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DNA fingerprinting using RFLPs

Visualizing differences in DNA sequence by using restriction enzymes

Sequence 1

Sequence 2

Restriction Enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences

EnzymeRecognitionSequence Cut

EcoRI 5'GAATTC3'CTTAAG

5'---G AATTC---3'3'---CTTAA G---5'

BamHI 5'GGATCC3'CCTAGG

5'---G GATCC---3'3'---CCTAG G---5'

HindIII 5'AAGCTT3'TTCGAA

5'---A AGCTT---3'3'---TTCGA A---5'

TaqI 5'TCGA3'AGCT

5'---T CGA---3'3'---AGC T---5'

AluI 5'AGCT3'TCGA

5'---AG CT---3'3'---TC GA---5'

Examples of some restriction enzymes…

Visualizing differences in DNA sequence by using restriction enzymes

Sequence 1

Sequence 2

Separating DNA on a gel by size

• Gel electrophoresis

The different sized bands can arise from different cut sites and/or different number of nucleotides between the cut sites.

Sequence 1

Sequence 1

Sequence 2

Sequence 2

DNA fingerprinting

DNA fingerprinting

DNA fingerprinting

Computerized DNA sequencing is now inexpensive and fast

Hunter-Gatherer

Agricultural

Industrial

Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of DNA

Fig 20.2

We can now insert new genes or modify existing genes of organisms

CB 20.22

In humans, viruses are used to insert DNA into cells

gene

clip 1: the technology of collecting DNA

GATTACA 0:00:45-0:03:40

DNA can only be obtained from living cells.

No DNA

DNA in hair root

From “Biology” N. Campbell et al (2005) Benjamin Cummings fig 43.2

dead cells…no DNA

From “Biology” N. Campbell et al (2005) Benjamin Cummings fig 42.13

Red blood cells do not have DNA, but white blood cells do.

clip 2: choosing your child

GATTACA 0:11:00-0:12:35

Humans have:

~25,000 genes in our genome spread out over 3 billion nucleotides…

which produce ~85,000 unique proteins

Humans have:

~25,000 genes in our genome spread out over 3 billion nucleotides…

which produce ~85,000 unique proteins

With so many genes, there is almost no probability of finding an embryo with "no major problems"?

How close are we to picking our offspring?

Karyomapping is a new technique developed at a British fertility clinic can test for 15,000 known genetic disorders. It takes DNA from 8-day-old in vitro fertilized embryos as well as from the parents and possibly other relatives.The test costs ~$2,300.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7688299.stm

How close are we to picking our offspring?

“…the test could also be used, more controversially, to detect a genetic profile which showed a susceptibility to conditions such as heart disease or cancer.”

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7688299.stm

clip 3: the decreasing cost of genome sequencing

GATTACA 0:37:17-0:38:50

The material costs to sequence a complete human The material costs to sequence a complete human genome are approaching ~$1,000 at a consumer genome are approaching ~$1,000 at a consumer cost of ~$5,000cost of ~$5,000

20012011

http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081006/full/news.2008.1151.html and http://www.frontsidebus.net/2011/03/costs-of-dna-sequencing-falling-fast-%E2%80%93-look-at-these-graphs/

clip 4: does technology make us safer?

GATTACA 0:23:30-0:24:50

HT: 2-02HAIR: GLDEYES: BRNSEX: F

ID:

We already use some of these techniques indirectly… Biometrics

US-VISIT requires biometric data for most foreign visitors to U.S. This data is compared to a database of known criminals.

“Targeting badly behaved Britons: Mall bans 'hoodies' in latest effort to curb yob culture”http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7897532/

Photo: Geoff Caddick / EPA via Sipa Press

Are hoodies a response to increased surveillance?

clip 5: who watches the watcher?

GATTACA 1:37:37-1:39:50

A first-class traveler cleared security with a phony Twin Cities-to-Washington boarding pass for Northwest Airlines, no photo identification and wearing an Osama bin Laden T-shirt under his coat as part of a test of airport security in this post-9/11 world.http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/travel/minnesota/31275879.html

The Privacy Rights Clearinghouse reports 245 million sensitive records have been breached since Jan. 2005 http://www.privacyrights.org/ar/ChronDataBreaches.htm#CP

Security breaches are common…

clip 6: genetic diversity

GATTACA 1:04:00-1:05:33

A species survival depends on maintaining genetic diversity:Extinction Vortex

From “Biology” N. Campbell et al (2005) Benjamin Cummings fig 55.9

Attwater Prairie Chicken

As the population declined, genetic diversity declined

From “Biology” N. Campbell et al (2005) Benjamin Cummingsfig 55.10

Attwater Prairie Chicken

Individuals brought from other populations increased reproduction and population by increasing genetic diversity.

From “Biology” N. Campbell et al (2005) Benjamin Cummingsfig 55.10

clip 7: the interview

GATTACA 0:31:35-0:32:13

What type of criteria are acceptable for employment or admissions decisions?

IQ, SAT, MCAT, grades, extracurricular activities, drug tests, letters of recommendation, personal interview, essays…

http://xkcd.com

clip 8: picking the best or making improvements?

GATTACA 0:58:13-0:59:19

When does picking the ‘best’ become choosing traits?

Sex ratio in China, est. 2008

at birth: 1.11 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.13 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

Compare to U.S. at birth 1.05 male(s)/femalehttp://www.indexmundi.com/china/demographics_profile.html

When does picking the ‘best’ become choosing traits?

What ‘abnormality’ might a parent choose?

One study found that each inch above average may be worth $789 more in salary per year.

Journal of Applied Psychology T. Judge and D. Cable (Vol. 89, No. 3).

clip 9: how perfect is perfect?

GATTACA 0:49:18-0:50:42

If everyone has faults, what faults are focused on as ‘critical’ and what faults are overlooked?

clip 10: unleashing technology

GATTACA 0:15:45-0:16:38Then 0:18:46-0:19:45

How do we rein in technology once it is unleashed?

Global area planted with GM crops

http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html

And http://www.monsanto.com.au/_images/global_area_chart.gif

Texas=70ha

How do we rein in technology once it is unleashed?

clip 11: Fate

GATTACA 1:40:51- 1:42:40

How do fate, serendipity, and luck affect our lives?

For Sale: smart, obedient, happy, tall, healthy, studious, helpful, and quiet children.Act now and receive a glow in the dark plant

Exam #3 Th 5/4 (bring cheat sheet)

Optional Final Exam T 5/17 from 9am-noon