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AO-A108 209 FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIV WRIGHT-PATTERSON API ON F/S 8/9PROFESSOR M. M. PROTOC' YAKONOY'S STRENGTH COEFFICIENT F OF ROCK--ECUNOV al M M PROTOO'YAKONOV
UNCLASSIFIED FTD-ID (RS) T-1293-81
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1111 0 2 1:rnWil 1 .2141t * 0
=J LIII25
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CRARTNATIONAL BUREAU Of SlANDARDS 1963 A
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FTD-ID(RS)T-1293-81
FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
PROFESSOR M. M. PROTODIYAKONOVS STRENGTHCOEFFICIENT f OF ROCKS
by
M. M. Protod'yak-onov
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FTD-ID(RS)T-1293-81
EDITED TRANSLATION
FTD-ID(RS)T-1293-81 12 November 1981
MICRFICH NR:FTD-81-C-001026
PROFESSOR M. M. PROTODIYAKONOVIS STRENGTHCOEFFICIENT f OF ROCKS
By: M. M. Protod'yakonov
English pages: 37
Source: Voprosy Razrusheniya i DavleniyaGornykh Porod, Ugletekhizdat, Moscow,1955, pp. 42-55
Country of origin: USSRTranslated by: Gale M. WeisenbargerRequester: FTD/SDBFApproved for public release; distributionunlimited.
THIS TRANSLATION IS A RENDITION OF THE ORIGI.NAL FOREIGN TEXT WITHOUT ANY ANALYTICAL OREDITORIAL COMMENT. STATEMENTS OR THEORIES PREPARED BYADVOCATED OR IMPLIED ARE THOSE OF THE SOURCEAND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE POSITION TRANSLATION DIVISIONOR OPINION OF THE FOREIGN4 TECHNOLOGY 01. FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIVISIONVISION. WP.AF8. OHIO.
FTD-D(RS)T129-81Date 12 Nov 19 81
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 1
1293,gw
PROFESSOR M. M. PROTOD'YAKONOVIS STRENGTH COEFFICIENT f OF ROCKS
M,. H. Protodlyakonov (Junior), Doctor of Technical Sciences.
Mining Institute of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
The mechanical propqrties cf rocks play a primary role in
mining; on them depend the selection of the extraction method, the
productivity of reans of extraction, the behavior of the roof, and so
forth.
Initially the mechanical rcperties of rocks were only evaluated
qualitatively. Prof. B. M. Protcd'yakonov, in one of his first wcrks
on this problem [1], claractexized the approaches to study of the
strength of rocks at the beginning of the XX century: "...in mining
science it has long been the custcm to determine not the absolute
valuns of strength of rock, but only to compare rocks with each
other, grouping them into kncwn classes of strength, in that sense in
which it is always understood, and to mike these classes so broad
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 2
that it is easy to assign any given rock to one category or ancther.
The attempts of this classification, however, suffer from complete
lack of coordination because the authors, generally speaking, did not
have as a goal the comparison of the strength, for example, with
respect to drilling, with the strength with respect to settling cf
the surface and so forth and in addition the relationship between
classes is only rarely expressed numcrically and usually the authors
are satisfied simply with the terms:. "strong," "brittle" rocks and so
forth."
But the development of mining urgently demanded a quantitative
evaluation of the mechanical Ercperties of rocks.
A famous Russian sciontist, one of the founders of mining
science, Prof. M. M. Protcdayakcnov (1874-1930) was able for the
first time to generalize all of this uncoordinated data and to
establish objectively existing connectiins batween various indices of
mechanical properties cf rocks ard to establish the orderly study of
the strength of rocks. This study was one of the bases of the further
developmant of a number of very important divisions of mining
science.
Prof, M, M, Protod'yakcnov in his dissertation in 1907 [2], then
in a report at a conference cl scientists cn mining, metallurgy and
.M S l
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DOC - 1293 FAGE 3
machine building in 1910 (1], in a number of other works, and finally
in a principal work in 1926 [3], established that the strength of
rocks in various respects (with various methods of breakdown) are
approximately identical and prcvided a general table of relative
coefficients of strength f of all rocks. He suggested making this
table the basis of calculating processes of recovering rocks and
supporting workings. The coefficients of strength of rocks f have
become widely known and have become firmly rooted in mining science
and production.
During the past almost half a century repeated attempts have
been made to refute the opinicns of M. M. Protod'yakonov, but his
teaching about the strength cf rccks has fcund increasingly wider
recognition and application in practice. Checking over a lcng period
of time has shown the viability cf the rock strength coefficients
which he proposed.
Rock strangth coEfficients f are important for many branchas of
mining science: the science ct tte pressure of rocks, the science of
the breakdown of rccks during their recovery, for technical
standardization and etc.
