forensic engineering 09
DESCRIPTION
Presentation Objective: Excel in the subspecialty of Forensic Engineering. Presentation Outcome: Learn how to perform forensic investigations, issue reports and provide expert testimony during depositions and trials. Background: Professional Engineers more and more provide a service to lawyers, judges and juries within their field of technical competence. These professionals make up the growing number of technical experts on which our court system relies, when technical facts become too complex to be analyzed and understood by legal professionals and the general public which provides the members of the jury. In order to excel in this subspecialty of forensic engineering, one must have a basic understanding of the litigation process, how to perform forensic investigations, issue reports and provide expert testimony during depositions and trials.TRANSCRIPT
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Forensic Engineering
Think and Listen like a Lawyer!
Think and Talk like an Engineer!
Johann F. Szautner, P.E.,P.L.S.
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Introduction
Purpose of this presentation Objective:
Excel in the subspecialty of Forensic Engineering.
Outcome:Learn how to perform forensic investigations, issue reports and provide expert testimony during depositions and trials.
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Topics
• Basic Definitions• Laws & Standards• The Legal System• Qualifications of a FE• The Investigation• Failure Analysis• Report Preparation• Testimony
Find the Core
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Forensic Engineering?
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• From Latin: forensis meaning belonging to the “forum” or market place, “public”.– Belonging to courts of law– Pertaining to or fitted for legal or
public argumentation
• Forensic Engineering – Engineering concerned with assisting the Legal System with Fact Finding.
Forensic Engineering Definition
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Fact Finding
Scientific Methodology of Analysis and Synthesis.
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Fact Finding Definitions
• Accident: A hazard exists and a person or persons unaware of the hazard.
• Failure: An unacceptable difference between expected and observed performance.
• Risk: Existence probability of hazards
• Safety: Summation of acceptable Risks
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Hazard Identification
• Mechanical Energy• Electrical Energy• Chemical Energy• Kinetic Energy• Potential Energy
• Thermal Energy• Acoustic Energy• Radiant Energy• Environmental
Hazards• Biological Hazards
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Failure Causes:
• Human factors (including both 'ethical' failure and accidents)
• Design flaws (many of which are also the result of unethical practices)
• Materials failures • Extreme conditions or
environments, and, most commonly and importantly
• Combinations of these reasons
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Human Factors
• Insufficient knowledge …………………………………… 36% • Underestimation of influence …………………………..16%• Ignorance, carelessness, negligence ……………….14%• Forgetfulness, error
………………………………………….13% • Relying upon others without sufficient control ….9% • Objectively unknown situation …………………………..7% • Imprecise definition of responsibilities ………………1%• Choice of bad quality
………………………………………….1% • Other ..........................................................3%
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Laws & Codes
King Hammurabi1795-1750 B.C.
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Expert Witness Testimony
1. Must be beyond the ken of the average juror.
2. The field testified to must be at a state of the art to make testimony sufficiently reliable.
3. Witness must have sufficient expertise to offer intended testimony.
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Federal Rule 702
Experts are qualified to
testify by their “knowledge,” “skill,” “experience,” “training,” or “education.”
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Federal Rule 703
1. Expert’s opinion derived from personal observations, or
2. Evidence admitted at Trial, or3. Data relied upon, which is the type
normally relied upon by experts in the field.
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Freye Test
Specific science used by expert must have “general acceptance” in the “relevant scientific community”.
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Daubert Principles
Scientific evidence is admissible if it is:
•Relevant•Reliable
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Technical CompetencyEvaluation of Scientific Validity ( Daubert )
• A. Whether Principle has been tested
• B. Whether Principle has been published in peer-reviewed publication
• C. Error rate associated with Principle
• D. Whether Principle has achieved “General Acceptance”
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Qualifications
• Profession • Education• Training• Employment• Experience• Certifications• Licenses
• Specialties• Present Title• Practical
Experience• Number of
Investigations• Lecturing or
Teaching
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Expert Reality Check:• Use only tested & proven theories• Specify the known or potential error
rate• Produce peer-review literature• Produce references to demonstrate
general acceptance of theory• Demonstrate that theory existed prior
to litigation• Do not develop novel theories to
support conclusions for specific litigation
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No Junk Science !!!
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The Investigative Process
Engagement & Definition of Investigation Objectives
Collection of Background Information and Documents
Preliminary Site Visit
Formation of Investigation Plan and Project Team
Formulate Initial Failure Hypothesis
Comprehensive Document Study
Site Investigation, Field Testing and Sample Collection
Engineering Analysis, & Code CheckLaboratory Testing
Revision of Failure Hypothesis
Revision of Investigative PlanFinal Conclusions
Final Report
What?
When?
Where?
How?
Why?
How could it have been prevented?
Who could be responsible?
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Investigation Procedure• Documentary Information:
Make broad search & collect information pertaining to conditions before, during or after the incident.
• Physical Evidence: Obtain and preserve physical items as
early as possible. When physical items cannot be preserved in their found state, document it.
• Photographic Documentation: Document the scene of incident and
condition of items involved. If items involved are disassembled or subject to destructive testing, document each step.
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Investigation Procedure
Things are not always
what they appear to be!
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Admissible Data
• Consumer surveys• Field agent reports• Government –
approved documents
• Scientific studies• Trade publications• Inspection of scene
• Tests on products at issue
• Opinions of experts in same field
• Reports and testimony of experts in same case
• Interviews
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Preventive & Corrective Actions
Hazard Elimination Hierarchy
• Eliminate the Defect / Hazard• Design & Install Safety devices• Provide Warning Devices• Provide Safety Training &
Personal Protection
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Analyze Cause & Effect = Root Cause
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Report Preparation
1. Introduction2. Scope of Investigation3. Data Available4. References5. Discussion & Opinions6. Conclusion
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Report Preparation
ASTM Designation E 1020-96 “Standard Practice for Reporting Incidents”
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Conclusion = Burden of Proof
• Civil case doctrine Conclusion must be reached based
on opinions with a “preponderance of the evidence,” “more likely than not,” or more than 50% likely.
• Criminal case doctrine Conclusion must be reached based
on opinions “beyond a reasonable doubt.”
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Check that C.V. !!!
• Currency• Accuracy• Gaps in C.V.• Self-Designated
Titles• Diploma Mill
Degrees
• Multiple C.V.’s• Licenses &
Certificates• Honorary
Degrees• Self-Serving
Comments• Forensic
Experience
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The Court Room Drama: Catch the Tiger by the Tail• The disassembled parts of a
high-powered rifle have been placed in front of you. You are also given an instruction manual written in Mandarin Chinese.
• In 10 minutes a hungry Tiger will be admitted to the room, through the only door which will then be locked.
• Take whatever action you feel appropriate and defend it vigorously.
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Testimony
• Test Expert’s emotional capacity• Coach expert on trick questions.• Coach expert on how to answer yes or no
questions.• Instruct expert to speak to the jury.• Instruct expert to be a teacher not a
showman.• Discuss hypothetical questions for cross
and redirect examinations.• Allow expert sufficient preparation time.
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Required?JurisdictionLicensing BoardsOpposing Expert
The Professional Engineering License
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Thank You for ListeningAny Questions
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