foreign policy
TRANSCRIPT
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US Foreign Policy: Part IUS Foreign Policy: Part I
Who is involved in formulating US foreign policy?
What ideas are fundamental in foreign policy creation?
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Global PerspectiveGlobal Perspective
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DefinitionDefinition
Foreign Policy- A nation’s external goals and the techniques
and strategies used to achieve them. (Schmidt et. al)
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Policymaking Process Policymaking Process
Policy Formation
Policy Evaluation
Agenda Setting
Policy Adoption
Implementation
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Foreign Policy Change Foreign Policy Change
Source of policy change is external “Geographical ‘realities’ and ideological
challenges from potential aggressors” (Kegley and Wittkopf)
Includes all factors “of America’s external environment or any actions occurring abroad that…influence the choices made by its officials” (Rosenau)
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Institutions StruggleInstitutions Struggle
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Institutions: Policy FormationInstitutions: Policy Formation
Government Institutions in Policy Formation Invitation to Struggle
“America’s unique constitutional system creates an ‘invitation to struggle’ between the president and Congress in the foreign policy process” (Crabb and Holt)– Federal structure of national, state and local levels – Three branches of government – Competing bureaucratic agencies
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Institutions: Struggle for Influence
Institutions: Struggle for Influence
Executive/Congressional relations may be described as exhibiting a “pendulum or cyclical effect”
Phases of Executive / Congressional Relations:
Up until WW II: Congress played limited role 1945 – late 1950s: Collaboration 1960s – early 1970s: Imperial Presidency
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1964 1973 – 1980s: Congress re-asserts itself
War Powers Act- 60 day limit 1980- present: Tense Sharing of Responsibility
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Institutions: Foreign Policy Formation
Institutions: Foreign Policy Formation
Institutions Executive Branch
President Constitutional Powers
– Commander and chief of the armed forces
– Make treaties– Appoint ambassadors
and executive officers– Receive/refuse to
receive ambassadors Joint Chief of Staff Secretary of State Secretary of Defense National Security Advisor
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Institutions: Policy FormationInstitutions: Policy Formation
Institutions Bureaucratic politics
model “Where you stand
depends on where you sit”
Competition for power and influence
Pentagon CIA FBI Intelligence community Department of Defense Department of State
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Institutions: Policy FormationInstitutions: Policy Formation
Institutions Congress
Constitutional Powers Power to declare war Power of the purse Responsible for raising and supporting the armed
forces Legislative power
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Interest Interest
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Interests: Policy FormationInterests: Policy Formation
Increasing voice of domestic and foreign interest groups
Domestic and foreign policy issues are related
Increasingly interconnected
Military Industrial Complex
Defence industry Peace Groups
The Quakers The Raging Grannies
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Interests: Defense Industry Influence
Interests: Defense Industry Influence
Company Profits in 2006
(in millions)
Percentage Change From 2004
Lockheed Martin
1,825 44%
Boeing 2,572 37%
Raytheon 871 109%
(Fortune 500 website)
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Ideas: Policy FormationIdeas: Policy Formation
Moral Idealism “American National Style”
Moralistic– Moral mission – Immorality of communism
Liberalism America as a unique state
– Europe and War; U.S. and Peace
Advocate of Middle-Class Capitalism Consent of the majority
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Ideas: Policy FormationIdeas: Policy Formation
Realism Nations act in own interest
World is a dangerous place– Act to survive
Policy based on basic cold calculations without regards to morals
Must be militarily prepared because other nations are also self interested
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Ideas: Policy FormationIdeas: Policy Formation
Neo-realism (Structural realism) The international structure constrains state
behavior. The structure then limits cooperation among
states through fears of relative gains made by other states, and the possibility of dependence on other states.
Violence is part of the structure of the international system it is likely to continue in the future.
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Ideas: Policy FormationIdeas: Policy Formation
The sources of ideology Individual (personality) Source
Personal makeup makes a difference in the kinds of decisions that are made– Clinton Doctrine- national interest partly in terms of
humanitarian interventions– Bush Doctrine- National interest may require pre-
emption However, “individuals’ influence [over] foreign
policy outcomes are likely to be much subtler than popular impressions would have us believe” (K/W)
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Bush’s Personality Bush’s Personality
Political Cartoon
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Implementation: Foreign Policy Implementation: Foreign Policy
Actions Carrot- persuade foreign
nation with non-aggressive means
Trade agreements Economic aid Technical assistance Economic Sanctions Diplomacy
Stick-persuade foreign nations through aggressive means
Military Intervention
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QuizQuiz
Which most greatly influences foreign policy creation, institution, ideas, or interest?