foreign policy of major power between 1919-1939

7/23/2019 Foreign policy of major power between 1919-1939

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Interwar Instability Interwar Instability 1918 to 19391918 to 1939



The Coming of War’s EndThe Coming of War’s End

Soviet Union withdraws from war Treaty of !rest"#itovs$Soviet Union withdraws from war Treaty of !rest"#itovs$%&ar'h 1918(%&ar'h 1918() *ive +, 'laims to -oland. the !alti' States. U$raine*ive +, 'laims to -oland. the !alti' States. U$raine) /ad to 'onsolidate ,ower in Civil War/ad to 'onsolidate ,ower in Civil War

US0 enters war %0,ril 191(US0 enters war %0,ril 191() -resident Wilson offers ideologi'al 2+stifi'ations for the-resident Wilson offers ideologi'al 2+stifi'ations for the war with his 1 -oints war with his 1 -oints

) /+ge infl+4 of man,ower for 0llies on western front/+ge infl+4 of man,ower for 0llies on western front

Se'ond !attle of the &arne %S,ring"early S+mmer 1918(Se'ond !attle of the &arne %S,ring"early S+mmer 1918( brea$s *erman s,irit. b+t #+dendorff won’t de'lare brea$s *erman s,irit. b+t #+dendorff won’t de'lare'easefire'easefire

9 5ovember 6aiser abdi'ates7 11 5ovember 0rmisti'e is9 5ovember 6aiser abdi'ates7 11 5ovember 0rmisti'e isde'laredde'lared



-+bli' o,timism based on Wilson’s 1 -oints. among them self"determination of nationalities7 o,en di,loma'y7 general disarmament7and a #eag+e of 5ationsIm,ortan'e of The 5ational :+estion; < its 'om,li'ations

S,e'ter of Comm+nism Soviet Union < /+ngary %!ela 6+n(

-aris -ea'e Conferen'e %1919(-aris -ea'e Conferen'e %1919(

The !ig =o+r;

>avid #loyd *eorgeof !ritain ?ittorio @rlandoof Italy *eorges Clemensea+

of =ran'e Woodrow Wilsonof the United States



Interwar Instability

@+tline

-aris -ea'e Conferen'eAealities of the -ea'e#ingering Un'ertainties Weimar *ermany < the Aise

of 5aBism

Terms

#ittle Entente;Treaty of Aa,allo Weimar Ae,+bli'/y,erinflationThe >awes -lan

*+stav StresemannThe #o'arno -a't6ellogg"!riand -a't 0dolf /itlerEmergen'y >e'reeEnabling 0'tErnst AoehmSt+rmabteil+ng %S0(/einri'h /immlerS'htBstafel %SS(Dosef *oebbels



Aealities of the -aris -ea'e Conferen'e

>e'isions +s+ally made by !ig =o+r < their e4,erts;>e'isions +s+ally made by !ig =o+r < their e4,erts;lead to resentment among the loserslead to resentment among the losers

Confli'ting 'on'erns of the vi'torsConfli'ting 'on'erns of the vi'tors) =ran'e need se'+rity. England needs re,arations. US0 needs=ran'e need se'+rity. England needs re,arations. US0 needs

infl+en'einfl+en'e

=eat+res of the -ea'e Treaties %D+ne 1919(=eat+res of the -ea'e Treaties %D+ne 1919(

) /arsh treatment of *ermany demilitariBed7/arsh treatment of *ermany demilitariBed7

o''+,ied7 h+ge re,arations7 war g+ilt %Cla+se 31(o''+,ied7 h+ge re,arations7 war g+ilt %Cla+se 31(

) #eag+e of 5ations set +, %19F( with $ey states#eag+e of 5ations set +, %19F( with $ey statesmissing < witho+t shar, teethmissing < witho+t shar, teeth

) &a, of E+ro,e redrawn. 'reating new 'o+ntries at&a, of E+ro,e redrawn. 'reating new 'o+ntries at

0+stria’s < A+ssia’s e4,ense 0+stria’s < A+ssia’s e4,ense



E+ro,e. ,ost"1919



Aealities of the Congress of ?ersailles

=eat+res of the -ea'e Treaties %D+ne 1919(=eat+res of the -ea'e Treaties %D+ne 1919(

