For UG and PG students of

Dept. of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology,

MCC

balumcc@zoho.com

•Spirulina contains 60%-70% of protein, B-

complex vitamins, besides vitamin C and

vitamin E.

•Terrestrial Nostoc is consumed in China.

•Spirulina is consumed in the Lake Tehad

region of North America.

•Two 500 mg tablets of Spirulina consist of

substances equivalent to 1 kg of assorted

vegetables with reference to its minerals

and vitamins.

•Spirulina for life force, Slimolin and

Miraculin are marketed in USA.

NITROGEN FIXING HETEROCYSTOUS

BLUEGREEN ALGAE

ARE APPLIED TO RICE FIELD

TO CUT DOWN THE COST

OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS.

It is considered as

superior to inorganic

fertilizer

Bluegreen algae evolve hydrogen as waste product

during nitrogen fixation process.

This hydrogen is collected and used as energy source. Blue green algae that produce hydrogen are:

SYNECOCCOCUS ELONGATUS,

NOSTOC MUSCORUM, ANABAENA CHLINDRICA,

ANABAENA AZOLLAE, ANACYSTIS ELONGATUS AND

SPIRULINA PLATENSIS

GAMMALINOLENIC ACID AND LINOLENIC ACID

-SPIRULINA PLATENSIS

USEFUL IN TREATING ANEMIA, DIABETES AND IN

LOWERING CHOLESTEROL LEVEL.

GAMMALINOLENIC ACID IS EFFECTIVE

IN REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE.

CAN IMPROVE LACTATION IN NURSING MOTHERS

WITH INCREASED MILK SECRETION.

• HEALTH FOOD & AQUA FEED

• PHYCOBILIPROTEINS

• PHYCOCYANIN

• CAROTENOID

• AMINOACIDS

• FATTY ACIDS

• RESTRICTION ENZYMES

• EXOCELLULAR

POLYSACCHARIDES

• ISOTOPICALLY

LABELLED

METABOLITES

• BIOACTIVE

COMPOUNDS

• FOOD COLOURANTS

• TOOLS FOR BASIC RESEARCH AND

MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS

• USED IN FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY

• USED AS PHYCOFLUORS

• PHYCOCYANIN –ANTI-CANCER ACTIVITY;

STIMULATION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM; IN

TREATING ULCERS AND HAEMORRHOIDAL

BLEEDING

• FOOD COLOURANTS

• VITAMIN “A” PRECURSORS

• FLESH, FEATHERS OR EGGS

OF FISH AND BIRDS ASSUME

THE COLOUR OF THE DIETARY

CAROTENOID PROVIDED

• ALANINE, PHENYLALANINE AND

• TYROSINE – USING MUTANT STRAINS

• OF ANABAENA VARIABILIS

• GLUTAMINE - SYNECHOCOCCUS

• THESE ARE OF COMMERCIAL VALUE AND AS PHARMACEUTICAL AGENTS

• LEVULENIC ACID,

• PALMITIC ACID,

• LINOLENIC ACID &

• OLEIC ACID ---

• FROM SPIRULINA PLATENSIS & PHORMIDIUM

FATTY ACIDS

• THESE ARE OF COMMERCIAL VALUE AND AS PHARMACEUTICAL AGENTS

• LEVULENIC ACID, • PALMITIC ACID, • LINOLEIC ACID & • OLEIC ACID ----------- • FROM SPIRULINA PLATENSIS & PHORMIDIUM

EXOCELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDES-1

• POLYSACCHARIDE HAS URONIC ACIDS, RHAMNOSE, MANNOSE & GALACTOSE

• ANACYSTI S NIDULANS – GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE & MANNOSE.

• PHORMIDIUM J 1 – FATTY ACIDS & PROTEINS

• SYNECHOCYSTIS – SULPLHATED ACIDIC EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES 15% TO 20% URONIC DERIVATIVES; 10% TO 15% OSAMINES & 20% TO 40% PROTEINS

EXOCELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE - 2

• CYANOTHECE – METAL REMOVAL, FOOD AND PACKAGING

INDUSTRIES.

• COCCOCHLORIS ELABENS, ANABAENA sp.& PHORMIDIUM

VALDERIANUM Produce β-LACTAMASE

•

• β-LACTAMASE PERMITS ALGAE TO OVER COME THE

INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF PENICILLIN. HENCE SIMILAR

ALGAE CAN BE USED TO TREAT WASTE WATER

CONTAINING TRACES OF ANTIBIOTICS, RELEASED FROM

PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES.