In mining literature we ercounter assertions that "strength" and
"crushing strength" are synca)rs and therefore it is necessary to use
-----------
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DOC =1293 FAGI 4
the generil technical term "crushing strength" in mining. Such
assertions are incorrect and the suggesticn to exclude the term
lSstr--angth" is not acceiptable. In fact, let us analyze carefully the
contant and range of applicaticr of both terms.
H. N. Protod'yakoriov [3] defined the concept of strength of
rocks as follows: "The strength cf rock and of any material is its
resistance to external forces.,'
The committee of technical terminology of the Academy of
sciences USSR (4] presently gives the fcllcwing definition to the
term "crush.ing strLngth": "crushing strength is the property of a
material under certain conditicre and within certain limits to
receive thost- cr other acticne without crushing.,,
As we spa, the term "crushing strength" refers oniy tc those
cases wh-an the material is not crushed. In the definition cf ths tcerm
"strength," however, there is nc such stipulation and therefore the
latter term is applicab~le both for characterizing rocks with respect
to their stability and with respcct to their resistance tc crushing
during recovery. Further, the term 1"strength" is applied for any type
of mechanical destruction, including such complex processes of
destruction as notching, boring, breaking down, blasting, crushing,
and so forth. The term lcxuscblrg strength," as a rule Is used in
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 5
cases of determination of the teemporary resistances to elongation,
compression, bending, twisting, etc. Thus, by "crushing strength" we
normally understand the resistance of a material to the action of
only elementary stresses and nct to all actions.
H. M. Prot~d'yakornov I I] wrote: "Ia everyday use by the wor 4
"rock strength" we have in mind, generally speaking, varicus concepts
which in and of themselves are ccmplex. Thus it is possible to talk
about strength in the sense of greater or lesser ease of different
types of recovery, i.e., resistance during drilling, during blasting
or during direct recovery using those or other tools, for example a
pick, shovel, and so. forth. It is also possible to examine rocks with
respect to their stability, asc of a different type: when working,
concerning supports, safety tl.ocks, sinking of the day surface." "It
is already evident from this how varied the concept of the strength
of rock, and how dissimilar t.is concept is to those "elementary"
concepts of resistance to com~ressicn, shear, or elongaticn which
"structural mechanics" d'2als with.
- From what has baen presented above it follows that the content
of concepts embodied in the terms "str.ngth" and "crushing strength"
are not identical and that the term "crushing strength" is not
int.rchangeable with the term "strength."
wpm"
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 6
As a measure of strength of rocks m. M. Protod'yakonov suggested
a coefficient of strength, i.e., a dimensicnless value indicating how
many times stronger one rock is than another which is taken for cne.
It is interesting to trace hou M. M. Protod'yakonov approached the
development of strength coefficients and his famous scale of strength
of rocks.
He first applied the coefficients of strength in 1907 for
characterizing the stability cf rocks and their pressure on mining
supports [2]. M. M. Protodyakonov considered that: "Rocks in mass
are far from a continuous elastic body, such as they are usually
considered in a course on the resistance of materials. A multitude of
cracks, from microcracks to large ones, divide the entire mass into
individual piecas and even there where a ccnnection remains, it is
significantly weaker than inisde cf the pieces themselves." In
addition he wrote: "It is obvious that the examined rocks also cannot
be considered as truly disccnnected (friable) bodies, because in the
latter there exists only fricticn and here there is also a certain
bond of the pieces with each. cther."
As is known, for characterizing friable bodies we use the
coeffic3ant of friction which is ogual to the tangent of the angle of
rest for these bodies. M. M. rctod'yakonov, by analogy, proposed for
characterizing the stability cf rocks that we use the apparant
mown"
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 7
coefficient of friction (coefficient of strength) equal to the
tangent of the angle of rest ip cpen mine workings. It is apparaenr
because it took into account not only the force of friction but also
the force of adhesion of the pieces between each cther. Lat.r
research by P. M. TsimLarevict. skowed that the strength coefficients
of M. M. Protod'yakonova are equal to the tangents of angles of
internal resistance of the rccks, i.e. of angles at which the
greatest stressps arise in rocks and. at which cracks appear frcm the
action of destructive forces.
Analyzing the shortcomirgs cf the classifications of rock
strength proposed before him, M. M. Protod'yakonov wrot-: "Therefore
my problem is first of all to reduce the different "types of
strength" into a definite systea and second, to establish a more
rational classification and tc express the relationship between
classes in numbers" [ 1.
On the basis of theoretical considerations M. M. Protodlyakonov
came to the following conclusicn [1]: "Thus, if any rock is stronger
than another in the ratio f1:f in any one sense (in cur example,
during drilling) thrn in any cthgr (for example, supporting, sinking
of the surface, blasting, etc.) it wll be stronger in exactly tke
same ratio. Therefore the sale classification may be established for
all typcs of strength.