&a, of E+ro,e redrawn at 0+stria’s < A+ssia’s e4,ense&a, of E+ro,e redrawn at 0+stria’s < A+ssia’s e4,ense/arsh treatment of *ermany demilitariBed7 o''+,ied7/arsh treatment of *ermany demilitariBed7 o''+,ied7

h+ge re,arations7 war g+ilt %Cla+se 31(h+ge re,arations7 war g+ilt %Cla+se 31(#eag+e of 5ations set +, %19F( with $ey states missing#eag+e of 5ations set +, %19F( with $ey states missing

< witho+t shar, teeth< witho+t shar, teeth

Was this a ,ea'e witho+t vi'tors;G Was this a ,ea'e witho+t vi'tors;GIn its original sense. noHIn its original sense. noHStill. not even the vi'tors; fo+nd ,ea'e; in theStill. not even the vi'tors; fo+nd ,ea'e; in the

settlementHsettlementH



White; A+ssians < western allies try tosto, !olshevi$s from'onsolidating ,owerH

Soviets try to e4tend'ontrol by gettingregional allies

!y 191. Soviets withstand threatand beginestablishing theirstateH

Civil War in the Soviet UnionCivil War in the Soviet Union



/ome A+le movement. 18Fs"191 ho,es raised and dashed

The Irish Ae,+bli'an !rotherhood +ndergro+nd alternative

191 Easter Aising res+lts in growing sym,athy for re,+bli'ans

Irish J+estion ignored at ?ersailles

*+errilla war. 1919"1. leads #loyd *eorge’s government to set +, two

/ome A+le; governments

Unmet 5ational Ae'ognition Ireland 191"1

Easter Aising >estr+'tion in >+blin



#ingering >is'ontents in Interwar E+ro,e#ingering >is'ontents in Interwar E+ro,e Civil war in the Soviet UnionCivil war in the Soviet Union

) White; A+ssians < White; A+ssians < western allies try to sto, western allies try to sto,

!olshevi$s from!olshevi$s from

'onsolidating ,owerH'onsolidating ,owerH

Comm+nist governmentComm+nist government

+ses Aed 0rmy %Trots$y( to+ses Aed 0rmy %Trots$y( tofight enemiesHfight enemiesH

) !y 191. Soviets withstand!y 191. Soviets withstand

threat and beginthreat and begin

establishing their stateH Useestablishing their stateH Use

of terror as an instr+mentof terror as an instr+mentof ,oliti'al and so'ialof ,oliti'al and so'ial

'ontrolH -+rges and 'am,sH'ontrolH -+rges and 'am,sH) Central e'onomyCentral e'onomy

im,lemented =ive Kearim,lemented =ive Kear

-lansH-lansH



>emands for national re'ognition +nmet>emands for national re'ognition +nmet

) Colonial ,ossessions &iddle East7 0fri'a7 So+th 0siaColonial ,ossessions &iddle East7 0fri'a7 So+th 0sia) Ethni' demands within E+ro,eEthni' demands within E+ro,e E'onomi' +n'ertaintiesE'onomi' +n'ertainties

) -re"war 'onditions 'hanged-re"war 'onditions 'hanged) wor$ers’ 'on'erns +, wor$ers’ 'on'erns +,

) -eriods of severe downt+rns 1919"F7 197 199"3-eriods of severe downt+rns 1919"F7 197 199"3 Sear'h for international stability Sear'h for international stability

) The #ittle Entente; between CBe'hoslova$ia.The #ittle Entente; between CBe'hoslova$ia. K+goslavia. < Aomania %19F( K+goslavia. < Aomania %19F(

) =ran'o"-olish allian'e to 'ontain; *ermany %191(=ran'o"-olish allian'e to 'ontain; *ermany %191(



=ran'e < new states see$allies

#ittle Entente; to $ee, aneye on /+ngary and

,ossibly *ermany %19F( =ran'e ma$es se,arate

allian'e with -oland %191( *rowing s+s,i'ion among

*ermans and Soviets. whoma$e their own agreementat Aa,allo %19(

“The Little Entente”

The #ittle Entente;



Fasci di Combattimento Fasci di Combattimento or The =as'ists %!ands of Combat;(or The =as'ists %!ands of Combat;(

