What if we develop a large-scale planning policy? »
In Bologna, the scenario making approach has given rural marginal areas a new central role in the periurban interface
« What if we see rural marginality as a field for planning policy experimentation? »
SCENARIO METHOD HELPS TO:
Introduce innovation in planning practice
Think “outside the box” and explore future possibilities
Adapt to rapidly changing social and economic conditions
