foreign direct investment- indian view
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Foreign Direct Investment
Presentation By- Dhananjay KaleAFMI, Mysore
27
th
Jan
,2011
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Outline -
• Definition• Forms of FDI• Reasons for FDI in India• FDI Approval• Permitted & Prohibited sectors for FDI• Government attitude towards FDI• Effects on host country• Effect of FDI on domestic productivity• Advantages of FDI• conclusion
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Definition -
• FDI- Foreign Direct Investment is the purchase
by the investors or corporations of one country of non-financial assets in another country. This involves a flow of capital from one country to another to build a factory, purchase a business or buy real estate.
OR
company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country.
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Forms of FDI -
Green-Field Investment • establishing a new operation in a foreign
country
Acquiring or Merging (or joint venture) • with an existing firm in the foreign country• can be a minority, majority or outright stake
of firm
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Reason for FDI in India -
• Stable democratic environment over the 60 year of independence.
• Large and growing market• World class scientific, technical and
managerial manpower.• Cost effective highly skilled labor.• Abundance of natural resources.
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Cont…..
• Well established legal system with independent judiciary.
• Developed banking system with vibrant capital market.
• One of the fast growing economy and top three investment hot spot in world.
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FDI Approval in India -
FDI approved in India through three route –
1. Automatic approval by RBI
2. The FIPB route
3. CCFI route
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FDI Approval Procedure
Government Route for few sectors
Automatic Route in most Sector
RBI FIPB
No permission required, only to notify RBI within 30 days of issue of shares to foreign investors
Approval is granted generally in 30 days
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Permitted through -
• Financial collaboration
• Joint venture and technical collaboration
• Capital market
• Branch office with approval of RBI
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Sectoral Caps
sectoral caps
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Prohibited sector for FDI -
• Gambling and betting • Lottery business• Atomic energy • Retail trading• Agriculture or Plantation Activities in Agriculture• Railway • Arms and animation • Coal and lignite.• Mining of iron, manganese, chrome, gypsum, sulphur,
gold, diamonds, copper, zinc.
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Goverment’s attitude towards FDI
How do Government like FDI?In the 1970s…
•As FDI has become more significant, attitude towards FDI have changed substantially during the last three – four decades or so…•During 70s MNCs were commonly seen by many economists and policy makers as detrimental to the host economies, because: They were thought to create Monopoly situations.• In those days there was political sensitivity towards FDI
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Goverment’s attitude towards FDI
But, In 1990s Government stimulated FDI…
•Regulations moved from restrict to promote and give guarantees•Most host economies have reduced barriers to FDI, and many industrializing countries have created infrastructure and special concessions to attract it•Concessions include extension to taxes, exemption from import duties and direct subsidies
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Effects on the host country
• Governments spend part of their budgets in attracting FDI because they believe that FDI will generate positive effects on their country
• What happens when multinational companies invest in a host country?– How does it contribute to the country’s economic
growth and prosperity?– Important for host countries that are poor or in an
industrialisation phase• Type of effects
– Economic effects – Other effects on society and environment
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Economic effects
• Operations and behaviour of the subsidiary– Higher Wages – Higher efficiency – Higher exports
• Effects of the subsidiary on domestic firms – Wage Spillovers– Productivity & Knowledge Spillovers– Export Spillovers
– Start up of new industries– Spillover= unintentional effect generated by firm A on firm B as a result of an economic behaviour by A (B has not paid for that effect or invested to have it)
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Wages
• MNC typically pay higher wages than local firms – esp. in developing countries
• In 1931 a study documented that– “…Colombian labor…is better remunerated and
granted more sanitary living quarters by foreigners than by natives, but the foreigners probably extract more systematic and strenuous effort”
• Initial studies did not take into account: – The quality of workers employed – The size of the firms – The sophistication of the activities
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Wages
• Some studies find that MNC pay higher prices for people with higher education (higher quality), while for blue collar differences are minimal
• Why would a firm pay more wages than its competitors in the host country?
1. Host country regulations or home country pressures
2. To maintain “good public relations” with local government and host environment
3. It pays a premium for reducing turn-over 4. To attract better workers
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Productivity
• Productivity indicates how efficient is the production process – i.e. how much output a firm produces given its inputs
• Economists generally assume that MNC have higher productivity than domestic firms, especially in developing countries
• Several studies document this in a number of developing countries
(E.g. Brazil,Indonesia, Mexico, India etc.)
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Productivity Spillovers
• Positive: – When the increase of FDI in an industry leads
to an increase in productivity of domestic firms in the same industry (horizontal spillovers) or in industries that are vertically connected (vertical spillovers)
• Negative: – When the increase of FDI in an industry leads
to an decrease in productivity of domestic firms in the same industry (horizontal spillovers) or in industries that are vertically connected (vertical spillovers)
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Positive Productivity Spillovers
• Locally- owned firms might increase their efficiency by: – Copying the operations of the foreign- owned
firms;– Being forced by competition from foreign-
owned firms to raise their efficiency to survive– Qualify and improve the skills of local human
resources – The transfer of knowledge through backward
linkages with domestic suppliers
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Negative Productivity Spillovers
• MNC have superior technologies – Higher productivity • Lower prices for a better quality products
– They erode market shares of domestic companies
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What are the effects on domestic firms?Host country Years considered Results
Mexico 1970 +
Mexico 1970/75 +
Marocco 1985-89 -
Mexico 1970/75 +
Mexico 1970 +
Mexico 1970 +
Uruguay 1970 No significant effect
Venezuela 1976-89 -
Indonesia 1991 +
Taiwan 1991 +
Indonesia 1980-91 +
Indonesia 1980-91 +
Checz Republic 1993-96 -
India 1976-89 -
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•Why in some cases there are effects and in others not?
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1. The capabilities of domestic firms
• Even to adopt and imitate countries and firms need a minimum of absorptive capacity– Human resources (training, education)– Investment in experimentation, R&D
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2. Behaviour of MNC subsidiaries
• Economists almost always conceive MNC subsidiaries as having ‘advanced’ skills/ technologies with respect to domestic firms
• Economists also assume that R&D is centralised in the Headquarters and that subsidiaries are just a ‘passive’ local branch of the MNC
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3. National Policies
• Is there a need for governments to promote actively the creation and deepening of linkages? …Markets may fail to create efficient linkages, raising the cost to both parties of entering into long-term supply relationships and reducing the ability of domestic firms to become competitive suppliers
• Rules of origin/Local content requirements: preferential treatments based on the level of value added or local content
• Example: the entry of Suzuki in Hungary was done to enjoy duty-free access for car exports to the EU, and it was subject to the creation of local linkages
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Exports and new industries
• MNC can have two further effects: –Export Spillovers: Because they on
average export more than local firms, they generate export spillovers on domestic firms
–Generation of new industries: • The case of Ireland and Costa Rica and
the generation of new high tech industries
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INDIA:YEARWISE FDI INFLOWS
YEAR US $ million
1996-97 28211997-98 35571998-99 24621999-00 21552000-01 40292001-02 61302002-03 50352003-04 43222004-05 60512005-06 89612006-07 228262007-08 348352008-09 351802009-10 37182
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INDIA:YEAR WISE FDI INFLOWS
1995
-96
1997
-98
1999
-00
2001
-02
2003
-04
2005
-06
2007
-08
2009
-10(
p)0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Series 1
year
US
$ m
illi
on
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Advantages -
• Increase in domestic employment • Increase investment in needed infrastructure• Increase capital investment • Target regional & sartorial development• Improve forex position of the country• Increase in export• Increases tax revenue
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Conclusion -
• FDI is a key driver of economic growth and development
• Foreign firms do generate technological development in the host country.
• Crowding out is not a major problem • Benefits increases in terms of competition,
innovation and efficiency.
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Literature cited-
• RBI Monthly Bulletin December-2010
Page no.- S1324.• Wikipedia.• www.fdi.com• www.rbi.org.in
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