) Tended to be veterans who o,,osed ?ersailles settlementTended to be veterans who o,,osed ?ersailles settlement

) @rganiBed into armed bands7 wore distin'tive bla'$ shirts@rganiBed into armed bands7 wore distin'tive bla'$ shirts) Tended to be anti"+nion. violently brea$ing +, meetingsTended to be anti"+nion. violently brea$ing +, meetings

#ed by !enito &+ssolini o,,ort+nist. self",romoter. nationalist#ed by !enito &+ssolini o,,ort+nist. self",romoter. nationalist *ained s+,,ort as 'entrist ,arties +nable to halt e'onomi' downt+rn 1919"1*ained s+,,ort as 'entrist ,arties +nable to halt e'onomi' downt+rn 1919"1

Mussolini and the Blackshirts

=as'ismin Italy



Mussolini & 50,000

supporters march on Rome:

Kin !ictor Emmanuel """didn#t stop them & then

asks Mussolini to ser$e as

%rime Minister Most thouht he#d ail 'o$( )*++: Kin rants

him dictatorial poer or a

-ear .ascists secure control

throuh intimidation, las,

propaanda, militar-

eorts, economic

corporatism & emphasis

on dynamism.

The &ar'h on Aome. @'tober 19



=eelings of betrayal after the 1919 ,ea'e settlementH=eelings of betrayal after the 1919 ,ea'e settlementHItalians felt they had been de,rived of territory theyItalians felt they had been de,rived of territory theyhad been ,romised to them by the other 0lliesHhad been ,romised to them by the other 0lliesH

Italian government e4,erien'ing ,arliamentary 'haosItalian government e4,erien'ing ,arliamentary 'haos

and had no 'lear ,oliti'al ,rogramHand had no 'lear ,oliti'al ,rogramH

=as'ism seemed to ,romise a way o+t of these=as'ism seemed to ,romise a way o+t of thesee'onomi' and ,oliti'al tro+bles Italy was fa'ing in thee'onomi' and ,oliti'al tro+bles Italy was fa'ing in the,ost"World War I eraH,ost"World War I eraH

-layed on middle and +,,er 'lassesL fears abo+t-layed on middle and +,,er 'lassesL fears abo+tinflation and 'on'erns abo+t their ,ro,erty rightsHinflation and 'on'erns abo+t their ,ro,erty rightsH

=a'tors for &+ssolini’s Aise to -ower



The State is ,aramo+nt) =as'ism is for libertyM the liberty of the State andof the individ+al within the StateH;

) The $eystone of =as'ist do'trine is the 'on'e,tionof the State. or its essen'e. of its tas$s. of its endsH

=or =as'ism the State is an absol+te before whi'hindivid+als and gro+,s are relativeH;) The =as'ist State has a 'ons'io+sness of its own. a

will of its own. on this a''o+nt is 'alled and ethi'alstateH;

Cor,oratism 5ationalism War as the nat+ral state of so'iety -romotes foreign e4,ansion Ethio,ia. 0lbania

Com,onents of =as'ism



The #ateran 0''ord. 199Indemnity to -o,e7re'ogniBed a+thority of ,o,ein Aome7 re'ogniBedCatholi'ism as state religion

War as nat+ral; 'ondition'olonial 'am,aigns in #ybiyaand Ethio,ia

@rganiBed E'onomy toa'hieve self"s+ffi'ien'y andto ,romote the state

Cor,oratism N verti'alorientation with state.owners < wor$ers together

-ro,aganda of >K50&IS& %ius /" ith Mussolini, )*+

=as'ist Control Se'+red Thro+gh O Efforts



&+ssolini a Symbol of Italian >ynamism



1itler in Rome, 2 Ma- )*2

*rowing Aelationshi, between Italy and *ermany



#imits to 'ontrol. even after Civil War

) FF.FFF !olshevi$s o+t of 1F million ,o,+lation) Use of army < se'ret ,oli'e %the Che$a. later 56?>.

m+'h later 6*!( 5ew E'onomi' -oli'y %191(

) 0llowed for some ,rivate ownershi, in small sho,s) 6+la$s ,easants farming for ,rofit

