Foreign Policy and Politics1789-1800Harlan High SchoolAP United States HistoryJames GreeneMarch 2011

Major FP issues confronting the United States in the 1790sProtecting Americas frontiersPromoting overseas tradeDetermining its role in European conflicts

Protecting frontiers:Indian Policies

Indian Trade and Intercourse Act of 1790Indian nations treated as independent within U.S. but subject to U.S. sovereigntyFederal government in charge of relations no trading without permit; land cessions by treaty with Federal government only

Five Civilized Tribes: CreeksTreaty of New York, 1790Defined territory; land cessionWhites excluded from Creek landsOffenses against Indians subject to Federal lawLand cessionAssist Creeks in becoming farmersSecret provisions

Northwest Indian War 1785-1795Northwest ConfederationLittle Turtle and Blue JacketContested Ohio and IndianaMiami campaignsHarmars Defeat, 1790St. Clairs Defeat, 1791British push for Indian buffer stateLittle TurtleArthur St. Clair

Northwest Indian War, 1794-95Anthony WayneBattle of Fallen Timbers, 1794Treaty of Greenville, 1795Redefined boundariesOpened most of Ohio to legal settlementLittle Turtle became U.S. supporter

The French RevolutionAffection for France as allyExtension of American ideals of republicanism to EuropeBill of Rights/Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen

The French RevolutionExcesses of the TerrorExecution of Louis XVI and his wifeDe-Christianization of France European conflict resulting from French attempts to defend and export revolution

Citizen Gent, 1793Misinterpreted welcomeAuthorizing privateersRecruiting volunteers to attack Florida & LouisianaDemanding early payment of U.S. debt to FranceOfficial reaction: demanded recallPopular reaction: Democratic Societies self-started pressure groups

Emerging PartiesMadison and JeffersonRepublicansPro-FrenchSupport in our RevolutionRepublican idealsShift trade to France

HamiltonFederalistsPro-BritishTrade relationsBritain as source of stability

Washington: Neutrality1793 Proclamation1794 Neutrality Act

Neutrals could trade with belligerentsContraband=military suppliesFree ships make free goodsNo recruiting on American soilNo privateering out of American portsHe had no desire to hazard the interests of his country in an attempt to ensure the survival of any foreign nation.John Ferling

Dealing with BritishOrders in Council: corn, wheat, flour bannedSeizure of shipsImpressment of sailorsOccupation of posts along Great Lakes and attempts to expand presenceAmericans shut out of West Indies and other British colonial ports

Jays Treaty, 1794Withdrawal from posts by 1796Opened East Indian portsOpened West Indian ports to small shipsCommissions to settle boundary disputes & claimsPay for seizures

Outcry and AcceptanceOUTCRYIdea of treaty with BritainFailure to win onNeutral rightsSlave compensationImpressment

House attempt to block execution leads to first Presidential claim of executive privilegeACCEPTANCEPeace on frontierValue of trade with British

Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckneys Treaty)Spanish fearsFree navigation of MississippiRight of deposit at New Orleans31st parallel as border of FloridaThomas Pinckney

North African PiratesMorocco, Tunis, Tripoli, and AlgiersExpectation of tributeNaval Act of 1794Authorized six frigatesTreaty with Algiers

Farewell Address, 1796Domestic ConcernsThe Union the palladium of your political safety and prosperityAmericans first before local interests; interdependence among sectionsDangers of partisanshipVirtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular governmentValue of institutions of learningPay off debts and dont burden posterity with them

Farewell AddressForeign AffairsObserve good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all.Extend trade but avoid preferential treatmentSteer clear of permanent alliances

Political PartiesKey issue: Who should exercise power?

REPUBLICANSWill of the peoplePower to the statesStrict constructionistsConspiracy to undo the RevolutionFEDERALISTSGovernment by elitePower to the Federal governmentLoose constructionistsFear of the mobocracy

John AdamsForeign policy experienceView of President as guardian of the peopleViewed self as nonpartisanPolitical mistakes

Quasi-War with FranceFrench interference with American shippingXYZ Affair 1797-98Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute. Robert Goodloe Harper

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney:The answer is no! No, not a sixpence!Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-PrigordWar fever Provisional armyDepartment of the Navy

Quasi-War1795 French seized 300 ships1797 French attacked ships offshore1798-99 U.S. Navy reclaimed coastal waters and convoyed West Indian trade

Constellation v. Insurgente, 1799

Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798President could deport dangerous aliensChanged length of time it took to become a naturalized citizenIllegal to combine to impede operation of Federal law or to procure riots and other unlawful assembliesCrime to write, print, utter, or publish false, scandalous, or malicious things about President, Congress, or U.S. govt. or stir up sedition

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 1798Jefferson/political moveCompact theory of unionNullificationGot Madison to write set for Virginia Madisons concerns10 states rejected and 4 did not actWould be remembered and resurrected on later occasions

Convention of 1800NapoleonLouisiana schemeRestored diplomatic relationsEnded 1778 alliance

Recognized U.S. as a playerFreed U.S. to be able to pursue a truly independent foreign policyRestored peace with FranceNapoleon Bonaparte

Election of 1800Federalist splitElection in the House36 ballots12th AmendmentFederalists: Adams and C.C. PinckneyRepublicans: Jefferson and Aaron Burr

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