I.
I
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DOC = 1293 PAGE E
However, the actual rocks are not ideal bodies. Therefore the
drawn conclusion can only he extended to them with a known error and
the questicn imwediately arises of its value; in other words it is
necessary to determine whether we are not risking obtaining clearly
inconsistent results."
Let us take characteristic rocks, place theDm in eight clsses and
for completeness let us add anctler extreme class, water.
Let us now examine whether this table leads to any
inconsistencies if we use it fcr all types of strength." Further M.
M, Protcd'yakonov writes: "o..various perscns, each for his own
purposes, completely individually, established a classification of
rocks with respect to strength; one for drilling, another for
blasting operations, a third for sinking of the surface, a fourth for
supporting, and so forth. nc ce had in mind comparing these tables.
But it turns out that if we dc this we obtain a fully explicit
identity of classifications.,
Then M. m, Protodlyakonov procassel thG data of a number of
authors by replacing specific mames of indices with dimensionless
coefficients and all of the figures obtained in this manner he
ii
|'I
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DOC= 1293 PAGE 5
reduced t3 a single common tatle, dividing the rocks into similar
classes of strength:
"Now it remains to reduce the obtained figures of relative
strength in such a variety of serses into cne table."
11i'l - ~ h~mi- N a, a.. ....p. .. ...... . ..'*,l,,, ,
#J $ j) ......... . . ..-'ll -lXOKIW11~~? .11 t p.I I p
vpi) u p . i p C j idhJ U
II I~~lieliM!' I jjieiiil 1 II I ll: 'lail, . .16)J t
]\' Cp¢.iicii KpcllIU'7il I(l'¢ih~iIik I.III If.It.~liV IlloC.1;111¢1, m m I'K1 i I#0
,j~n~ti.iio C.UI5,c., d ,II~ tliicl i u.IL tfl~t)
yroab 30b) .2 '00 - NICJor,' L.ja6wjd l,)J)ohi a) I.ilia, Cwipol ii c'ol .1C -C I
VII Cun -'itil IO1,0.LI A) Cyxo ne , ounwi -) 0,7 J10M.ITIib;e e)
VIII lni y ) 11.16B)'11 .).. .- bii
IX o0 , 1A .. . . ...... 0 b ""
Table. KEY: I. No. of classes; 2. name of classes; 3.
characteristic rocks; 4. ultimate resistance to compression kg/m 2 ; 5.
nota; I - a. quite strcng; t. quartzite; c. blasting; II - a. strong;
b. granite and graywackA; III - a. rather strong; b. solid sandstone
and limestone; IV - a. average strength; b. solid clay slate, soft
sandstona, hard coal; V - a. rather weak; soft slate, soft coal; c.
pick work; VI - a. weak rocks; b. clay, wt sand; VII - friable
rocks; b. dry sand, talus; c. skovel work; VIII - a. running; b.
-... , . : . , . . ,. ... . ... . * .
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 10
quicksand; c. dredging; IX- a. water.
2) wiyp~a I I W Ci UAMX ')1,C 1 W")C. I " ' ' ..I ,. ... .......... .
1 3000 20 20 - 18 -- 13.3 - -I I 15u0 I0 II !0 12 12 10,7 10 10
fli 90o 6 7 7 6 6 6,7 6 6iV 60o 4 4,8 4 - 4 4 4 4V 300 2 1,7 2 - - 2 2 2
VI 1 1.1 I - - - I IVI -1 0.7 0,6 0,5 - - 0.7 - 0.7V! I 0,1-0,3 .- - - 0,1-0,3
S 0 -. . . .. 0
Table. KEY: 1. classes off strength; 2. kg/cm 2 ; 3. recovery; 4. Rzhikha;5. Dolezhalek' 6. drilling of blastholes; 7. blasting; 8. Shalon;9. sinking of surface; 10. support and pillars; 11. author.
It is easy to see that the data of various authors and for
diffar.nt concvpts of str.ngth are closa to each other, almost to the
point of complete identity, which cannot be explained by chance and
one must see the confirmaticn cf the correctness of our conclusions
conc3rning the possibility of a single, rational classification with
respect to the strengt ccefficient."
From the excerpts given atcve it is evident that even in his
first works, in the area cf study of rock strength M. M.
Prctod'yakoncv Irew all of the Lasic conclusion$ concerning this
problem: 1) he showed that vazicus indices of relative strength of
rocks practically do nct differ from each cther; 2) provided a
measure of relative strength cf rocks - the strength coefficient; 3)
divided all rocks Ao several classes with respect tc the value cf
the strength coefficients.
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 11
In subsequent works M. M. Protod'yakonov supplemented, expanded
and refined the work performed in this area. Thus, he increased the
number of classes from eight tc ten and for some classes introduced
an additional subclassificaticn which considerably expanded the
quantity of comparable data shabing the practical identity of various
classifications.