) Aes+lts more stable food s+,,ly < ind+strial 'a,a'ity ba'$ to ,re"war level by 19

#enin dies %19(. sets +, leadershi, str+ggle) Trots$y vsH Stalin

The Soviet Union =rom #enin to Stalin



Trots$y middle"'lass. favored

ra,id ind+strialiBation <internationaliBing revol+tion Stalin ,easant. national;

revol+tion. 'ontin+e 5E- Stalin +sed ,osition as *eneral

Se'retary to get s+,,ort 19 Trots$y removed from

offi'es < e4iled 199 Trots$y $i'$ed o+t ofo+t of

USSA7 $illed in 19FUSSA7 $illed in 19F

Stalin vsH Trots$y



E'onomi' Shift from 5E- to ra,id ind+strialiBation

) *os,lan and O"year ,lans) /+ge *rowth FFP %198"19F(

) Conditions horrible 6+la$s Eliminated in favor of Colle'tive =arms

) FF.FFF families removed;

) Colle'tives Q 1.FFF a'res7 eJ+i,ment from state7 'ontrolled foods+,,ly7 ,oor living 'onditions

) Aes+lts

@wnershi, shift to State P %198( to 9FP %1938(

-rod+'tion +, FP. b+t food shortages remained -+rges 'ontrol thro+gh terror. $angaroo 'o+rts;

) &illions e4iled. e4e'+ted

) 5ew men atta'hed to Stalin 'ome to ,ower

Stalin’s Aegime Totalitarian Comm+nism



@+tlineI?H Weimar *ermany <I?H Weimar *ermany <

the Aise of 5aBismthe Aise of 5aBism

?H The 5aBi ?ision ?H The 5aBi ?ision

?IH The =inal Sol+tion ?IH The =inal Sol+tion

?IIH =as'ism in Italy ?IIH =as'ism in Italy

Terms Mein Kampf #ebensra+m#ebensra+m

5+remberg #aws5+remberg #aws

6ristallna'ht6ristallna'ht

EinsatBgr+,,enEinsatBgr+,,en Wannsee Conferen'e Wannsee Conferen'e

The =as'istsThe =as'ists

&+ssolini&+ssolini

&ar'h on Aome&ar'h on AomeThe #ateran 0''ordThe #ateran 0''ord

Cor,oratismCor,oratism

Interwar Instabilities %'ontH(Interwar Instabilities %'ontH(



Weimar’s b+ilt"in instability Weimar’s b+ilt"in instability

)Constit+tion -resident andConstit+tion -resident and

Aei'hstag with -ro,ortionalAei'hstag with -ro,ortional

Ae,resentation < 0rti'le 8Ae,resentation < 0rti'le 8

) 0ttem,ted revol+tions from #eft 0ttem,ted revol+tions from #eft

and Aightand Aight

0nger at ?ersailles Treaty Cla+ses 0nger at ?ersailles Treaty Cla+sesre,arations bill and g+iltre,arations bill and g+ilt

=ren'h +nder -oin'are invade the=ren'h +nder -oin'are invade the

A+hr ?alley. 193"OA+hr ?alley. 193"O

) *ermans hold general stri$e*ermans hold general stri$e

) /y,erinflation/y,erinflation Stability 'omes via the >awes -lan.Stability 'omes via the >awes -lan.

*+stav Stresemann. the #o'arno -a't*+stav Stresemann. the #o'arno -a't

%19O(. < 6ellogg"!riand -a't %199(%19O(. < 6ellogg"!riand -a't %199(

The Mask .alls

See$ing Stability in Weimar *ermany



!erlin a '+lt+rally de'adent.!erlin a '+lt+rally de'adent.

vibrant. lonely 'ity vibrant. lonely 'ity 0meri'an money and '+lt+re 0meri'an money and '+lt+re

flowing in +ntil 199flowing in +ntil 199 Im,a't of *reat >e,ressionIm,a't of *reat >e,ression

) -arty 'oalitions +nable to deal-arty 'oalitions +nable to deal

with 'risis with 'risis) Unem,loyment grows fromUnem,loyment grows from

HOm %193F( to m %193(HOm %193F( to m %193( -resident. =ield &arshall -a+l-resident. =ield &arshall -a+l

von /indenb+rg started to r+le von /indenb+rg started to r+le

by de'ree and to rely on a small by de'ree and to rely on a small'ir'le of advisors'ir'le of advisors

In early 1933. /indenb+rg 'allsIn early 1933. /indenb+rg 'allson 0dolf /itler to be'ome newon 0dolf /itler to be'ome newChan'ellorChan'ellor

“3a4aret to Beaut-” 4- tto 6i7 8)*++9

The >emise of Weimar



5ational So'ialist *erman Wor$ers’ -arty %fH 1919( so+ght re,+diation of5ational So'ialist *erman Wor$ers’ -arty %fH 1919( so+ght re,+diation of

?ersailles7 +nifi'ation of 0+stria and *ermany7 e4'l+sion of Dews from ?ersailles7 +nifi'ation of 0+stria and *ermany7 e4'l+sion of Dews from*erman 'itiBenshi,7 land reforms and en'o+ragement of small b+sinesses*erman 'itiBenshi,7 land reforms and en'o+ragement of small b+sinesses

) -arty had ,aramilitary 'om,onent the SH0H +nder Ernst Aoehm-arty had ,aramilitary 'om,onent the SH0H +nder Ernst Aoehm

) !eerhall -+ts'h %193(!eerhall -+ts'h %193( /itler had 2oined in 19F < rose to leadershi,/itler had 2oined in 19F < rose to leadershi,

The 5aBis < 0dolf /itler %1889"19O(



Aestr+'t+re E+ro,e to benefit the ra'ial hierar'hy ) Mein Kampf ,la'es 0ryans at to, /e f+rnishes thegiganti' b+ilding"stones and also the ,lans for allh+man ,rogressH;

) Unite ethni'; *ermans %?ol$sde+ts'h( in a *reater

*ermany;) Lebensraum or #iving S,a'e; &+st move eastwardand ,+sh o+t those already living thereH

What was the 5aBi ?isionG



Aestr+'t+re E+ro,e to benefit the A0CI0# /IEA0AC/K

) &ein 6am,f ,la'es 0ryans at to, /e f+rnishes the giganti' b+ilding"stones and also the ,lans for all h+man ,rogressH;) Unite ethni'; *ermans in a *reater *ermany;) #ebensra+m or #iving S,a'e;

'ai "dentiication Ta4le:

“;erman Race 1eads”<eish ;irl %hotoraphed at the "nstitute

or Racial Research 8)*=9


Wh t W th 5 i ?i i G



Ko+th '+lt+re < fitness ,rograms 'entral Ko+th '+lt+re < fitness ,rograms 'entral &otherhood had s,e'ial em,hasisH&otherhood had s,e'ial em,hasisH Mein Kampf ::

&arriage also 'annot be an end in itself. b+t has to serve&arriage also 'annot be an end in itself. b+t has to servethe one greater aim. the ,ro,agation and ,reservation ofthe one greater aim. the ,ro,agation and ,reservation of

the s,e'ies and the ra'eH;the s,e'ies and the ra'eH;

What Was the 5aBi ?isionG




Aestr+'t+re E+ro,e to benefit the ra'ially s+,eriorAestr+'t+re E+ro,e to benefit the ra'ially s+,erior

,eo,les,eo,les Mein Kampf Mein Kampf ,la'es 0ryans at to,H,la'es 0ryans at to,H

Übermenschen.Übermenschen. &i4ed ra'es %li$e the US0(&i4ed ra'es %li$e the US0(

in'a,able of world leadershi,Hin'a,able of world leadershi,H

Unite ethni'; *ermans %Unite ethni'; *ermans %VolksdeutschVolksdeutsch( in a( in a*reater *ermany;*reater *ermany;

#ebensra+m or #iving S,a'e;#ebensra+m or #iving S,a'e;

Central theme of ra'ial hierar'hy < e4'l+sivity inCentral theme of ra'ial hierar'hy < e4'l+sivity in Mein Mein Kampf Kampf %19O( < *oebbels’s ,ro,aganda &y neighbor%19O( < *oebbels’s ,ro,aganda &y neighbor

is one who is tied to me by his bloodH If I love him.is one who is tied to me by his bloodH If I love him.

