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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

OF FORENSIC SCIENCE ININDIA AND WORLD.

SUBMITTED BY:

Salina Chalana

Roll no. 57/10



INTRODUCTION

With the advancement in science and technology the

concept of crime as well as the methods adopted by

criminals in its commission have undergone a

phenomenal change.

On one hand the intelligent criminal has been quick to

exploit science for his criminal acts, on the other hand

the investigator is no longer able to rely on ageold art of interrogation and methods to detect crime.

In this context forensic science has found its

existence.



MEANING

Forensic science is the scientific method of

gathering and examining information about the past.

This is especially important in law enforcement

where forensics is done in relation to criminal orcivil law, but forensics are also carried out in other

fields, such as astronomy, archaeology, biology and

geology to investigate ancient times.

According to Hall Dillon, “The word “forensic”means “pertaining to the law”; forensic science

resolves legal issues by applying scientific

principles to them.”



ANCIENT HISTORY

Archimedes is considered as the father of forensic

science. He had found out that a crown was not made

of gold, (as it was falsely claimed) by its density and

buoyancy. After Archimedes, another early forensic science

application was done by Soleiman, an Arabic

merchant of the 7th century. He used fingerprints as a

proof of validity between debtors and lenders.



ANCIENT HISTORY (CONTD.)

In seventh century BC, Agnivesa Charaka Samhita, an Indian Medicine Treatise, was composed.Shushruta Samhita was composed between 200 and300 AD and its chapters concerning forensic

medicine in no way inferior to modern knowledge onthe subject.

In the 700s, the Chinese also used the fingerprintconcept.

The first document that mentions the use of Forensicsin legal

matters is the book Xi Yuan Ji Lu (translatedas “Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified”) written in1248.




Pathology (1540s) - In the 1540‟s the French doctor

Ambroise Pare laid the foundations for modern

forensic pathology through his study of trauma

on human organs. He systematically studied theeffects of violent death on internal organs. Writings

on this topic began to appear in late 18th century.

Toxicology (1800s) - Matheiu Orfila

is known as the

father of modern

toxicology. In the early part of the

19th century he established in Paris methods of

scientific chemical analysis of poison, which are in

use even today.




(CONTD.)

In India, during the nineteenth century, the cases of

death due to poisoning posed a problem to the law

enforcement agencies. The first Chemical Examiner's

Laboratory was, therefore, set up at the then MadrasPresidency, under the Department of Health, during

1849. Later, similar laboratories were set up at

Calcutta (1853), followed by one each at Agra (1864)

and Bombay (1870).




(CONTD.)

Ballistics (1820s) - Eugene Francois pioneered thefirst use of ballistics and began taking plaster casts ofshoe imprints.

Henry Goddard at Scotland Yard perfected thescience of ballistics and pioneered the use of bulletcomparison in 1835.

In India, in 1930, an Arms Expert was appointed and

a small ballistic laboratory was set up under theCalcutta Police to deal with the examination offirearms.




(CONTD.)

Anthropometry (1879) - In 1879, Alphonse Bertillon

of France, developed the science of Anthropometry

i.e. a systemic procedure of taking a series of body

measurements to distinguish one individual fromanother.

In India, the identification of criminals was done by

remembering their faces by the police. With the

invention of photography, the CID started

maintaining the records of the criminals using the

photographs.




(CONTD.)

With the invention of Bertillon's anthropometric

system in 1879, India, adapted this system of

personnel identification and thus an Anthropometric

Bureau, for maintaining anthropometric records ofcriminals, was established in 1892 at Calcutta.

Fingerprints (1892) - Sir William Herschel was one

of the first to advocate the use of fingerprinting in the

identification of criminal suspects while working for

the Indian Civil Services.




(CONTD.)

Francis Galton undertook the first systematic study of the

fingerprint and developed a methodology of classifying

the fingerprints.

In 1892, he published a book on fingerprints

giving asound statistical proof of uniqueness of individualization

through fingerprints.

In India, Henry approached the Government to seek

approval for replacing the anthropometric data byfingerprints for the identification of habitual criminals.

The first fingerprint bureau in India opened at Calcutta in

July 1897.




(CONTD.)

Serology (1901) - Karl Landsteiner in 1901

discovered that blood could be grouped into different

categories.

In 1910, Dr. Leone Lattes of Italy devised a

procedure for determining the blood group of dried

bloodstains and immediately adopted this technique

for criminal investigation. In India „Serology Department‟ was established in

Calcutta in 1910 and its name was changed to „Office

of the Serologist and Chemical Examiner‟ after

independence.




(CONTD.)

Principle of Exchange (1910)- Edmund Locard is

responsible for this famous principle forming the

basis of modern forensic science.

Its states that “every contact leaves a trace”. This formed the foundation of trace evidence

collection and analysis for over a century and still

plays a central role in 21st century forensic science.




(CONTD.)

DNA Profiling (1984) - Sir Alec Jeffery developed a

science of DNA profiling and found that every

human being has a unique DNA structure. He

realized the scope of DNA fingerprinting, which usesvariations in the genetic code to identify individuals.

In India, the first Forensic DNA Typing facility was

established at CFSL, Calcutta, during 1998. The

implementation of this state of the art technique

represents significant advancements in the forensic

biology in the country.

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