In proportion to the accumulation of data he refined several
times the relationship between the ultimate resistance of rock to
uniaxial compression and the strength coefficient.
The generally known version of the tatle of rock strength
coefficients and its more cozylete bases are given in the book by M.
M. Protcd'yakonov (3], the first chapter of which is given in the
first section of this collecticr.
Among the supporters and followers of M. M. Protodlyakonov there
exists a rather widespread, altbough simplfied interpretation of the
values cf the strength coefficient. They usually consider that the
* strength coefficient f is cre btndredth of the ultimate resistance of
rock to uniaxial compression aqd forget co'wp]etely about its other
connections. This definition is correct but at the same time it is
- -*
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DOC 1293 PAGE 12
incomplete and imprecise. N. N. Protod'yakcnov considered that the
strength coefficient of rock is the average relative strength of rock
det.rmined by saveral differcnt methods.
Thus, he wrote [31: "Varicus methods are suitable for
determination of the strength coefficient of rock. From what has been
said it is evident that for tlIs we may use the values of any
ultimate resistance, or what is even better, the averages of various
ultimate resistances. We may a]sc use the quantity of expended labor
during various mining operaticns, the required quantity of explosive,
prassure produced by one cr ancther rock, and so forth."
making a salection from P. N. Protod'yakonov's table [3] for one
class of strong rocks we obtain:
-J Method of Destruction; Strength Coefficient
uniaxial compression of cutes in a press; 9.4-10.0
recovery using the Rzhikha metI.cd; 10.0
recovery using the Dolezhalek method; 10.0
manual drilling according to the descripticn of the Donets basin; |0.'
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 13
drilling with pneumatic hammers; 11.2
pressure on timbering according to Protod'yakonov; 10.0
sinking of the surface according to Rzhikha; 10. 0
dressing of stones according to the Urochnyy position; 10.0-12.2
drilling with pneumatic hammers according to the description of the
Donets basin; 10.7-11.2
Average; 10.0
From these data it is possible to confirm that M. M.
Protod'yakonov considered: if a rock is stronger than the standard in
one ratio by 9.4 times and in another ratio by 10 times, and in a
third by 11.2 times, etc. then in general it is stronger than the
standard by approximately 10 tiaes. He used this number 10 as the
strength coafficient which was ccmmon for the entire given group of
* rocks.
-A*
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DOC =1293 PAGE 141
4 In Fig. I the axis of the abscissa shows the average values ofthe sttength coefficient f which were emplcyed by M. M.
Protod'yakonov, and oa the axis cf ordinates the values of the same
toefficients obtained by him ty Frocessing data of a number of
tesearchers with the varicus methods of destruczion mentioned above.
Wya fthnected all points fcr each method of destruction with each
Otherb Asi we see, all lines intertwine closely together and move in a
bingle common bundle. The line of average valuas of the strangth
C66effcient passes exactly tkrc ugh the middle of this bundle.
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 15
Ii __ , // -/
--- " - ,,
Ii i I '
10 5
Fig. 1. Relatioasips of iLdividual and average values of strength
* coefficients according to the data of Prof. M. M. Protod'yakonova.,. -- V
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DOC = 129J PAGE 16
Taking the avcraga values instead of the individual values of
strength coefficients M. M. Erctod'yakonov replaced tha entire bunch
with a single straight line. Let us try to evaluate the deviations of
individual values of strength coefficients from their common average
values. For this we select linits of fluctuations of the strength
coefficients with respect tc vazious methods of destruction and
calculate the values of coefficients of a variation for each class of
strength of rocks. As a result se obtain:
wpa.,igj I Iu II'- o- i.,.,'im im,..t
- o,2 -
,7- i,.s U,8 14
2.04-- J,2 3,0 "12o8. -I,4 9
,5 7, , 152,o- .,' ,o 12
: l, b -, 4,11 9,8- ,, 5,0 19
Al- j" II lII -
8,U 7loh t - I ' :' l i t i ) 8
2 j)- I .t1,.1 12I P+L )--'r t ) 2tlI o )
KEY: 1. f according to various methods; 2. f according to
Protod'yakonov; 3. coafficient cf variation; 4. averaga.
As we see, thL deviations are estimated by coefficients of
variation from 7 to 26 0/0 and cm the averagg comprise 140/a. A
4 similar difference does not exceed the difference from heterogeaeity
+,4 ' " " * ** , + . ° . 4 v c. " . A.-+
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 17
of rock in one and the same stcF-, [5]. In this case it is also
necessary to consider that M. H. Protod' yakonov compared data from
published works of various authcrs. Rocks of the same kind tested by
differert authors did not necessarily have precisely identical
properties. But even under tt.ese conditions the deviations had a
permissible value. Therefore, if different methods of breakdown for
determining the strength coefficients were actually employed on the
same rocks then the deviaticrs %culd.be even less. M. N.
Protodlyakonov was able tc note the connection between various
classifications because he tcck a sufficiertly wide range of change
of the strength of rocks and a large volume of oata.
Replicement of the individual values of the strength
coefficients by averages enabled N. M. Protod'yakonov to establish
the common, typical, and main differences cf rocks from each other.
Disragarding tha individual, secondary differences of mechanical
properties of rocks which cnly cicuded the general picture and made
understanding of the problem difficult, he significantly simplified
matters.
Precisely the significance and the simplicity of the strength
coefficients proposed by N. M. Protod'yikonov have made them so
widely used in practice.
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 18
m. m. Protod'yekonov wrote (3]: "Numbers, expressirg the
relative strength of rcck will be "strength coefficients" and their
most important property is that they make it possible to compare
rocks with each other without kncwing what stresses there are in thcm
and how they are brought abcut." Consequently, strength, as
understood by M. M. Protod'yakcncv is an objective property of rock
which depends only on itself zrd does not depend cn the process of
destruction in which it is manifested.
This thougLt is y~esv-. ted most cIparly in another part of the
same wozk (3]: "If a rock is strcnger than another by a certain
number of times in some respect, for example during drilling, then it
will be the same number of tines strcnger in any other respect, for
example during blasting, with respect to the pressure on timber, and
so forth*" M. M. Protod'yakcncv noted repeatedly that the equality of
strengths is approximate.
After M. M. Protod'yakcncv's death attempts were made to refute
his strength coefficients and the scale of rock strengths. Prof. A.
F. Sukhanov citpd such arguments as the fact that clay is easy to
drill but difficult to blast hbile granite is equally difficult to
drill and blast. Por the two classes of rocks the differenca in the
expenditure of explosives is mct proportional to the dificrence In
the quantity of blastholes per unit Cf volume.
I -J&
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DOC 1293 PAGE 19
The~ effpct of raplacemsnt of steel drills by Pobedit ones is not
identical in the two rocks.
on the basis of theste exauFles A. F. Sukhanov concluded that the
coefficients of drillability and blastability are not equal and are
nct proportional to each other and therefore the strength
coefficients of M. M. Erotodlyakonovarb not founded and contradict
reality. He reccmmended proceedirg to establish individual
classif2zations: borabiliAty, tiastability, separation, and so forth
and rejecting the concept of strength [6].
In essence this conclusicn sugg-ists returning to the position in
the evaluation of rock strength which existed before M. M.
Protod *yak onov.
For checkitig the conclusicns of A. F. Sukharhov let us use thG
classification of rocks with respect to borability and blastability
which hp' suggestcd. At the end of his work (6] A. F. Sukhanov gives a
consoliditcea table (32) of varicus indicas of mechanical properties
of rocks.
The coefficient of relative strength of rocks in this table is
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 2C
equal to
fl;O.01 H1
where H, is the ultimate resistarce of rock to uniaxial compression
in kg/cm 2 .
Calculation of the cceff3cients.of strength of rocks on the
basis of production indices cf their drillability and blastability
using the final formulas cf M. M. Protod'yakonov was not possible
since the current indices ottained by A. F. Sukhanov refer to new
types of drilling hammers with a differp.nt operation of the hammer
and to new types of drills reinfcrced with cermet hard alloys, and to
new types of explosives which did not yet exist when N. M.
Protod'yakonov was working.
However, following the path of M. K. Protod'yakonov it is easy
to find new empirical formulas %hich have the same structure and
differ only by numerical coefficients. For example, graphically
comparing thA drilling time of klastholus using reinforced bits
(min/m) with N. M. Protod'yakcncv's strength coefficients given in
the same table (6, Table 32] it is possible to find that they are
practically equal to each other:
A -. ..-
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DOC - 1293 PAGE 21
In the same manner we find the following empirical formulas:
f,3O. 15113;
f **4 H4 ,
where H2 - drilling time for 1 a of blasthola with reinforced bits,
mina;
H3 -specific work of drillirg klastholes, kg/cM3;
H4 specific expenditure cf ammonite No. 2, kg/rn3.
In view of the fact that the ratio between the strcngth
coefficient and the specific exlenditura of bits, according to MI. M.
4 Protod'yakonev. has an exponential form, we also find this dependence
graphically, but not in the ccnventional system of coordinates but on
a double logarithmic grid. TIhen we obtain
S2,8hZ
where Z -specific expenditure cf reinforced bits, pieces/a.
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DOC =1293 PAGE 22
Let us designate by f the ceefficients of strength of M. m.
Proto'dyikonov, which are given in the table by A. F. Sukhanov.