RESTRICTION ENZYMES

• BLUE-GREEN ALGAE ARE VITAL SOURCE OF RESTRICTION ENZYMES

• Eg. Ava II – NOSTOC sp. PCC 7118 –

• G GCC

• Asu I – ANABAENA sp. PCC 6309 –

• G GNCC

• Many of these are cloned and expressed in E.coli.

ISOTOPICALLY LABELLED

METABOLITES

• AGMENELLUM, ANACYSTIS & SPIRULINA ARE

CAPABLE OF GROWING AT HIGH CELL DENSITY

• THESE ARE GROWN ON SUBSTRATES SUCH AS

CO2 ENRICHED WITH 13C & 14C. THE RESULTING

LABELLED COMPOUNDS UPON PURIFICATIONS

CAN BE UTILIZED AS TRACERS IN BIOLOGY,

MEDICINE, MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND ANALYTIC

CHEMISTRY.

• Eg. 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C AND 15N – LABELLED SUGARS,

LIPIDS, L-AMINOACIDS & PROTEIN FRACTIONS.

BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS • CYANOBACTERIA PROVIDE NOVEL AND USEFUL

PHARMACEUTICALS THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO PRODUCE SYNTHETICALLY BECAUSE OF THEIR STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY, CYTOTOXICITY, MULTI-DRUG RESISTANCE REVERSAL, ANTI-FUNGAL AND ANTI-VIRAL EFFECTS

• BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES ARE PRODUCED IN THE FORM OF PEPTIDES, MACROLIDES & GLYCOSIDES.

• EXTRACTS ARE ACTIVE AGAINST:

• MICROCOCCUS FLAVUS

• STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

• BACILLUS SUBTILIS

BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS CYANOBACTERIUM ACTIVE

COMPOUND

ACTIVITY

ORGANISM

HORMOTHAMNION

ENTEROMMORPHO

IDES

HORMOTHAMIN BACILLUS

SUBTILIS

LYNGBYA

MAJUSCULA

MALYNGOLIDE STREPTOCOCCUS

PYOGENES

CYANOBACTERIA FOR

BIOREMIDIATION-1

• CYANOBACTERIA DEGRADE VARIOUS AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS SUCH AS NAPHTHALENE, n-ALKANES AND CRUDE OIL SPILLS

• CYANOBACTERIA ARE CAPABLE OF REMOVING TOXIC METALS. THEY CONCENTRATE METALS AS MUCH AS 80,000 FOLD RELATIVE TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT.

• METAL ACCUMULAION IS CARRIED OUT EITHER BY BIOACCUMULATION OR BIOSORPTION. OF THESE THE LATTER SEEMS TO BE VERY PROMISING.

CYANOBACTERIA FOR

BIOREMIDIATION-2 • BIOFILTRATION: SAND AND

OSCILLATORIA ANNAE IN A COLUMN TO TREAT SEWAGE AND OIL INDUSTRY WASTES. THIS DECREASES BOD & COD AND ALSO REMOVES P & N RESIDUES.

• OSCILLATORIA PSEUDOGEMINATA IS USED FOR TREATING EFFLUENTS FROM PAPER MILL AND DOMESTIC SEWAGE.

PESTICIDE DEGRADATION

• CYANOBACTERIA ARE ACTIVE AGAINST MANY ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS PESTICIDES, VIZ., MONOCHROTOPHOS, MALATHION, DICHLOROVOS, PHOSPHOMIDON AND QUINOLPHOS.

• AULOSIRA FERTILISSIMA ARM 68 NOT ONLY DEGRADE THESE PESTICIDES BUT ALSO USE THESE AS A SOURCE OF PHOSPHATE BY PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY.

ANTI-CANCER AGENTS \ ANTI-

TUMOR ACTIVITY

TANTAZOLES & MIRABAZOLES-CYTOTOXINS OF

SCYTONEMA MIRABILE

HAPALOSIN - HAPALOSIPHON WELWITSCHII

ANTIFUNGAL METABOLITES FROM

CYANOBACTERIA

CRYPTOPHYCIN – NOSTOC SP.

SCYTOPHYCIN-CYLINDROSPERMUM MUSICOLA

HIGHLY CYTOTOXIC AND HAS FUNGICIDAL

PROPERTIES

CALOPHYCIN : CALOTHRIX FUSCA

THANK

YOU