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    FOREST ECOLOGYThe Protection of Natural Resources and

    Environment

    VISOKA KOLA PRIMENJENIH STRUKOVNIH STUDIJA

    PROFESSOR STUDENTProf. Dr Maja StanojeviGoci Isidor Dimitrijevi57/ZS

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    Contents: Introduction

    Forests in Serbia

    Ecosystem of Tara National Park

    Ecosystem of Fruska Gora National Park

    Conclusion

    Literature

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    INTRODUCTION: The main parts of the forest ecosystem are soil, air, wild life

    communities and geological substrate

    Different organisms inhabit different parts of the forest

    The word "ecology" comes from the Greek "oikos, meaning"household" or "place to live

    Forest ecology is the scientific study of the interrelated patterns,processes, flora, fauna and ecosystems in forests

    The managent of forests is known as forestry, sivilculture and

    forest management

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    FORESTS IN SERBIA: Serbia is considered to be a middle-forested country

    From the total area of its territory, 29.1% (in Vojvodina 7,1%,and in Central Serbia 37,6%) are covered by forest

    Forest coverage is, when compared on a global scale, similar toworld forest coverage which accounts for 30%

    The total forest area in Serbia is 2,252,000 h

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    ECOSYSTEMOF THE NATIONAL PARK TARA:

    In the National Park Tara forests cover 80% of the national park,which is an excellent forest cover

    Forest ecosystems of Tara mountain are among the bestpreserved and the most productive forest ecosystems of Europe

    Mountain peats are important and sensitive habitats in the

    meadow ecosystems, with characteristic species inhabiting them,and they are on the list of protected habitats of Europe

    Vegetation of rocks is the most common on vertical rocks andcliffs in the canyon of the river and the semi-limestone massif

    Agricultural ecosystems are represented in the form of asmall, isolated area covered with crops, fruit trees, and few cereal

    culture Inland water ecosystems in the National Park Tara are

    consisted of lakes, streams and rivers ecosystems in the NationalPark Tara

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    FLORA OF THE NATIONAL PARK TARA: There are 34 forest and 19 meadow communities, where the

    forest plant communities are the fundamental phenomenon andthe greatest value of Tara

    Tara is known as a refuge for many endangered endemic, relictand endemic-relict species, amongst which the most valuable isthe endemic- relict Serbian spruce

    Communities of plantain, corn buttercup, mat-grass, smoothflatsedge, rattle and crested dogstail replace each other on thefields of Tara

    On rocks and sandbanks the presence of interesting plantcommunities with endemic character has been discovered, suchas a plant community dominated by endemic species Derventancornflower

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    FAUNA OF THE NATIONAL PARK TARA:

    At Tara were recorded so far:

    53 species of mammals 140 species of birds 25 species of amphibians and reptiles 19 species of fishes

    115 species of butterflies

    The fauna of mammals of Tara includes 53 species

    The bear is strictly protected wild species and in the park there isthe largest population of them in Serbia, with a reproduction

    center in the country There are about 100 species of birds strictly protected by National

    laws

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    ECOSYSTEM OF THE NATIONAL PARKFRUSKA GORA:

    Fruska Gorais proclaimed a National Park in 1960 in order toprovide its permanent protection and to improve its naturalresources and beauty

    Fruska Gora is an isolated, narrow, island mountain in Pannonia

    plain

    It is intended by river courses extending to the south and north,with some side ranges with steep slopes, spreading from themain narrow range

    Its location, specific geological history and different microclimaticconditions make it very interesting and important to science

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    FLORA OF THE NATIONAL PARK FRUSKAGORA:

    Flora at Fruska gora mountain is very diverse and specific.Thereare about 1500 flora species growing on the protected zone ofnational park

    Fifteen (Anthyrium, Asplenium, Cheilanthes, Cystopteris,Dryopteris, Gymnocarpium etc.) genus of ferns (Pteridophyta)

    vegetate on Fruska gora

    Among them are 6 natural rarities in Serbia

    The Fruska gora in terms of vegetation represents a forest areawith varied types of climatogenous forest communities

    The forests cover about 90 % of the total surface of the NationalPark

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    FAUNA OF THE NATIONAL PARK FRUSKAGORA:

    Fauna of the Fruska gora is rich in species, but the populations ofcertain mammals and birds are considerably reduced

    There are still quite large numbers of does, boars and other gamespecies, while deer are bred in the hunting reserves in theNational Park

    The most important species, protected as natural rarities are:stag-beetle hill ant and certain representatives of butterflies

    Till today, 110 bird species have been recorded

    In recent years, the number of a rare and protected species ofpine marten has increased, and presence of jackals have beenrecorded, as a new species in the expansion in the Fruska goraregion

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    FUNGI OF THE NATIONAL PARK FRUSKAGORA:

    On Fruska Gora mountain, fungi are growing on pastures,meadows, in forests - everywhere where the land is notcultivated

    One should be very careful picking up the mushrooms, becausethere are some deadly species on Fruska Gora also - zelenapupavka (Amanita phalloides) and panterovka (Amanitapantherina)

    Poisonous, but not deadly, are zuta pupavka (Amanita citrina),muhara (Amanita muscaria), ludara (Boletus satanas) andbljuvara (Russula emetica)

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    CONCLUSION: It is important for humanity to understand its environment

    because we have the ability to modify the environment throughthe use of technology, and through overexploitation of naturalresources as a result of greed or sheer pressure of numbers

    Ecology is more than just the understanding of theinterrelationships between organisms and their environment; it

    also has social, political, economic and technological dimensions

    Ecology has increasingly moved towards the realization thatorganisms traits and activities are vital for understandingcommunity dynamics and ecosystem processes

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    LITERATURE:

    1. Malis Sazdovska, Marina, Ekoloki kriminal i unitavanje umau Bivoj Jugoslovenskoj Republici Makedoniji, Pregledokolia/ivotne sredine u Jugoistonoj Evropi, Themis,Beograd, 2013

    2. Kimmins, James P., Fores Ecology (Third Edition), BenjaminCummings, 2003

    3. http://cpacesclass.blogspot.com/2013/05/honors-biology-ecology-basics.html

    4. National Forest Inventory of the Republic of Serbia, 2009

    5. http://www.srbijasume.rs/sumskifonde.html

    6. http://www.nptara.rs/en/

    7. http://www.npfruskagora.co.rs/

    http://www.srbijasume.rs/sumskifonde.htmlhttp://www.nptara.rs/en/http://www.npfruskagora.co.rs/http://www.npfruskagora.co.rs/http://www.nptara.rs/en/http://www.srbijasume.rs/sumskifonde.html