then I m+st hate his enemiesH /e who thin$s *ermanthen I m+st hate his enemiesH /e who thin$s *erman

m+st des,ise the DewsH;m+st des,ise the DewsH;



>r-ans?;ermans

“@emiA>r-ans” 8@candina$ians9

>nloA@a7ons & other Europeans

“ntermenschen”

!ermin: <es, ;-psies, ;a-s

1immler spoke o

the ar in the east

as a “ar o

e7termination(”


5aBi Aa'ial Ideas



5aBis ,lay off diffi'+lties of other ,arties with their own

'ertainties ra'ism. e4,ansionism. < anti"bolshevism -arty grows with yo+ng. lower"middle"'lasses < small

farmers 3H3P %193(

/indenb+rg’s invitation to+'hes off J+i'$ series of events

) Emergen'y >e'ree %=ebH 1933( s+s,end 'ivil liberties7ro+nd +, 'omm+nists

) &ar'h Ele'tion < the Enabling 0't A+le by >e'ree

) D+ly 1. 1933 5aBi -arty de'lared only legal ,arty in thestate

) D+ne 3F"D+ly . 5ight of the #ong 6nivesS0 o+t < SS gains ,ower

5aBi SeiB+re of -ower %1933(



>efinition 1933"3O

E4,ro,riation 193O"38

Con'entration 1933"

Un'oordinated $illing 1939"

0nnihilation 19"O

=ive -hases of 0nti"Dewish 0'tion



0bo+t FF.FFF Dews in *ermany 0bo+t FF.FFF Dews in *ermany 5+remberg #aws %193O(. whi'h5+remberg #aws %193O(. whi'h

defined who was and wasn’t Dewishdefined who was and wasn’t Dewish

#imited 'onta'ts between#imited 'onta'ts between*ermans; < Dews;*ermans; < Dews; O @'tober 1938 N 0ll DewishO @'tober 1938 N 0ll Dewish

,ass,orts m+st be stam,ed with,ass,orts m+st be stam,ed withthe letter DH;the letter DH;

5ovember 1939 N Dews in -oland5ovember 1939 N Dews in -oland

had to wear a white badge with ahad to wear a white badge with aStar of >avid on their right armHStar of >avid on their right armH 1 Se,tember 191 N Dews in1 Se,tember 191 N Dews in

*ermany < o''+,ied -oland were*ermany < o''+,ied -oland wereordered to wear the Kellow Starordered to wear the Kellow Star

“Kno the True Enem-C Dhene$er ou @eeThis @-m4olF<e”

4er Ramstadt .ire



E4'l+ded from ,rofessions <E4'l+ded from ,rofessions <

gov’t 2obsgov’t 2obs Set higher ta4 rates for DewsSet higher ta4 rates for Dews 0ryaniBed; Dewish b+sinesses < 0ryaniBed; Dewish b+sinesses <

,ro,erty Se,tH 193,ro,erty Se,tH 193 Emigration R3FF.FFF leaveEmigration R3FF.FFF leave C+lmination 6ristallna'ht.C+lmination 6ristallna'ht.

9"1F 5ovH 19389"1F 5ovH 1938) Synagog+es b+rned Synagog+es b+rned) .OFF Stores < offi'es.OFF Stores < offi'es

destroyeddestroyed) 91 >ead91 >ead) 3F.FFF arrested and3F.FFF arrested and

de,orted to 'on'entrationde,orted to 'on'entration'am,s'am,s

) 0ll Dewish b+sinesses 'losed 0ll Dewish b+sinesses 'losed

4e s d e

@ites o Ma or Kristallnacht "ncidents

E4,ro,riation



Outline

I?H Weimar *ermany <I?H Weimar *ermany <the Aise of 5aBismthe Aise of 5aBism

?H The 5aBi ?ision ?H The 5aBi ?ision

?IH The =inal Sol+tion ?IH The =inal Sol+tion ?IIH =as'ism in Italy ?IIH =as'ism in Italy

?IIIH Comm+nism in the ?IIIH Comm+nism in theUSSA USSA

Terms

EinsatBgr+,,en Wannsee Conferen'eThe =as'ists

&+ssolini&ar'h on AomeThe #ateran 0''ordCor,oratism

Che$a5ew E'onomi' -oli'y 6+la$sDosef Stalin

Interwar Instabilities %'ontH(Interwar Instabilities %'ontH(



>is'omfort in smaller towns>is'omfort in smaller towns

&oved to 'ities vol+ntarily by 1939.&oved to 'ities vol+ntarily by 1939.3 of *erman Dews lived in ten3 of *erman Dews lived in ten'ities'ities

0,ril 1939. *erman Dews for'ed to 0,ril 1939. *erman Dews for'ed torelo'ate; into ghettoes away fromrelo'ate; into ghettoes away fromgeneral ,o,+lationgeneral ,o,+lation

Se,tH 1939. -olish Dews for'ed intoSe,tH 1939. -olish Dews for'ed into

ghettoesghettoes Se,tH 191 *erman Dews beginSe,tH 191 *erman Dews begin

relo'ating; eastwardrelo'ating; eastward *hetto 'onditions intentionally*hetto 'onditions intentionally

horridhorrid) #o'al 'o+n'ils < ,oli'e#o'al 'o+n'ils < ,oli'e

) #imited < +n'ertain food s+,,ly #imited < +n'ertain food s+,,ly ) /ard labor < ,hysi'al ab+se/ard labor < ,hysi'al ab+se

The Darsa ;hetto

> 6utch .amil- ;ets 6eported

Con'entration

Un'oordinated 6illing



EinsatBgr+,,en are mobile $illing sJ+ads of the SS. whi'h moveEinsatBgr+,,en are mobile $illing sJ+ads of the SS. whi'h moveeastward alongside of advan'ing troo,seastward alongside of advan'ing troo,s

Ao+nded +, ,oliti'al o,,onents and then Dews and then too$ themAo+nded +, ,oliti'al o,,onents and then Dews and then too$ themo+t to se'l+ded sites for mass $illingso+t to se'l+ded sites for mass $illings

1HO m $illed1HO m $illed

Un'oordinated 6illing

E4e'+tions andmass grave in*erman"o''+,ied SovietUnion

h l



Wannsee Conferen'e. F Dan+ary 19 Wannsee Conferen'e. F Dan+ary 19 =inal Sol+tion b+ilt off e4isting ideas=inal Sol+tion b+ilt off e4isting ideas >oBens of 'am,s. in'l+ding F large ones < >oBens of 'am,s. in'l+ding F large ones <

s,e'ially designed for mass e4terminations,e'ially designed for mass e4termination) ChelmnoChelmno

) !elBe'!elBe') SorbiborSorbibor) Treblin$aTreblin$a) #+blin#+blin

) 0+s'hwitB"!ir$ena+ 0+s'hwitB"!ir$ena+ Use of y$lon ! %hydrogen 'yoniade(. 'o+ldUse of y$lon ! %hydrogen 'yoniade(. 'o+ld

$ill +, to .FFF ,er day $ill +, to .FFF ,er day 0bo+t million Dews and others $illed 0bo+t million Dews and others $illed

0nnihilation

&ass 6illings Wannsee Conferen'e %F



.aces rom >uschitABirkenau>rri$al & @election

“Dork Makes ou .ree”

&ass 6illings Wannsee Conferen'e %FDan+ary 19( < The =inal Sol+tion

Th I f h =i l S l i h D f E



19391939 19O19O*er0+s*er0+s FF 3F3F

-oland-oland 3.3FF3.3FF 3FF3FF

!alti's!alti's O3O3 OOU$raineU$raine 1.OFF1.OFF FFFF

AomaniaAomania FFFF 3FF3FF

Slova$iaSlova$ia 9F9F 1O1O/+ngary /+ngary 3F3F 18F18F

'um4er o <es 8in )000s9

Li$in in @elect 3ountries

The Im,a't of the =inal Sol+tion on the Dews of E+ro,e

6eys to 5aBi Control



%olice & @@ %resence

1einrich 1immler

Economic Reco$er- throuh

stateAsponsored proGects &

militar- spendin%u4lic Relations chie

<ose ;oe44els

3ensorship, rallies, & radios

The >uto4ahn, )*H

Rall- at 'urem4er, )*I

6eys to 5aBi Control

foreign policy of major power between 1919-1939

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