Summarizing all of the results in Table 1, we find:
i 3.7"1 35,i! 1) A0 :37.0 8$3 3.,0 1., 28 I
70) 7 17,7 1. -1, (1,3 17 18,0 J,.80 0.8 JI jj1 1.3 l3 1.1) :,,31 12:) 1 108 11
904,
800 .11 ,U 1) T 7, 2,0 8,o u,() 7 .() i~t
60 . . : 35*2 5, 1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 t
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 23
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Plotting fl, fz, f3, f4, fs, f, and f on a graph (Fig. 2) we
obtain a narrower bunch of lines which interweave more closely than
in Fig. 1.
f - -
I iI I ' I
__0__ -
m -.
___, _/1 _
0 K0 20 30fcp
! "il
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DOC - 1293 PAGE 24
Fig. 2. Relatioaship of individual- and average values of strength
coefficients according to the data of A. F. Sukhanov.
Calculating the limits cf fluctuations of f and the variation
coefficienrs v (w/), we find
1,0 P.i - 1,3 " I 9.iI 9- 1(1 __ _ __ _
1,4 1,1- " i12 f--I12IM .5-2,1 17 I. 13-- 82.4 .) .- I,, I ,o 17 -- Is 33.2 3,0 -3.5 -I -.- I,0 2o-21 34,-0 112 1- 27 55.0 5- 9 3-1,0 28-37 Io0.0 5- -6NO( 7'-8 ) t'' II v" v 1e 0
KEY: 1. average.
As we see the difference tetween the strength f, determined with
various mcthods of destruction (Vep 100,/, vaKc=240 /o), turned out to
be less than for H. M. Protod,)akonov and less than that obtained
when repeating the tests usinS the same method in a stope (due to
heterogEneity cf the rocks).
Thus, the data of A. F, Sukhanov not only did not refute, but
rather, brilliantly ccnfirmed t e view of M. M. Protod'yakonov
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DOC 1293 PAGE 25
concorning the unity of strcngth coefficients with various processes
of breakdown.
In concentrating his attention on individual deviations from a
general law, Prof. A. F. Sukhapcv did not notice the law itself.
Supporters of the individual independent technological indices
(cuttability, drillability, klastability), A. F. Sukhanov, Ye. M.
Montlevich, and others made a number of errors in attempts to refute
the views of M. M. Pxotod'yakcncv experimentally.
Thus, for example, in ccmparing cuttatility and drillability of
two seams of coal and having discovered that the layer which was
difficult to cut was easier to drill, and vice versa, the laye: which
was easy to cut was difficult tc drill, they concluded that in
general there is not, and there cannot be, any kind of connection. In
this case they lost sight of the fact that cutting is don* in the
base of the seam and the drilling of blast holes is done through its
thickness, i.e., with resrict to different benches of the seam.
Meanwhile it has become kncwn tItat the strength of various benches of
one and the same seam mayAquite different. In one seam the cutting
zone may be stronger than the bench in which blastholes are being
drilled, and in the other vice versa. Therefcre researchers comparing
two different methods of determining strength made a gross error in
?1 I.
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DOC - 1293 PAG E 26
assuming identical strength of all benches of a single seam. In
essence, they compared indices under completely different,
inccmparable conditions.
An3ther error which Js often made by these researchers is that
they compare two methods cf detexmining the strength of only two
rocks, which differ little in strength and with a limited volume of
data. At the same time they did not go beyond the zone of data spread
brought about by heterogeneity cf the rocks, where in general it is
impossible to establish any kind of law.
Using the lata of Table 1 let us compare the indices of
borability f3 and f, in two adjacent classes of rocks, for example in
rocks of classes I and II acccrding to A. F. Sukhanov. Then we
obtain:
Raw K 0opol I, 14
1 37 33II 26 '.
KEY: 1. class of rocks.
As we see, for rock cf class I the drillability is greater than
blastability by 1.12 times and for rock of class II, vice versa, it
is less by 0,96 times.
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 27
If we limit ourselves to this data only (which some researchers
usually Aid) one can come to the incorrect conclusion that these two
*methods of determinaticn cf strength are nct comparable (drillability
and blastability of rock).
But if instead of two adjacent classes of rocks, differing from
each othar only by 1.2-1.4 times, we take the entire gamut of locks
differing in strength by 28-34 times and plot the value.s f3 and f, on
a diagram (Fig. 2) then we notice the presence of a fully defined
correlation between both indices. In this case it becomes clear that
in the entire wide range of change of the strength of rock, which
exc;-eds by s.veral times the spr'zad of data, there exists a practical
equality of f3 and f,. ThE grEater the number of experimental points
and the broader the range of tested rocks, the clearer the connection
of various indicEs with each cther. The 3rror of tha researchers
mentioned above consists in the fact that they try to find a
functional - precise connecticr, where there actually exists only an
approximate correlation ccnnection.
