Foreign Policy 1865-1914I. Manifest Destiny ends on North America A. “Seward’s Folly” The Purchase of Alaska

1. Secretary of State’s (J.Q. Adams and William Seward best 2 of 19th c)2. $7.2 million, a New Imperialism begins3. Quest for resources (raw material) and markets (farm produce)

B. Mexico and the French1. Napolean III in Civil War in Mexico – Seward invokes Monroe Doctrine

and confronts French. (Mexico will play a role thru Pancho Villa 1914)

II. A New Imperialism, an International DarwinismA. Imperialism – a new age or the extended idea of manifest destiny?

1. Worldwide competition – Britain France Germany Russia, Japan all involved especially in Africa and Pacific.

2. Missionaries, Politicians, Naval Power, Popular press.

New Imperialism and the Spanish American War3. Latin America – James Blaine “from Maine” SofS, and the Pan American

Conference 1889 – eventually morphs into the Organization of American States – 1948

a. Britain – Venezuelan dispute over Guiana forced to arbitrate, sets precedent continued throughout age.

III. Spanish American War – “SPAM”A. Causes of War – Long Term

1. Jingoism – aggressive nationalistic foreign policy, represents division between imperialists and anti-imperialist (league)

2. Cuba – under heavy Spanish military control3. Press – “Yellow Jornalism”–William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

SHORT TERM 1. De Lome Letter (1898) – exposed by NY Journal Heasrt2. Sinking of the Maine – 266 killed, 1976 report says accidental…Notables: Mckinley’s War message and Teller Amendment – Cuba

Spanish American War and other Pacific InterestsB. Fighting The War

1. The Philippines – first, longest 1902(46), more costly 4k 2. Cuba – San Juan Hill, superior navy in Santiago Bay, role of disease

C. Results of War1. *Philippines ($20 M), Guam, Puerto Rico, **Cuba’s Independence 2. Treaty of Paris signed Dec. 10, 1898 – Senate 57-27 Anti-Imperialist3. Cuba and Platt Amendment (violate Teller?)

IV. Foreign Policy in Asia and PacificA. Annexation of Hawaii

1. 1893 overthrew Queen 2. 1898 Annex 3. 1900/59 Territory / StateB. Open Door Policy in China

1. John Hay SofS, delivers 1st of 2 rounds of notes to Britain, France, Japan, Russia, Germany proclaiming equal trade and Chinese integrity 2. 1900 Boxer Rebellion heightens tensions on trade interests

3. Hay’s 2nd round of notes received more support after Americans had participated in international force that suppressed rebellion.

Foreign Policy of TR, Taft, and WilsonV. Theodore Roosevelt and “Big-Stick” Policy

A. “Speak softly and carry a big stick”1. Breaks from the tradition of non involvement - (WWI)2. Russo-Japanese War 1905 (settled in Portsmouth, the mediator) 3. Great White Fleet – 1907-1909

a. Japan “Gentlemen’s Agreement” re: racism in CA 1908b. Root-Takahira preserves Open Door policy 1908

B. Panama Canal – to maintain a global empire1. US supported revolution in Colombia 1902 results in Treaty 1903

granting canal zoneC. Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine)

1. Recall “no more colonization” warning to Europe2. Europeans have many trade interests, and US pledges to make the

interventions.3. Long term results: Haiti, Honduras, Dominican Republic, *Nicaragua

Roosevelt, Wins Nobel Peace Prize 1906, and Participates in Second International Peace Conference at the Hague 1907

Dollar Diplomacy and Moral DiplomacyVI. William Howard Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy

A. Free Enterprise Diplomacy1. A reliance on investor’s dollars rather than military2. East Asia – Taft secures joint agreement for RR in China

a. Manchuria is Russo Japanese held and US excluded3. Latin America – Nicaragua in 1911, Civil War 1912, thru 1933 3. Lodge Corollary 1912 non Euro powers excluded from Americas

VII. Woodrow Wilson and Moral DiplomacyA. First Term Morality – with sidekick as SofS William Jennings Bryan

1. Philippines – Bill of Rights, promise independence, and b/c territory.2. Puerto Rican citizenship3. Pays Panama Canal tolls

B. Appearance of Anti Imperialist – but examine the record…1. The Caribbean dominated by America: Nicaragua, Haiti, Dominican

Republic - also Mexico is invaded in response to Pancho Villa.

