Forensic ScienceDocument Analysis

Mr. Glatt2016-2017

Document Analysis

• Document Analysis is the examination and comparison of questioned documents with known material.– Questioned Documents- any signature, handwriting,

typewriting, or other written mark whose source or authenticity is in dispute or uncertain

• Experts establish the authenticity of documents and detect any changes, erasures, or obliterations that may have occurred– Obliteration- writing over top to smear or make orginal

writing unreadable

Common Questioned Documents• Checks• Certificates• Wills• Passports• Licenses• Money• Letters• Contracts• Suicide Notes• Receipts• Even Lottery Tickets

Handwriting Analysis

• Like Fingerprints, every person’s handwriting is unique and personalized

• Handwriting is difficult to disguise or forge– Good tool for including or excluding persons when

determining a match with an exemplar• Questioned documents are compared to

exemplars to determine matches– Exemplars- prewritten handwriting samples from a

suspect(s)

History of Handwriting Analysis

• 1930s—handwriting analysis played a role in the famous Lindbergh case.

• 1999—the US Court of Appeals determined that handwriting analysis qualifies as a form of expert testimony

• To be admissible in court, scientifically accepted guidelines must be followed

• Scotland Yard, the FBI, and the Secret Service use handwriting analysis

Introduction to Handwriting

• Everyone’s handwriting exhibits natural variation– Writing instruments- pen, pencil, marker ect…– Mood, age, hurried

• Brain does writing- methods of writing become subconscious– Adults show little variation

12 Characteristics of HandwritingLine Quality

• Do the letters flow or are they erratic and shaky?

12 Characteristics of HandwritingSpacing

• Are letters equally spaced or crowded?• Are margins evenly spaced?

12 Characteristics of HandwritingSize Consistency

• Is the ratio of height to width consistent?

12 Characteristics of HandwritingContinuous

• Is the writing continuous or does the writer lift the pen/pencil?

12 Characteristics of HandwritingConnecting Letters

• Are the capital and lowercase letters connected and continuous?

12 Characteristics of HandwritingLetters Complete

• Are letters completely formed? Or, is part of a letter missing?

12 Characteristics of HandwritingCursive and Printed Letters

• Are there printed letters, cursive letters, or both?

12 Characteristics of HandwritingPen Pressure

• Is pressure equal when applied to upward and downward strokes?

12 Characteristics of HandwritingSlant

• Left, right, or variable?

12 Characteristics of HandwritingLine Habits

• Is the text on the line, above the line, or below the line?

12 Characteristics of HandwritingFancy Curls or Loops

• Are there fancy loops?• Any other distinguishing features?

12 Characteristics of HandwritingPlaces of Crosses on t’s & Dots on i’s

• Are t’s crossed?– t’s crossed in middle, toward top, or toward

bottom• Are i’s dotted?

– Dotted toward left, toward right, or centered

Handwriting Examination

1. Two writings came from one person if:– their similarities are unique and – no unexplainable difference(s) are found

2. Examine the questionable document for detectable traits and record them

3. Obtain a known sample of the suspect’s writing (an exemplar)

4. Compare and draw conclusions about the authorship of the questionable document

Technology Used in Handwriting Analysis

o Biometric Signature Pads • “Learns” to recognize how a person signs• Evaluates speed, pressure, and rhythm of the

signature • Recognizes forgeries by the detection of even slight

differenceso Computerized Analysis

• Compares handwriting samples objectively• Compared with samples stored in databases

Handwriting Analysiso Evidence in the Courtroom

• Expert explains how comparisons were made • Cross-examination by defense attorney may follow• Must be able to justify and defense usually has their

own expert witness to try to refute o Shortcomings in Analysis

• Are the base documents real or fake?• Did mood, age, fatigue impact the handwriting? • Did experts miss details any details?

Forgery and Fraudulence (Fraud)

• Forgery- making, altering, or falsifying a person’s signature or any other aspect of a document with the intent to deceive another

– Forged documents include:• checks• employment records • legal agreements• licenses• wills

• Fraudulence—forgery for material gain

Check Forgery

• Check forgery can include: – ordering another’s checks from a deposit slip – altering a check– intercepting another’s check, altering, and

cashing it– creating a check from scratch

Preventing Check Forgery

• Chemically sensitive paper• Large font size requires more ink and makes

alterations more difficult• High resolution borders that are difficult to copy• Multiple color patterns on paper• Embed fibers that glow under different light• Use chemical wash detection systems that

change color when a check is altered

Counterfeitingo Counterfeiting- When false documents or other

items are copied for the purpose of deceptiono A criminal activity existing since antiquity

o Items commonly forged today include: • Currency• Traveler’s checks • Food stamps • Certain bonds • Postage stamps

Currency

• Security features are added to paper currency that scanning cannot reproduce

• Regular printer paper contains starch. • Paper currency contains rag fiber instead of

starch. • People usually first suspect money as fake

because its texture does not feel right

Verifying Authentic Currency

1.Portrait stands out and appears raised off the paper2.Contains clear red and blue fibers woven throughout the bill3.Has clear, distinct border edges4.Treasury seal is shown with clear, sharp saw-tooth points5.Watermark appears on the right side of the bill in the light

6.The security thread is evident—a thin embedded vertical strip with the denomination of the bill printed in it7.There is minute printing on the security threads, as well as around the portrait8.When the bill is tilted, the number in the lower right-hand corner makes a color shift from copper to green

New security features: