forensic project by aainy!

7/23/2019 Forensic Project by Aainy!

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE: INDIAN AND INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO

FORENSIC SCIENCE

PROJECT TOPIC:

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF

FORENSIC SCIENCE: INDIAN AND

INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO

UNDER THE ABLE GUIDANCE OFMiss. Nandini Raizada

Subi!!"d b#$R%&& N%. '(

S""s!")$ I*

S"+!i%n$A

BA.LL.B ,HONS.-

FACULT OF LA/0

UNIVERSIT OF ALLAHABAD

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgement____________________________________________0

3

Introduction_________________________________________________04

Meaning____________________________________________________0

5

Ancient History______________________________________________06

Historical

Development________________________________________0

!t"er Ma#or Developments_____________________________________$$

Ma#or %rime &a'oratories______________________________________$(

%"anges )e*uired____________________________________________$3

+uggestions 'y Malimat" %ommittee in

India_______________________$4

%onclusion__________________________________________________$

5

,i'liograp"y_________________________________________________$

6

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AC1NO/LEDGEMENT

-orensic science as a su'#ect o. law is in itsel. an interesting portion .or a law student w"o

studied science at t"e plus two levels/ ot only is t"e su'#ect inclusive o. t"e "uman 'iology 'ut

it also provides an e1tremely wide range o. ways to "elp t"e 'udding lawyers in2t"e2making

wit" an in2dept" knowledge o. "ow a crime can 'e traced out w"ic" in turn leads to "elp t"emwit" t"eir cases/

I wis" to e1tend my "eart.elt t"anks to my learned teac"er Ms. N. Raizada.or t"e guidance t"at

s"e "as provided us in understanding t"e su'#ect wit" a 'etter perspective/ I would also like to

e1press my deepest gratitude to t"e .aculty o. law and t"e sta.. in t"e li'rary .or "elping me

wit" t"e researc" material/

&astly not"ing is possi'le wit"out a supporting .amily and .riends w"o never .ail to amae us

wit" t"e 'est o. criticism t"at is always 'ene.icial/

-air criticism .or t"e development o. t"is pro#ect and a 'etter understanding o. t"e su'#ect is

most welcome and will 'e "ig"ly appreciated/

Aainy Aa*ui' -urruk"

I +emester

)oll um'er $

+ection A/

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INTRODUCTION

%rime in some .orm or t"e ot"er "as e1isted since t"e 'eginning o. "uman race/ it" t"e

advancement in science and tec"nology t"e concept o. crime as well as t"e met"ods adopted 'y

criminals in its commission "as undergone a p"enomenal c"ange/ !n one "and t"e intelligent

criminal "as 'een *uick to e1ploit science .or "is criminal acts7 on t"e ot"er "and t"e

investigator is no longer a'le to rely on age old art o. interrogation and met"ods to detect crime/

In t"is conte1t .orensic science "as .ound its e1istence/

8"e application o. science and tec"nology to t"e detection and investigation o. crime and

administration o. #ustice is not new to India/ Alt"oug" our ancestors did not know .orensic

science in its present .orm scienti.ic met"ods in one way or t"e ot"er seem to "ave 'een

.ollowed in t"e investigation o. crime/ Its detailed re.erence is .ound in 9autilya:s

;Art"as"astra: w"ic" was written a'out (300 years ago/ Indians studied various patterns o. t"e

papillary lines t"ousands o. years ago/ It is presumed t"at t"ey knew a'out t"e persistency and

individuality o. .ingerprints w"ic" t"ey used as signatures/ 8"e Indians knew .or long t"at t"e

"andprints known as t"e


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MEANING

-orensic science is t"e scienti.ic met"od o. gat"ering and e1amining in.ormation a'out t"e past/

8"is is especially important in law en.orcement w"ere .orensics is done in relation to criminal

or civil law 'ut .orensics are also carried out in ot"er .ields suc" as astronomy arc"aeology

'iology and geology to investigate ancient times/

According to Hall Dillon =8"e word =.orensic> means =pertaining to t"e law>7 .orensic science

resolves legal issues 'y applying scienti.ic principles to t"em/>

%ali.ornia %riminalistics Institute de.ines -orensic +cience and -orensic +cientists as =-orensic

+cience is t"e application o. t"e met"ods and tec"ni*ues o. t"e 'asic sciences to legal issues/ As

you can imagine -orensic +cience is a very 'road .ield o. study/ %rime &a'oratory +cientists

sometimes called -orensic +cientists or more properly %riminalists work wit" p"ysical

evidence collected at scenes o. crimes/>

=A .ingerprint e1pert can tell apart t"e marks o. two digits more easily t"an "e can di..erentiate

two people?s .aces>/ @ver wonder "ow detectives and police o..icers can solve crimes 'ased on

.inding little elements suc" as .inger prints or 'loodstains t"at are le.t 'e"ind unintentionally

8"ey rely on .orensic science to "elp t"em solve cases "aving to do wit" rape murder t"e.t and

crimes o. t"at nature/ It is important .or t"e de.inition o. .orensic science to 'e clearly de.ined

.irst/ =-orensic science may generally 'e de.ined as t"e application o. scienti.ic tec"nical or

ot"er specialied knowledge to assist courts in resolving *uestions o. .act in civil and criminal

trials>B-orensic AccessC/

8oday .orensic science is split into several 'ranc"es/ @ac" 'ranc" "as a speci.ic duty to per.ormits #o' and .ind answers 'ased on all t"e evidence and in.ormation t"ey get .rom a crime scene/

8"ese 'ranc"es include .orensic 'iology .orensic c"emistry .orensic ant"ropology .orensic

deontology .orensic pat"ology and .orensic psyc"ology/ It o.ten takes several 'ranc"es to solve

a case/

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ANCIENT HISTOR

History considers Arc"imedes as t"e .at"er o. .orensic science/ He "ad .ound out t"at a crown

was not made o. gold Bas it was .alsely claimedC 'y its density and 'uoyancy/ A.ter

Arc"imedes anot"er early .orensic science application was done 'y +oleiman an Ara'ic

merc"ant o. t"e t" century/ He used .ingerprints as a proo. o. validity 'etween de'tors

and lenders/

In sevent" century ,% an Indian Medicine 8reatise Agnivesa %"araka +am"ita was composed

t"at laid down t"e duties and privileges o. a p"ysician/ It also gave a detailed description o.

various poisons symptoms signs and treatment o. poisoning/ +"us"ruta +am"ita was composed

'etween (00 and 300 AD and its c"apters concerning .orensic medicine were so care.ully

written t"at t"ey are in no way in.erior to modern knowledge on t"e su'#ect/

In t"e 00s t"e %"inese also used t"e .ingerprint concept/ In t"e $000s uintilian a prosecutor

in t"e )oman courts used a similar met"od to solve murders/

8"e .irst document t"at mentions t"e use o. -orensics in legalmatters is t"e 'ook i Euan Fi

&u Btranslated as =%ollected %ases o. In#ustice )ecti.ied>C written in $(4G 'y %"inese aut"or

+ong %i/

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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

(23's$ Pa!4%&%5#:

In t"e $540?s t"e -renc" doctor Am'roise are laid t"e .oundations .or modern .orensic

pat"ology t"roug" "is study o. trauma on "uman organs a.ter "e systematically studied

t"e e..ects o. violent deat" on internal organs/ Also two Italian surgeons -ortunato

-idelis and aolo acc"ia studied t"e c"anges t"at occurred in t"e structure o. t"e 'ody

as t"e result o. disease/ In t"e late $Gt" century writings on t"ese topics 'egan to appear/

8"ese included


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(68's$ Ba&&is!i+s:

@ugene -rancois Lidoc* pioneered t"e .irst use o. 'allistics and 'egan taking plaster

casts o. s"oe imprints/ Henry Joddard at +cotland Eard per.ected t"e science o.

'allistics and pioneered t"e use o. 'ullet comparison in $G35/ He developed

a comparison microscope .or comparison o. crime and test .ired 'ullets to determine

w"et"er or not a particular weapon was used in t"e o..ence/

In India in $K30 an Arms @1pert was appointed and a small 'allistic la'oratory was set

up under t"e %alcutta olice to deal wit" t"e e1amination o. .irearms/ As t"e menace o.

.irearms grew ot"er +tate %IDs also esta'lis"ed small 'allistics la'oratories to "elp

t"em in t"e criminal investigation/

(69$ An!4)%;%"!)#:

Alp"onse ,ertillon o. -rance was .irst to evolve a scienti.ic system o. personal

identi.ication/ In $GK "e developed t"e science o. Ant"ropometry a systemic

procedure o. taking a series o. 'ody measurements to .acilitate distinguis"ing one

individual .rom anot"er/ it" t"e invention o. p"otograp"y "e was t"e .irst to use it in

criminal investigation/ In $GG$ "e 'egan to take standard pictures o. all -renc"

criminals and .ile t"em in t"e ,ureau o. Identi.ication t"en in aris/ His e..orts "ave

earned "im t"e distinction o. 'eing known as t"e -at"er o. %riminal Investigation/

In India w"ile some progress was made in t"e identi.ication o. poisons t"e

identi.ication o. people speci.ically criminals was still 'eing done in a rat"er "ap"aard

manner/ olicemen would try to memorie convict:s .ace so t"at t"ey could recognie

"im i. "e got involved in anot"er crime later/ it" t"e introduction o. p"otograp"y t"e

%riminal Investigation Department B%IDC maintained records o. every known criminal

including a detailed description o. "is appearance/ it" t"e invention o. ,ertillon:s

ant"ropometric system in $GK India along wit" t"e ot"er countries o. t"e world

adapted ,ertillon:s system o. personnel identi.ication and t"us an Ant"ropometric

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,ureau .or maintaining ant"ropometric records o. criminals was esta'lis"ed in $GK( at

%alcutta/

(68$ Fin5");)in!s:

+ir illiam Hersc"el was one o. t"e .irst to advocate t"e use o. .ingerprinting in t"e

identi.ication o. criminal suspects/ "ile working .or t"e Indian %ivil +ervices "e

'egan to use t"um'prints on documents as a security measure to prevent t"e t"en2

rampant repudiation o. signatures in $G5G/ -rancis Jalton undertook t"e .irst systematic

study o. t"e .ingerprints/ He developed a met"odology o. classi.ying t"e .ingerprints .or

.iling purposes/ In $GK( "e pu'lis"ed a 'ook on .ingerprintsgiving a sound statistical

proo. o. uni*ueness o. individualiation t"roug" .ingerprints/ He "ad calculated t"at t"e

c"ance o. a .alse positive Btwo di..erent individuals "aving t"e same .ingerprintsC was

a'out $ in 64 'illion/ Fuan Lucetic" an Argentine c"ie. police o..icer created t"e .irst

met"od o. recording t"e .ingerprints o. individuals on .ile/ In $GK( a.ter studying

Jalton:s pattern types Lucetic" set up t"e world:s .irst .ingerprint 'ureau/

In India Henry approac"ed t"e Jovernment to seek approval .or replacing t"e

ant"ropometric data 'y .ingerprints .or t"e identi.ication o. "a'itual criminals/

Jovernment readily agreed and t"e .irst .ingerprint 'ureau in t"e world was o..icially

declared open at %alcutta in Fuly $GK alt"oug" t"e collection o. record slips "ad started

a .ew years earlier/ 8"us t"e personnel identi.ication solely on t"e 'asis o. .ingerprints

commenced in India/

('($ S")%&%5#:

9arl &andsteiner in $K0$ discovered t"at 'lood could 'e grouped into di..erent

categories/ -ollowing t"is in $K$0 Dr/ &eone &attes o. Italy devised a relatively simple

procedure .or determining t"e 'lood group o. dried 'loodstains and immediately

adopted t"is tec"ni*ue .or criminal investigation/

In India w"en t"e science o. e1amining "uman 'lood developed it 'ecame possi'le to

e1amine 'lood and seminal stains in criminal investigations/ )ealising t"e importance o.

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-orensic +erology an institute named as

India?/

(('$ P)in+i;&" %< E7+4an5":

@dmund &ocard is responsi'le .or t"e .amous


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OTHER MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS

O$KG62 In t"e .irst use o. DA to solve a crime Fe..rey uses DA pro.iling to identi.y

%olin itc".ork as t"e murderer o. two young girls in @ngland/

O$KG32 8"e polymerase c"ain reaction B%)C is .irst conceived 'y 9erry Mullis/ 8"e

.irst paper on t"e tec"ni*ue is not pu'lis"ed .or two years/

O$KG2 DA pro.iling is introduced .or t"e .irst time in a N/+/ criminal court/

O$KG2 ew Eork v/ %astro is t"e .irst case c"allenging t"e admissi'ility o. DA/ $KK$

als" Automation Inc/ Bnow -orensic 8ec"nology Inc/C launc"es t"e Integrated

,allistics Identi.ication +ystem or I,I+ .or t"e automated comparison o. .ired 'ullets

and cartridge cases/ 8"is system is su'se*uently developed .or t"e Nnited +tates incolla'oration wit" t"e ,ureau o. Alco"ol 8o'acco and -irearms BA8-C/

O$KK(2 8"e -,I sponsors development o. Drug .ire an automated imaging system to

compare marks le.t on .ired cartridge cases/

O$KK32 In Dau'ert v/ Merrell Dow "armaceuticals %o/ a N/+/ .ederal court re.ines t"e

standard .or admission o. scienti.ic evidence/

O$KK62 In 8ennessee v/ are mitoc"ondrial DA typing is .irst admitted in a N/+/ court/

O$KKG2 8"e ational DA Inde1 +ystem BDI+C ena'ling interstate s"aring o. DA

in.ormation to solve crimes is initiated 'y t"e -,I/

O$KKK2 I,I+ and Drug .ire are integrated 'y t"e -,I and A8- creating t"e ational

Integrated ,allistics Identi.ication etwork BI,IC/

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MAJOR CRIME LABORATORIES

$/ -,I 2 -ederal ,ureau o. Investigation BDepartment o. FusticeC

O&argest crime la' in t"e world

O%apa'le o. investigating a 'road range o. crimes

Oprovides analyses o. p"ysical evidence ranging .rom 'lood and ot"er 'iological

materials to e1plosives drugs and .irearms/

OMore t"an one million e1aminations are conducted 'y t"e -,I la'oratory every year/

(/ D@A 2 Drug @n.orcement Administration

Orimary .ocusP analysis production sale Q transportation o. illegal drugs

3/ A8- 2 ,ureau o. Alco"ol 8o'acco and -irearms rimary .ocusP analysis o. alco"olic

'everages ta1 law documents weapons e1plosive devices and en.orces

OJun %ontrol Act o. $K6G

O!rganied %rime %ontrol Act o. $K0

4/ N++ 2 N/+/ ostal +erviceP

O8"e N/+/ ostal +ervice is not strictly a .ederal agency it is considered to 'e a *uasi2

.ederal agency/ Bas"ington D%C

O+upports t"e +ervice?s e..orts to com'at postal .raud/ It does t"is t"roug" t"e analysis

o. *uestioned document .ingerprints and trace evidence B"airs .i'ers particles etc/C/

5/ N/+/ -is" and ildli.e +ervice BN+-+CP

O8"e N+-+ &a'oratory per.orms animal2oriented .orensic analyses and its mission is

to support t"e e..orts o. t"e +ervice?s investigators w"o patrol t"e ational arks/

O8"e &a'oratory e1amines evidence involving animals and "as specialied e1pertise in

t"e identi.ication o. "ooves "airs .eat"ers 'one and ot"er animal tissues/

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CHANGES RE=UIRED

Hardly any scienti.ic data is availa'le to support or re.ute t"is perception in relation to medical

evidence/ 8"ere.ore it was planned to undertake a pilot study to analye t"e *uantum o. time

and e..ort put in 'y medical e1perts to get t"e evidence recorded in criminal courts and ot"er

issues related to it/

8"e in.luence o. .orensic science in India "as 'een to suc" an e1tent t"at t"e Malimat"

%ommittee in its report asked a .ew section o. t"e %riminal rocedure %ode to 'e amended in

order to accommodate t"e principles o. -orensic +cience likeP

A speci.ic law s"ould 'e enacted giving guidelines to t"e police setting uni.orm standards .or

o'taining genetic in.ormation and creating ade*uate sa.eguards to prevent misuse o. t"e same/

A national DA data'ase s"ould 'e created w"ic" will 'e immensely "elp.ul in t"e .ig"t against

terrorism/ More well e*uipped la'oratories s"ould 'e esta'lis"ed to "andle DA samples and

evidence/ @..orts s"ould 'e taken to create more awareness among general pu'lic rosecutors

#udges and police mac"inery/

8"e work in -orensic +cience &a'oratories 'eing interdisciplinary in nature t"ere is a need to

develop and supplement t"e RJeneral %riteria .or &a'oratory Accreditation .or t"e purpose o.

accrediting -orensic +cience &a'oratories/ 8"e document R+peci.ic %riteria .or Accreditationo. -orensic +cience &a'oratories "as 'een evolved 'y a 8ec"nical %ommittee speci.ically

constituted .or t"e purpose/ It supplements t"e document RJeneral )e*uirements .or t"e

%ompetence o. 8esting and %ali'ration &a'oratories and provides speci.ic guidance on t"e

accreditation o. -orensic +cience &a'oratories .or assessors as well as t"e la'oratories w"o are

preparing .or accreditation/

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SUGGESTIONS B MALIMATH COMMITTEE IN INDIA

8"e &aw %ommission was set up 'y t"e Jovt/ o. India in $K55 to recommend revision and

updating o. Bin"eritedC laws to meet t"e c"anging needs o. t"e country/ 8"e 'ody does not "ave

any statutory or constitutional aut"ority/ It "as e1pressed dismay at t"e Malimat" )eport to

certain mem'ers o. t"e media/

8"e Malimat" %ommittee on t"e ot"er "and was speci.ically appointed 'y t"e Home Ministry to

e1amine t"e %riminal Fustice +ystem 2 somet"ing t"at was well wit"in t"e am'it o. t"e &aw

%ommission/ Many in t"e "uman rig"ts community .ear t"at t"e Ministry may 'ase .uture

%riminal &aw amendments on t"e Malimat" report ignoring t"e &aw %ommission:s o'#ections/

$/ More well2e*uipped la'oratories s"ould 'e esta'lis"ed to "andle DA samples and evidence/

(/ A speci.ic law s"ould 'e enacted giving guidelines to t"e police setting uni.orm standards .or

o'taining genetic in.ormation and creating ade*uate sa.eguards to prevent misuse o. t"e same/

3/ A national DA data'ase s"ould 'e created w"ic" will 'e immensely "elp.ul in t"e .ig"t

against terrorism/

4/ +ec/ 3$3 o. t"e %r//% must also 'e amended so as to draw adverse in.erence against t"e

accused i. "e .ails to answer any relevant material against "im t"ere.ore making it easy .or t"e

law en.orcers to use DA tests against "im/

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CONCLUSION

8"e lack o. understanding and critical appraisal o. specialists in general 'y non2 specialists is

all2 pervasive/ 8"e .ield o. -orensic +cience is no e1ception/ eit"er t"e police nor t"e lawyer

nor even t"e #udge appreciates .ully t"e advances or t"e e1tensive potentialities o. t"e science/

8"ere is a unanimity t"at medical and .orensic evidence plays a crucial role in "elping t"e

courts o. law to arrive at logical conclusions/ 8"ere.ore t"e e1pert medical pro.essionals s"ould

'e encouraged to undertake medico legal work and simultaneously t"e atmosp"ere in courts

s"ould 'e congenial to t"e medical witness/ 8"is attains utmost importance looking at t"e

outcome o. t"e case since i. good e1perts avoid court attendance less o'#ective pro.essional

will .ill t"e gap ultimately a..ecting t"e #ustice/ 8"e need to involve more and more

pro.essionals in e1pert testimony "as 'een .elt 'y di..erent organiations/ 8"oug" many plans

"ave 'een 'roug"t 'e.ore t"e ministry o. Home A..airs w"ic" includes .ormation o. -orensic

%ouncil w"ere not only t"e @vidence Act 'ut t"e In.ormation 8ec"nology Act and 8"e %ode o.

%riminal rocedure will 'ecome complementary to t"e +cience/

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http://www.legalserviceindia.com/lawyers/lawyers_home.htmhttp://www.legalserviceindia.com/lawyers/lawyers_home.htm


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BIBLIOGRAPH

8"e 'ooks we'sites and ot"er resources t"at "ave 'een "elp.ul in completing t"is pro#ect

include t"e .ollowingP

$/ www/scri'd/com

(/ www/i#rsp/com

3/ www/legalservices/com

4/ -orensic +cience in %riminal Investigation and 8rials Dr/ ,/)/ +"arma (0$4 5t"@dition

5/ www/#ustor/org

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http://www.scribd.com/http://www.ijrsp.com/http://www.legalservices.com/http://www.justor.org/http://www.scribd.com/http://www.ijrsp.com/http://www.legalservices.com/http://www.justor.org/

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