2. As World War I is looming large…

World War I 1914-1918I. Outbreak of War in Europe A. Long Term Causation: Clash of Empires

1. Alliances 2. Nationalism 3. Militarism 4. Colonialism B. Immediate Causation: Events in Summer of 1914

1. 6/28 Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife shot.2. 7/23 Austria-Hungary issues “ultimatum” and invades 7/273. 8/1 German Kaiser Wilhelm I declares war on Russia4. 8/3 Germany declares war on France and invasion of Belgium5. 8/4 Britain declares war on Germany

II. A Precarious US Neutrality 1914-1916 A. The Imperialist Role

1. From Neutral SPAM World Power Isolationist Nation B. Blockades and Neutrality

1. Britain – natural allies?, North Sea & Atlantic control, Propaganda 2. Germany – German Americans, (Unrestricted) Submarine Warfare

Neutrality and American Entry into War

(Blockades continued)3. US Economy - 1914 early negative impact followed by a surge in trade

with French-British. Results in German wolfpack efforts 1915-1916. C. Public Opinion at Home & The War Debate

1. Ethnicity of Immigrants plus Allied Democracies2. British War Propaganda3. German actions – The Lusitania Crisis and Sussex Pledge4. Congress – Republican Preparedness (National Security League), b. National Defense Act of 1915 by Wilson5. War Opposition – Bryan, Addams, Jeannette Rankin

b. Populists, Progressives, and Socialists.

III. America Enters the War (1917) A. Election of 1916

1. Wilson “He kept us out of war” v/s Charles Evans Hughes2. End of Progressives - Republican Congressional majority in 1918

American Entry and getting “Over There” B. US Entry into War

1. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare resumes Jan 1917 2. Zimmerman Telegram – US Mexican relations3. Russian Revolution (March) later the November or Bolshevik Revolution4. March sinkings April 2 War message:

“The world must be made safe for democracy.”IV. Mobilizing at Home and Abroad

A. Executive Power Plays a Critical Role in “beating the clock.”1. War Industries Board2. Food and Fuel Administrations3. National War Labor Board4. Liberty Bonds and Financial Role

B. Civil Liberties1. Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts & Committee on PubIic

Information2. Schenck v. United States (1919) “clear and present danger”3. Selective Service Act (1917) – Segregation in Armed Forces

America at Home and Abroad (Over There) C. Effects of War on American Society

1. Increased opportunity in the job market. (Women, Af-Am, others)2. The Great Migration - (s) (inclusive of Southwest)

V. “Over There” A. Wilson’s Fourteen Points

1. January 1918 to Congress2. Foreshadows League of Nations – “Isolation OR Internationalism”

B. War at Sea and American Expeditionary Force (AEF)1. Convoy System July 1917 proves effective2. Conscription (draft) effective – 4 million man army 3. American Expeditionary Force (AEF) led by Gen. Pershing

C. Drive to victory on “The Western Front”1. June 1918 German offensive Chateau-Thierry stopped2. Counteroffensive at Belleua Wood3. August – October 1918 Allies through Argonne Forest4. Armistice 11th hour, 11th day, 11th month, 19185. Casualties – 49k in battle but Flu Epidemic 1917

Making Peace and (Immediate) Postwar AmericaVI. Treaty of Versailles A. The Fourteen Points

1. The Last Point – League of Nations can’t get through Congress2. The Big Four – Britain, France, Italy, America3. Jan 1919 – Treaty Terms don’t accept “Peace without victory”- guilt and reparations - self-determination - League of Nations

B. Battle for Ratification (of the Treaty of Versailles)1. Republican senators and Isolation – no violation of Monroe Doctrine2. Henry Cabot Lodge as leading “reservationist”3. Wilson decides to take it to the people and pass the full Treaty with

League. Results = exhausting tour, on Sept 25, 1919 Wilson collapses.4. Not until 1921 is peace with Germany made, separate from Treaty.

