foreign literature notes

7/28/2019 Foreign Literature NOTES

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FOREIGN LITERATURE

FOREIGN STUDIES

LOCAL LITERATURES

Theresa S. Samaniego,Improper use of antibiotics may lead to evolution of infectious

superbugs,Philippine Daily Inquirer, December 2011

Inappropriate and improper use of antibiotics has long been a major problem.

According to Dr.Samaniegothere are four common practices of antibiotic misuse in the

Philippines that promote the emergence of superbugs. It includes self-medication. This

happens when a patient buys antibiotics on his or her own without prior consultation

with a doctor. Some of these patients borrow a used prescription, or follow the advice of

relatives and friends in buying antibiotics. Also skipping a dose of antibiotic. Patients

who miss a dose or several doses of antibiotic are allowing bacteria to recover from,

and develop a resistance, to the antibiotics effects. Theres also a risk of infection

resurgence. There are some patients dont finish the prescribed treatment course of the

antibiotics prescribed to them. They stop taking the antibiotics once they feel better.

Others are unable to buy all the antibiotics prescribed because they dont have enough

money. As well as using antibiotics like over-the-counter drugs. Antibiotics are powerful

medications that must be used only under a doctors supervision. Unfortunately, some

patients mistakenly believe that antibiotics are used to relieve symptoms like fever, body

pain, coughs and colds.

LOCAL STUDIES

Emmanuel Edwin R. Dy, M.D, Inappropriate Antibiotic Use in the Philippines,

http://www.psmid.org.ph/vol26/vol26num2topic6.pdf, November 2011
http://business.inquirer.net/byline/theresa-s-samaniegohttp://business.inquirer.net/byline/theresa-s-samaniegohttp://business.inquirer.net/source/philippine-daily-inquirerhttp://business.inquirer.net/source/philippine-daily-inquirerhttp://business.inquirer.net/source/philippine-daily-inquirerhttp://business.inquirer.net/byline/theresa-s-samaniegohttp://business.inquirer.net/byline/theresa-s-samaniegohttp://business.inquirer.net/byline/theresa-s-samaniegohttp://www.psmid.org.ph/vol26/vol26num2topic6.pdfhttp://www.psmid.org.ph/vol26/vol26num2topic6.pdfhttp://www.psmid.org.ph/vol26/vol26num2topic6.pdfhttp://business.inquirer.net/byline/theresa-s-samaniegohttp://business.inquirer.net/source/philippine-daily-inquirerhttp://business.inquirer.net/byline/theresa-s-samaniego


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Inappropriate antibiotic use refers to improper administration with respect to drug

dose, interval duration (whether singly or collectively) in the light of proper clinical

situations and/or financial considerations. The recognized effects of inappropriate use

(whether overuse or underuse) of antibiotics are multiple among them are rapid

emergence of resistance, selection pressure on resistant microorganisms, adverse

reactions, treatment failures, occurrence of preventable morbidity and mortality and

waste of resources. In his study Dr. Dy summarized several thoughts on the

Inappropriate Antibiotic Use in the Philippines. Clinically and economically inappropriate

use of antibiotics is a major problem in thePhilippines and internationally as well. There

is both overuse and underuse. The problem is more acute in developing countries

because of limited resources. The consequences of antibiotic misuse include increased

selection pressure of resistant microorganisms, preventable morbidity and mortality

from treatment failures, adverse drug reactions and wastage of limited health care

resources. The problem of inappropriate use of antib iotics is complex, multi-factorial

and involves numerous stakeholders. There is no simple solution but the first step is to

get all stakeholders to acknowledge that a major problem exists and that cooperation is

essential if national and global solutions are to be achieved.

Angeles BL, Book DR, Go KG, Lim DJ, Uy HG. A bacterial sensitivity test to

determine the effectiveness of minocycline HCI (Minocin), erythromycin (Erythrocin) and

ampicillin (Ampicin) on the predominant microorganisms present in a diseased

periodontium. J Philipp Dent Assoc. 1994 Jun-Aug;46(1):4-12.

The authors, Angeles BL, Book DR, Go KG, Lim DJ, Uy HG, determined the

effectiveness of the three antimicrobials--Minocycline HCI, Erythromycin and Ampicillin


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based on the percentage reduction of bacteria present in subgingival microflora and in

vitro assessment of antibiotic susceptibility of cultured strains of predominant

microorganisms present in a diseased periodontium. Twelve volunteers 18 to 65 years

of age, with moderate to severe periodontal disease, were randomly divided into Group

A and Group B of 6 members each. Oral lavage procedure was performed to Group A

and Group B received systemic administration of antibiotic for five days. As a result

Bacterial sensitivity testing showed 60% of samples with positive growth of

microorganisms (S. viridans) were also equally sensitive to Minocycline HCI,

Erythromycin and Ampicillin. Oral lavage proved to be ineffective in reducing the

number of bacteria. However, systemic drug administration revealed that there was a

reduction in bacterial count after taking such antibiotics for five days which is more

favorable to Minocycline HCI.

Zelda May, Gum Disease, http://www.dentalinsurancecare.com/gum-

disease.html, November 2011

According to Dr. Zelda May There are several ways dentists treat gum disease

Antibiotics or antibacterial mouthwash will be recommended to lessen the swelling

before any dental treatment is made. In worst cases, a periodontist or a dentist who

specializes in gum disease will handle the series of treatments which may include the

following procedures: Scaling and scraping of the plaque and tartar. Advanced cases of

gum disease may require surgery, where antibiotic treatment has to reach inside the

gum pocket. However, there are instances when surgery is not possible because the

gums are too distressed to allow being sewn back together. Gum grafting known as

gingival grafting is also another of the remedies for gum disease. Healthy gum tissues


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