In connection with the assertion of M. M. Protod'yakonov
concerning the fact that: "If any rock is stronger than another a
certain numbgr of times in ene respect, for example during drilling,
- ~ *L ~h *
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 2E
then it will be the same number of times stronger in any other
respect, for example during blasting, with respect to pressure or.
timber, and so forth," we shculd not conclude that in ganeral LetwS3n
all indices of mechanical prcperties of coals and rocks there must be
a direct proportionality.
In the opposite case, without having established a direct
proportionality between any tbc indices of mechanical properties of
rocks one may conclude the absence of any connections between these
indices, which refutes the ccrcept of M. M. Protod'yaKonov about the
unity of strength coefficients cf rocks during various processes of
their distr uction.
However, from the works cf . . Protod'yakonov it follows that
to the strength coefficient are directly proportional not all, but
~only those indices which in cre cr another form represent thei specific work of destruction (under constant conditions of
destruction). For example, Ac~dices of the specific expenditure of the
tool are proportional to the strength coefficient in the second
' power, tha indices of intensity of the processes of breakdown are
inversely proportional to the strength coefficient f, Prof, M. M.
Protod'yakonov nowhere speaks cf proportionality of all constants to
each other, but speaks of equality cf the strength coefficients
during various processes of breakdown.
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 29
Let us explain this with an example. According to the data cf
Table I let us take the vdlues cf Z and f5 for various classes of
rocks:
K.Iacc IoP ,A, ZW
1 1,00 28Xi 0,03 5
KEY: 1. class of rock.
and let us take the ratio of these indices to each other. For rock of
strength class I the ratic will be equal tc 28: 1=28, and for rock of
class XI 5:0.03=167, i.e., six times greater.
This is quite understandatle and does not require explanation
because the ratio of squarcs cf the two valucs is not equal to the
ratio of their first powers at all. At ths same time the strength
coefficients fs, calculated on the basis of the specific expenditure
of bits Z according tc the emtirical formula given above:
,-.'2,," I A, turn out to be practically the same as the strength
coefficients obtained ty anotler method.
Let us repeat that the rcsition of M. H. Protodlyakonov spiaks
not about the direct propcrticality of all indices to each oth-r but
te
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DOC = 1293 PAG E 30
about tha correlation connecticn of all indices of mechanical
properties of rocks with eaci: ether.
The form of such a ccnnecticn for each specific process of
destruction and strength indei may be easily established graphically
in the pressence of data for a wide rangz of rocks with respact tc
strength, Using the obtained SraFhs cr empirical formulas it is
possible to find an approximate value of the strength coefficient
with respect tc any characteristic of mechanical propirties of rccks
during any process of treakdcur. The strength coefficients found in
this manner during various Erccesses of breakdown are practically
equal to each cxher in spitq cf the absence of a direct
proportionality between scre cf the initial indices. Th~z differe~nce
between the strength coefficients determined by various methods does
not exc~ed the differbnce during repetition of the tests with the
same method.
It is necessary to note cases when, in fact, thv strength
coefficients of rock ottained during differ; nt processes of breakdown
differ considerably.
Prof. M. M,. Protod'yakoncv wrote: "**sit is necessary to ke very
careful with the detervinaticr cf f In certain cases and its value
may not be identical in various respects. Example. Let a given
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DOC 1293 PAGE 31
granite, being strong (f=10) te broken by strong cleavage. For
drilling blast hOcls this is not significant and tberesfore the value
of f must be accepted as indicated. But it is obvious that during
blasting such granite easily breaks into pieces and a small guantity
of explosive is required and therefore in this case f should be taken
smaller, for example 8 or 6, depending on the circumstances."
Subsequently M. M. Protod'yakonov emphasized that in individual
cases there may he deviatiors fzcm the general law,
Summing up what has been said on the problem of the strength of
rocks we may note the following:
1. Errors of researchers, c~ponents of M. H. Protod'yakonov,
consisrd in the fact that in ccparing indices they overlooked the
difference in the strength of various banches of one and the same
seams and sought functional ccnnecticns there where correlation
conLections existed, and sought to find a direct proportionality
there where there existed other types of dependence; they
concentrated their attention cn specific, secondary differences
instead of on basic, general features and connections.
2. Graphic comparison cf the data of supporters of independent
technological indices of mechanical properties of rocks leads ta the
-. . ..-. . . .o -
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DOC - 1293 PAGE 32
conclusion of the presence of correlation connections between thesc
indices, which cornfirms the viebroint cf M. m. Protod'yakonov. Using
equations of these connections it is possible to move from any index
of mechanical Froperties of rccks to strength coefficients and vice
versa.
3. Unity of the strength ccefficients f during various processes
of breakdcwn is a basic law estatlished by numerous experimants in a
wide range of strength cf rccks. The difference in the strength
coefficients during various Frccesses of breakdown is a deviation
from the basic law. It bears a partial, seccndary charactcr and is
manifested in a narrow range cf change of strength.
4. Use of single coefficients of strength f rakes it possible to
compare and to generalize data cn various types of breakdown. When
usirg a number of irdcpsndznt indices scientific ganeralizations are
not possible. At the same time the use of cne index, the coefficient
of strength f, in practice is ccnsiderably simpler than several
indepandent indices.
Analysis of the structure cf numerous empirical formulas
obtained by N. M, Protod'yakcrcv by processing mine data [3] makes it
possible to joiti the overwhelmirg majority of them into three basic
groups:
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 33
() k1 II;
(2 ) 1 2.
(3)
where f - copfficient of strer.gth;
H - specific work of breakdcwn;
V - productivity of the means cf breakdown;
Z - specific expenditure cf tcols;
kL, k2 , k3 - numerical coefficients cf proportionality.
The values entering intc the fcrmulas, which wo're expressed by
Kt. K. Protod'yakonova often are not in the names indicated above but
their physical sense is the same as that givan by us above.
For examplp, value H may be exFressed not only by kg/m a , but
also by the nurber of man/shifts expended or breaking down 1 ton of
-SE. K
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 34
coal or rock, the expenditure cf coirpressed air for drilling 1
running meter of blast hole, the spe-cific consumption of explosives
in kg/t, and so forth. In this case only the numerical values of the
coefficient k will change.
Value V with a constant pqwer of the means of breakdown is
expresseI through values of the rate of passage or drilling, the
productivity of excavation wcrkers (t/h or t/shift) the rate of feed
of machines, etc.
Designating:
V - power of the means of breakdcwn;
T - time of breakdown;
U - broken down volume;
A - expended labor;
* - expenditure of tools, we cktain
H=-; V=-; Z=1; AWT.
Substituting values, wc find that the threa formulas given above
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DOC =1293 PAGE 35
may be reduced to two formulas:
(4) U1 '
1(5). k
Expressionis (4) and (5) are valid with various processe-s of
breaking Jown rocks (cutting, kreaking, drilling, blasting, etc.),
* ie.,they reflect certain objective gene~ral laws of processes of
* break down.
Consequently, applying these exrressicns during the study of new
processes and me~ans of breakdcwn which were not investigated by &. M.
Protodlyakonov, it is possible t1o- expect to obtain corr.act r.asults.
Actually, thc basic laws, estat]ished for the first time by M. m.
Protod'yakonov, were later ccipstantly used in various moclificaticnis
by many researchers.
From formula (4) it follcus that with a constant power of the
* means of breakdown W, the coefficient of stre~ngth f is directly
* proportional to the specific erelgy cf breai~down H=A/U. i~t turned out
* that the indices of strength cf ccals (suggested by the Institute of
Mlining of the Acadcmy of Sciences, USSR and BUGI) , based on the
measurement Of the specific tEergy cf breakdown, are directly
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DOC 1293 PAGE 36
proportional to thE coefficients of strangth of M. M. Protod'yakcLCV.
It is known that not a single process of breakdcwn may occur
without the expenditure of energy, and consequently the specific
energy is a universal physical index, characteriziLg tha mechanical
properties of rocks under constant conditicns of breakdown. The
presence of a direct prcpcrticnality be.twaen relative and
dimensionless coefficients of strength of M. N. Protod'yakonov and
the specific energy of breakdcwn is a quite important factor which
explains why thi coefficients of strength f reflect so well the
various mechanical properties of rocks during breakdcwn and are
firmly rooted in the practice of mining.
LITERATJRE
1. M. M. Protodlyakonov. Strength of rocks from the viewpoint of
mining science. Works of the corference of scientists in mining,
metallurgy, and machine building. Y¥katsrinoslav, 1911.
2. M. M. Protod'yakoncv. Fressure of rocks on mine timber. (Theory
of mine timbering). Yekaterincslav, 1907.
3. Mikhail Protod'yakonov, Frcf. Materials for a fixed position of
mining operations, Part I. Minirc operaticns. Publication of the TsK
I!
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DOC = 1293 PAGE 37
of miners. 1926.
4. Terminology Df tha theory of ilasticity, tests, and mechanical
properties of materials and strtctural mechanics. Committee of
technical termitiology, Issue 14. Pub. House AS USSR, 1953.
5. M. M. Protod'yakonov (Junicr). The problem of a unified method
for determination of the strength of coal. Bullatin of the Academy of
Sciences USSR, Department of technical sciences, 1953, NO. 2.
6. A. F. Sukharov. The problem of a single classification of rocks.
Uglete khizdat, 1947.
Jil