VII. Postwar Problems A. Economy - 1. Demobilization 2. Labor Strife resurfaces B. Society - 1. Red Scare, Palmer Raids 2. Race Riots

Making Generalization

1. What is the major change over time category? PERSIA

2. What do all events have in common?3. How can you explain that common theme

and give evidence that one or two of these events highlight that theme?

Government Action

War Industries BoardFood and Fuel

AdministrationsNational War Labor BoardLiberty Bonds

Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts

Committee on PubIic Information

Schenck v. United States (1919) “clear and present danger”

Selective Service Act (1917) – Segregation in Armed Forces

Generalizations (5 sentences)

Typical of wartime society and government, unity and efficiency became paramount objectives during The Great War in America. Industry was highly regulated by new government agencies (War Industries Board, Food and Fuel Administrations) to maximize production of armaments. An important effect of a push for unity was a limit on certain civil liberties; from quieting union agitation (National War Labor Board), to silencing open criticisms with Espionage Act and Sedition Act. The government continued to function in its separate branches, but that the three branches were a united fron was evident when Oliver Wendell Holmes defined Charles Schenck’s activities as a “clear and present danger.” The “return to normalcy” was not a smooth transition, leaving important effects from WWI on America.

• Red Scare (of 1920s)• 1917 Bolshevik Revolution• Seattle General Strike• Boston Police Strike• Steel Strike• UMW Strike• Palmer Raids• A. Mitchell Palmer, Attorney

General

• Sacco and Vanzetti Trial• KKK resurgence• Immigration Act of 1921 • And National Origins Act of

1924• Nativism• Racism• Socialists, Communists

• Be Cool Coolidge, [Big Business]

• “trickle down theory” of tax policy

• Technology of economy• Electricity in home:• Refrigerators, stoves, vacuum

cleaners...more

• Aluminum & Synthetics• Assembly Lines• Frederick W. Taylor and

Scientific Management

• Henry Ford – Model T• Airplane, Wright Bros.• Kitty Hawk to Lindbergh• Radio• Movies• The Great Train Robbery to Jazz

Singer• Welfare Capitalism• Consumer Credit• Buying on Margin

• Dr. Sigmund Freud• Margaret Sanger• Flappers• Equal Rights Amendment• Alice Paul• Jazz Age: Louis Armstrong Duke

Ellington• Harlem Renaissance• Poets Langston Hughes, Claude McKay

• Marcus Garvey – UNIA• Back to Africa Movement

• Lost Generation• Gertrude Stein• HL Mencken• F Scott Fitzgerald• Theodore Dreisler• Ernest Hemingway• William Faulkner• TS Eliot• Architect Frank Lloyd

Wright – Guggenheim• disillusionment

The Great Depression and the New DealI. Causes and (concise) Legacy A. Immediate Cause “the Crash” (1929)

1. Bull Market – artificial rises in stocks2. Speculation and buying on margin3. Oct. 29, 1929 was Black Tuesday (previous week Black Thursday)

B. Long Term Causes1. Weak Industries – cotton, railroad, and food2. Overproduction – supply and demand3. Uneven Distribution of Wealth4. Banking problems5. Government policy and global problems

C. Effects - The Great Depression ended Republican domination, and created expanded government from New Deal policy. The nation was devastated and ALL social classes were affected to a large degree. Socially, economically and politically the nation changed radically.

World War I PRE/POST MAP

WWI MAPS

• Land was taken away from Germany and given to the winners.

• The treaty also created the new countries of Austria, Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia